CN107779809B - A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball Download PDFInfo
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- CN107779809B CN107779809B CN201710995174.XA CN201710995174A CN107779809B CN 107779809 B CN107779809 B CN 107779809B CN 201710995174 A CN201710995174 A CN 201710995174A CN 107779809 B CN107779809 B CN 107779809B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
- B02C17/18—Details
- B02C17/20—Disintegrating members
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/08—Making cast-iron alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
- C22C37/08—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium with nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, is related to wear-resistant material field, comprising the following steps: prepares wear-resistant ball crude product；Prepares coating powder；With acetone to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning, after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning, the composite coating that a layer thickness is 25-40 μm is sprayed in wear-resisting ball surface with plasma spraying equipment, spraying parameter are as follows: power 40KW, main air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, it is put into resistance furnace and is warming up to 620-640 DEG C, after keeping the temperature 1-2h, it is air-cooled to come out of the stove, the composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained, the present invention has high mechanical strength, wearability, excellent corrosion resistance, preparation method is simple, the advantages of long service life.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to wear-resistant material fields, and in particular to a kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball.
Background technique
Wear-resistant ball is a kind of crushing medium in ball mill, the material that can be used in ball mill pulverizer, one is with
Chromium is the white cast-iron abbreviation chrome alloy cast iron of main alloy element, is known as chromium as the cast grinding ball of material using chrome alloy cast iron and closes
Golden cast-iron grinding ball；Another kind is to be known as ductile iron abrading-ball by the cast grinding ball of material of spheroidal graphite cast-iron, and wear-resistant ball is mainly applied
In the capital equipment that the industries powder such as metallurgical mine, cement building material, thermal power generation is produced and processed, the ball mill course of work,
Abrading-ball belongs to main vulnerable part, influences on use cost very big；With the development of industry, various large-size ball mill increases year by year
Add, the consumption of abrading-ball also increases substantially.The texture of existing wear-resistant ball is coarse, and hardness is relatively low, abrasion resistance, heat resistance,
The poor performances such as corrosion resistance are not able to satisfy requirement of the modern society to wear-resistant ball.Therefore, suitable elemental composition, control are selected
The technique of casting and the means of addition coating are made in the hope of obtaining the wear-resistant ball of excellent combination property, this is current wear-resistant material field
The hot issue of research.
Summary of the invention
(1) the technical issues of solving
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of preparation methods of composite coating wear-resistant ball, have machinery
The advantages of intensity height, wearability, excellent corrosion resistance, preparation method is simple, long service life.
(2) technical solution
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is achieved by the following technical programs:
A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, comprising the following steps:
(1) prepare wear-resistant ball crude product: the wear-resistant ball crude product is made of: C 1.13- the element of following mass fraction
2.42%, Si 1.15-1.80%, Cr 0.84-1.37%, Mn 1.26-1.55%, Ni 0.23-0.45%, V 0.24-
0.40%, Ti 0.01-0.04%, Mo 0.06-0.11%, Sc 0.02-0.05%, P≤0.012%, S≤0.012%,
Yu Weitie and other inevitable impurity；
(2) prepares coating powder: obtaining aluminium alloy for melting sources, the aluminium alloy by following mass fraction element group
At: Ni 33.7-43.2%, W 10.0-22.5%, Cr 12.3-17.6%, Al 4.6-6.7%, Mo 8.0-9.6%, Co
0.12-0.18%, remaining be iron and other inevitable impurity, by the aluminium alloy after deoxidation, scarfing cinder in inert gas shielding
Nanometer scale ceramics powder is added when atomization for lower high-pressure atomization, after atomization with separator separation, draw coated powder；
(3) plasma spraying: with acetone to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning, after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning, with etc. from
Sub- spraying equipment sprays the composite coating that a layer thickness is 25-40 μm, spraying parameter are as follows: power in wear-resisting ball surface
40KW, main air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, are put into resistance
620-640 DEG C is warming up in furnace, it is air-cooled to come out of the stove after keeping the temperature 1-2h, the composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained.
Preferably, inert gas is nitrogen, argon gas or helium in the step (2).
Preferably, atomizing pressure is 2-5MPa in the step (2).
Preferably, nanometer scale ceramics powder is ceramic by nanoscale ZrO2 ceramic powders and nano grade Sic in the step (2)
Powder 2:1 in mass ratio is obtained after evenly mixing.
Preferably, sandblasting is roughened the white fused alumina that sand material used is 100-150 mesh in the step (3), sandblasting roughening away from
From for 100-150mm.
Preferably, heating rate is 40 DEG C/min in the step (3).
