CN107820667A - 用于对电能存储单元充电的方法和电压转换器 - Google Patents

用于对电能存储单元充电的方法和电压转换器 Download PDF

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CN107820667A
CN107820667A CN201680036707.5A CN201680036707A CN107820667A CN 107820667 A CN107820667 A CN 107820667A CN 201680036707 A CN201680036707 A CN 201680036707A CN 107820667 A CN107820667 A CN 107820667A
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voltage
electric pressure
charging terminal
pressure converter
dutycycle
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伯里斯·伯奇玆
布鲁诺·康大明
皮尔-亚历山大·曹维尼特
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Valeo Systemes de Controle Moteur SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • H02J7/06—Regulation of charging current or voltage using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • H02M1/088—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters for the simultaneous control of series or parallel connected semiconductor devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/14—Boost converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H02M3/1586—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于使用直流/直流电压转换器(100)来适配持续充电端子(110)与尤其安装在车辆中的电能存储单元(120)之间的电压以从持续充电端子(110)对电能存储单元(120)充电的方法，直流/直流电压转换器(100)包括异相操作的至少两个交错元件(101、102)，每一元件(101、102)具有相应的开关(HS1、LS1、HS2、LS2)；方法包括通过脉宽调制利用占空比来控制直流/直流电压转换器(100)的开关(HS1、LS1、HS2、LS2)以适配持续充电端子(110)与电能存储单元(120)之间的电压，占空比在几个交错周期内具有基本上恒定的给定值αv。

Description

用于对电能存储单元充电的方法和电压转换器
本发明涉及一种用于从持续充电端子对尤其安装在车辆中的电能存储单元充电的方法。本发明还涉及直流/直流电压转换器。具体地说，电压转换器配置成适配持续充电端子与尤其安装在车辆中的电能存储单元之间的电压。
具有单独的电力发动机或具有与另一类型的发动机组合的电力发动机的车辆(混合动力车辆)通常包含高电压电池，例如具有约400伏的电压，所述高电压电池传送电能以驱动被预期成移动车辆的电动机。在某些车辆中，这种电池可以使用车辆外部的电力网络再充电。已知使用被设计成传送经格式化以用于对电池充电的能量(例如具有足够的功率来允许快速充电)的充电端子。传送交流电压电压的充电端子和传送交流电压电压的充电端子是已知的，在下文中被称为“持续充电端子”。通常，持续充电端子包含调节电荷的单元。
持续充电端子通常被设计成用具有在大致250伏与550伏之间的最高充电电压的约50千瓦电池组的功率充电。具有包含在这一电压范围内的电压的电池可以经由任选地电子滤波器直接连接到充电端子。然而，车辆的电池可具有超出充电端子可接受的范围的最高充电电压。实际上，制造商可以提供具有更高的最高充电电压的电池以便限制电动机的各相中的电流，这尤其减小电力电缆的剖面。直流/直流电压转换器(或DCDC转换器)可接着用于适配持续充电端子与车辆电池之间的电压。然而，归因于DCDC转换器的开关的切换，转换器可对持续充电端子产生干扰。
因此寻求一种用于从持续充电端子对电能存储单元(例如车辆的电池)充电的方法，其中DCDC转换器在持续充电端子与存储单元之间的使用引起对充电端子的较低干扰，甚至根本无干扰。
为了达到这个效果，本发明涉及一种用于使用直流/直流电压转换器以从所述持续充电端子对尤其安装在车辆中的电能存储单元充电来适配持续充电端子与所述电能存储单元之间的电压的方法，所述直流/直流转换器包括异相操作的至少两个交错元件，每一元件具有相应的开关；
所述方法包括通过脉宽调制利用占空比控制所述直流/直流电压转换器的开关以适配所述持续充电端子与电能存储单元之间的电压，所述占空比在几个连续交错周期内，尤其在充电的整个持续时间内具有基本上恒定的给定值。
具体地说，交错周期对应于直流/直流电压转换器的元件的数目与两个连续元件之间的相移的持续时间之间的乘积。具体地说，能量存储单元具有高于充电端子的操作范围的完全充电电压。
直流/直流电压转换器与充电端子的连接点处的电流具有根据直流/直流电压转换器的占空比更显著或更不显著的电流波纹。电流波纹以为元件的数目的函数及直流/直流转换器的开关频率的函数的一频率插入。这些电流波纹可以在充电端子的组件(例如充电端子的电感或电容器)中传播。当占空比变化时，电流波纹变化，其修改充电端子中的干扰。通过以基本上恒定的占空比值操作确保充电端子中的干扰保持恒定，这有助于遵守持续充电端子的标准。此外，这还简化充电方法中的调节，这是因为不存在待执行的电压调节，仅应用固定占空比。
根据实施例，占空比的给定值αv等于直流/直流电压转换器的元件的数目N的倒数乘以自然数X(具体地说小于N)的乘积。因此，占空比的给定值αv对应于由关系式限定的值中的一个，其中N是交错元件的数目，且X是具体地说小于N的自然数。
在这些占空比值下，充电端子与直流/直流电压转换器之间的连接点处的电流波纹基本上衰减，甚至抑制，这使得有可能遵守持续充电端子的使用标准。因此，确保了持续充电端子中的干扰，此归因于持续充电端子与直流/直流电压转换器之间的连接点处的电流波纹在对电能存储单元充电期间基本上衰减，甚至抑制。具体地说，电流波纹降低到标准化值的0％与5％之间、甚至0％与2.5％之间，且甚至0％与1％之间的水平。因此，使得有可能考虑持续充电端子可支持的滤波器的大小可以最小化，这是因为波纹较弱。即使干扰足够低，滤波器的使用也可避免。这允许节省直流/直流转换器的体积和成本，尤其对于其组件具有约50千瓦或100千瓦，甚至150千瓦或更高的功率的直流/直流转换器。
根据实施例，当直流/直流电压转换器包括偶数个元件时，占空比的所述给定值基本上等于50％。
在50％的占空比值下，电流波纹衰减，不管直流/直流转换器的元件数目，只要数目是偶数即可。因此，方法可以不同直流/直流转换器予以实施而无需修改本发明的方法的步骤，这使得有可能简化根据本发明的方法。
根据实施例，当电能存储单元的电压大于第一阈值和/或小于第二阈值时，所述占空比具有所述给出的基本上恒定的值αv，其中所述阈值是根据持续充电端子的操作范围。
在对能量存储单元充电期间，其端子处的电压增加，这还导致持续充电端子与直流/直流电压转换器之间的连接点处的电压增加。通过在几个交错周期内，甚至在整个充电周期内具有固定占空比，电能存储单元的电压与持续充电端子处的电压之间，具体地说在持续充电端子与直流/直流转换器之间的连接点处，存在线性关系。因此，可以执行持续充电端子的调节而无需考虑能量存储单元在充电端子的操作范围外或在充电端子的操作范围内的事实。对于充电端子，一切都如同电气存储单元的电压是在其操作范围内一样地发生。持续充电端子如同车辆含有普通电压但带有电容器1/αv的能量存储单元(具体地说电池)那样看待车辆。因此，不对端子进行修改以便将其适配到存储单元。因此已安装的端子并不要求任何修改以与存储单元兼容，即使存储单元在持续充电端子的操作范围外。仅必须调适由车辆发送的电流需求以便获得合适的电压比。
通过确保电能存储单元的电压保持大于第一阈值和/或小于第二阈值，验证保持占空比恒定并不在连接点处产生将损坏持续充电端子的电压。
根据此实施例的替代方案，当电能存储单元的电压大于第二阈值时，修改直流/直流电压转换器的占空比。具体地说，当能量存储单元的电压已超过所述第二阈值时，持续充电端子与直流/直流电压转换器之间的连接点处的张力通过改变直流/直流电压转换器的占空比来保持小于或等于持续充电端子的最高电压。具体地说，占空比降低以便降低所述连接点处的电压。
根据实施例，当电能存储单元的电压小于第一阈值时，直流/直流电压转换器的占空比等于1。因此，如果存储单元的电压如此低使得持续充电端子与直流/直流转换器之间的连接点处的电压小于最低工作电压，那么存储单元的充电正是通过保持直流/直流电压转换器的开关闭合而确保。具体地说，开关闭合直到存储单元的电压变得大于或等于第一阈值为止。
根据实施例，第一阈值S1和/或第二阈值S2通过以下关系式给出：S1＝VBminx∝v，S2＝VBmax x。∝v，其中VBmax是持续充电端子的最高容许电压，且VBmin是持续充电端子的最低容许电压。
本发明进一步涉及直流/直流电压转换器，具体地说，其配置成适配经连接作为输入端的电气单元，具体地说持续充电端子，与作为输出端的电气单元，具体地说电能存储单元，之间的电压，所述直流/直流电压转换器包括：
至少两个交错的元件，配置成以相移操作，其中每一元件具有相应的开关；
控制单元，其配置成通过脉宽调制利用占空比控制所述开关以适配作为输入端的电气单元与作为输出端的电气单元之间的电压，其中在几个交错的周期内占空比具有基本上恒定的给定值。具体地说，电能存储单元在车辆上。
根据本发明的直流/直流电压转换器可包括配置成实施上文结合根据本发明的方法所描述的特性中的任一个的控制单元。
根据实施例，控制单元包括比较器，所述比较器配置成比较连接点处的电压与输出端的电气单元的电压除以值αv，以便将转换器的占空比锁定到给定值αv。
将通过参看附图更精确地描述本发明，所述附图显示描述且并不构成对本发明的范围的限制，且其中：
图1显示其中根据本发明的充电方法得以实施的电路的实例。
图2根据具有2、3、4或5个交错元件的直流/直流转换器中的占空比以标准化值显示电流。
图3显示根据本发明的方法的替代方案。
图4显示根据本发明的方法的另一替代方案。
在参考图1时将更好的理解根据本发明的方法。
直流/直流电压转换器100用于适配持续充电端子110与电池120之间的电压，这是因为电池120具有高于充电端子的操作范围的完全充电电压。具体地说，电池120可具有800伏的完全充电电压，且充电端子可以设计成传送250伏与500伏之间的电压，具体地说在50千瓦、100千瓦或150千瓦甚至更大的功率下传送。在图1的实例中，电池120可以是另一类型的电能存储单元。电池120在车辆上以便供给驱动车辆的移位的电动机。
根据替代方案，直流/直流电压转换器100包括两个单元101、102。元件101、102分别包含臂，所述臂包括连接到电池120的正极端子的“高侧”开关HS1、HS2和连接到电池120的接地的“低侧”开关LS1、LS2。两个开关串联连接。在每一元件中，电感L1、L2具有连接到切换高侧和低侧的共用端子的一个末端。图1的实例可能具有元件的另一配置。举例来说，每一元件可能具有为全桥的配置。具体地说，转换器100属于升压型，以便增加通过充电端子110传送的电压，以便供给电池120。
直流/直流电压转换器100的开关可以是晶体管，具体地说场效应晶体管。晶体管可属于MOSFET(“金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管”的首字母缩写)类型。
直流/直流电压转换器100包括配置成控制开关的控制单元。在通过充电端子110对电池120充电期间，开关通过脉宽调制利用占空比α控制以适配充电端子110的电压与电池120的电压。元件利用交错以相移操作，以便限制直流/直流转换器100与充电端子110之间的连接点111处的电流波纹。在充电方法期间，占空比α具有基本上恒定的值αv。具体地说，占空比α可以在几个连续交错周期内保持恒定。此使得有可能在连接点111处始终获得相同电流波纹，这简化通过例如滤波器(未显示)进行的这些波纹的消除。电流波纹以为元件的数目的函数及转换器的开关频率的函数的一频率插入。在图1中显示的实例中，当开关频率是20千赫时，波纹的频率是2×20千赫＝40千赫。可在设计转换器期间限定开关频率，所述开关频率通常在5千赫与200千赫之间。
图2描述了根据具有2、3、4或5个元件的直流/直流电压转换器的占空比α的连接点111处的归一化均方根电流的速率。可以观察到，在恰当地选择转换器的元件的占空比α下，有可能基本上减少且甚至完全抑制连接点111处的电流波纹。
根据图1中显示的实例的替代方案，占空比α保持基本上等于值其中N是转换器100的交错元件的数目，且X是大于或等于1且小于N的自然数。具体地说，在图1中，直流/直流转换器100包括两个交错元件101、102。接着占空比α等于0.5。对于值为的工作循环α，通过开关HS1、HS2、LS1、LS2产生的电流波纹极低，甚至为零。具体地说，电流波纹可以具有小于2.5％的标准化值。举例来说，对于连接点111处的125安的平均电流，峰值电流，即电流的最大值与最小值之间的差，在2安与3安之间。
具体地说，对于具有偶数个元件的直流/直流电压转换器来说占空比α可以等于0.5，这是因为占空比值0.5为这些转换器衰减电流波纹。因此，可以针对所使用的不同直流/直流电压转换器实施相同充电方法。
根据替代方案，可以通过将连接点111处的电压VB锁定到电气存储单元120的端子处的电压VBAT除以值αv来执行将占空比α保持在值αv。为了达到这个效果，直流/直流电压转换器100可包括图3中显示的单元140。单元140包括比较器141，所述比较器141比较连接点111处的电压VB与电池120的电压VBAT除以值αv。单元143接着根据比较的结果确定占空比α且将调制信号PWM_HS1、PWM_LS1、PWM_HS2、PWM_LS2传送到转换器100的开关HS1、HL1、HS2、HL2。因此，传送到开关HS1、HL1、HS2、HL2的占空比将等于给定值αv。
电池120的电压VBAT在充电方法期间逐渐地增加，以便达到预定义完全充电水平，例如800伏。连接点111处的电压VB相关于电池120的电压VBAT增加。举例来说，当占空比α等于0.5时，连接点111处的电压VB等于电池120的电压VBAT的一半。当持续充电端子110设计成传送包含于例如250伏与500伏之间的给定范围中的电压时，连接点111处的较高电压可损坏持续充电端子110。连接点111处的过量电压可以呈现电池120是否具有大于∝vx VBmax的完全充电电压，其中VBmax是持续充电端子的最高容许电压。同样地，小于持续充电端子110的最低容许电压VBmin的电压可以呈现在连接点111处，若电池120具有小于∝vxVBmin的完全充电电压。
为了解决这些情形，根据替代方案，占空比α在给定值αv处保持恒定，具体地说，当电池120的电压VBAT大于第一阈值S1且小于第二阈值S2时，具有如上文所描述的具体地说，第一阈值S1等于∝vX VBmin，且第二阈值S2等于∝vX VBmax。但可以选择其它阈值S1、S2。举例来说，第一阈值S1可以大于∝vX VBmin或第二阈值S2可以小于。∝v X VBmax，以便确保决不超出持续充电端子110的操作范围。在图1中显示的实例中，可使用关于阈值S1、S2的单个条件，例如当电池120的完全充电电压已知为足够大或足够小时。
在此替代方案的特定实例中，如果电池120的电压VBAT小于第一阈值S1，那么直流/直流电压转换器100的占空比等于1。因此，转换器100的开关HS1、HL1、HS2、HL2保持闭合。电池120看到电压基本上等于连接点111处的电压。如果电池120的电压VBAT超过第二阈值S2，那么占空比α不再保持恒定。占空比α经修改以便将连接点111处的电压VB保持在充电端子110的操作范围内。在此情况下，占空比α可以减小以便降低连接点111处的电压VB，尤其用于升压型的直流/直流转换器100来说。在此特定实例中，直流/直流电压转换器100可包括图4中所显示的单元130。单元130包括比较器131和单元133，所述比较器比较电池120的电压VBAT与阈值S1、S2，所述单元133根据比较结果确定占空比α且将调制信号PWM_HS1、PWM_LS1、PWM_HS2、PWM_LS2传送到转换器100的开关HS1、HL1、HS2、HL2。
如图1中所显示，直流/直流电压转换器100可包括电容器Cin，这使得电容器Cin有可能与是电流源的持续充电端子兼容。在图1中，电感Lc对应于连接转换器101的电缆的电感。电子滤波器可以是持续充电端子110与直流/直流电压转换器100之间的界面。接着连接点111可对应在持续充电端子110与电子滤波器之间的连接点处，或在电子滤波器与直流/直流电压转换器100之间的连接点处。
本发明不限于仅上文所描述的实例或替代方案，具体地说，所述实例或替代方案可以组合到一起。具体地说，直流/直流电压转换器100可以是例如欧洲专利申请案EP2367704和EP2367705中所描述的经组合的供给和充电装置，且根据本发明的充电方法可包括这些专利申请案中所描述的步骤。这尤其是当电感L1、L2对应于车辆的电动机的阶段时的情况。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于使用直流/直流电压转换器(100)从持续充电端子(110)对尤其安装在车辆中的电能存储单元(120)充电来适配所述持续充电端子(110)与所述电能存储单元(120)之间的电压的方法，所述直流/直流电压转换器(100)包括异相操作的至少两个交错元件(101、102)，每一元件(101、102)具有相应的开关(HS1、LS1、HS2、LS2)；
所述方法包括通过所述直流/直流电压转换器(100)的所述开关(HS1、LS1、HS2、LS2)的脉宽调制利用占空比(α)控制以适配所述持续充电端子(110)与所述电能存储单元(120)之间的所述电压，所述占空比(α)具有在几个连续的交错周期内基本上恒定的给定值αv。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述占空比(α)的所述给定值αv等于所述直流/直流电压转换器(100)的元件的数目(N)的倒数乘以自然数的乘积。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中当所述直流/直流电压转换器(100)包括偶数个元件时，所述占空比的所述给定值αv基本上等于50％。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法，其中当所述电能存储单元(120)的电压(VBAT)大于第一阈值(S1)和/或小于第二阈值(S2)时，所述占空比具有基本上恒定的所述给定值αv，所述阈值是根据所述持续充电端子的操作范围。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中在所述电能存储单元(120)的所述电压(VBAT)大于所述第二阈值(S2)时修改所述直流/直流电压转换器(100)的所述占空比(α)。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法，其中在所述电能存储单元(120)的所述电压(VBAT)小于所述第一阈值(S1)时，所述直流/直流电压转换器(100)的所述占空比(α)等于1。
7.根据权利要求4到6中任一顶所述的方法，其中所述第一阈值S1和/或所述第二阈值S2由以下关系式给出：
S1＝VBminX∝v，S2＝VBmaxX∝v，其中VBmax是所述持续充电端子(110)的最高容许电压，且VBmin是所述持续充电端子(110)的最低容许电压。
8.一种直流/直流电压转换器(100)，配置成适配作为输入端的电力单元，具体地说持续充电端子(110)，与作为输出端的电力单元，具体地说电能存储单元(120)，之间的电压，所述直流/直流电压转换器包括：
至少两个交错元件(101、102)，配置成以相移操作，其中每一元件(101、102)具有相应的开关(HS1、LS1、HS2、LS2)；
控制单元，配置成通过脉宽调制利用占空比(α)控制所述开关(HS1、LS1、HS2、LS2)以适配作为输入端的所述电力单元与作为输出端的所述电力单元之间的所述电压，其中占空比在几个交错周期内具有基本上恒定的给定值αv。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电压转换器，其中所述控制单元包括比较器(141)，所述比较器配置成比较连接点(111)处的电压(VB)与作为输出端的所述电力单元(120)的电压(VBAT)除以所述值αv，以便将所述转换器的所述占空比锁定到所述给定值αv。
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CN114374256A (zh) 2022-04-19
FR3038152A1 (fr) 2016-12-30
FR3038152B1 (fr) 2018-07-06
EP3314739B1 (fr) 2019-12-18
EP3314739A1 (fr) 2018-05-02
WO2016207562A1 (fr) 2016-12-29
US10870362B2 (en) 2020-12-22
US20180191188A1 (en) 2018-07-05

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