(3) beneficial effect
The present invention provides a kind of preparation methods of composite coating wear-resistant ball, have the advantages that
The present invention sprays composite coating in wear-resisting ball surface by plasma spraying technology, can promote the corrosion resistant of wear-resistant ball
Corrosion and wear-resisting property improve the service life of wear-resistant ball, and the chemical component in wear-resistant ball that compares improves, for example improves
The content of the metals such as chromium or nickel is added rare earth element etc. and improves casting technique, and required cost more compares, and the present invention is promoted resistance to
The comprehensive performance of abrading-ball is lower.In corrosive gas environment, the corrosion electric current density of composite coating is the 1/ of common wear-resistant ball
100, corrosion rate is only the 1/5 of common wear-resistant ball, greatly improves the corrosion resistance of wear-resistant ball, and composite coating with it is wear-resisting
Ball is tightly combined, and preparation method is simple, is suitble to heavy industrialization application.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the object, technical scheme and advantages of the embodiment of the invention clearer, below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention,
Technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is the present invention one
Divide embodiment, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are not making
Every other embodiment obtained, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention under the premise of creative work.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, comprising the following steps:
(1) prepare wear-resistant ball crude product: wear-resistant ball crude product is made of the element of following mass fraction: C 1.82%, Si
1.50%, Cr 0.87%, Mn 1.44%, Ni 0.25%, V 0.27%, Ti 0.02%, Mo 0.08%, Sc 0.03%, P
≤ 0.012%, S≤0.012%, remaining is iron and other inevitable impurity；
(2) prepares coating powder: melting sources are obtained into aluminium alloy, aluminium alloy is made of the element of following mass fraction:
Ni 34.5%, W 18.5%, Cr 15.6%, Al 5.5%, Mo 9.0%, Co 0.15%, remaining is iron and other can not keep away
The impurity exempted from, by the high-pressure atomization under nitrogen protection of the aluminium alloy after deoxidation, scarfing cinder, atomizing pressure 4MPa, when atomization, is added
Nanometer scale ceramics powder is separated with separator after atomization, draws coated powder；
(3) plasma spraying: with acetone to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning, after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning, with etc. from
Sub- spraying equipment sprays the composite coating that a layer thickness is 30 μm, spraying parameter are as follows: power 40KW, master in wear-resisting ball surface
Air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, are put into resistance furnace and heat up
To 620-640 DEG C, heating rate is 40 DEG C/min, air-cooled to come out of the stove after keeping the temperature 1-2h, and composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained.
Wherein, nanometer scale ceramics powder is pressed by nanoscale ZrO2 ceramic powders and nano grade Sic ceramic powders in step (2)
Mass ratio 2:1 is obtained after evenly mixing.
Wherein, sandblasting is roughened the white fused alumina that sand material used is 100-150 mesh in step (3), and the distance of sandblasting roughening is
100mm。
Embodiment 2:
A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, comprising the following steps:
(1) prepare wear-resistant ball crude product: wear-resistant ball crude product is made of the element of following mass fraction: C 1.33%, Si
1.36%, Cr 1.07%, Mn 1.36%, Ni 0.38%, V 0.29%, Ti 0.02%, Mo 0.06%, Sc 0.05%, P
≤ 0.012%, S≤0.012%, remaining is iron and other inevitable impurity；
(2) prepares coating powder: melting sources are obtained into aluminium alloy, aluminium alloy is made of the element of following mass fraction:
Ni 43.2%, W 16.5%, Cr 12.3%, Al 5.7%, Mo 8.0%, Co 0.16%, remaining is iron and other can not keep away
The impurity exempted from, by the high-pressure atomization under protection of argon gas of the aluminium alloy after deoxidation, scarfing cinder, atomizing pressure 3MPa, when atomization, is added
Nanometer scale ceramics powder is separated with separator after atomization, draws coated powder；
(3) plasma spraying: with acetone to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning, after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning, with etc. from
Sub- spraying equipment sprays the composite coating that a layer thickness is 30 μm, spraying parameter are as follows: power 40KW, master in wear-resisting ball surface
Air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, are put into resistance furnace and heat up
To 620-640 DEG C, heating rate is 40 DEG C/min, air-cooled to come out of the stove after keeping the temperature 1-2h, and composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained.
Wherein, nanometer scale ceramics powder is pressed by nanoscale ZrO2 ceramic powders and nano grade Sic ceramic powders in step (2)
Mass ratio 2:1 is obtained after evenly mixing.
Wherein, sandblasting is roughened the white fused alumina that sand material used is 100-150 mesh in step (3), and the distance of sandblasting roughening is
120mm。
Embodiment 3:
A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, comprising the following steps:
(1) prepare wear-resistant ball crude product: wear-resistant ball crude product is made of the element of following mass fraction: C 1.13%, Si
1.15%, Cr 0.84%, Mn 1.26%, Ni 0.23%, V 0.24%, Ti 0.01%, Mo 0.06%, Sc 0.02%, P
≤ 0.012%, S≤0.012%, remaining is iron and other inevitable impurity；
(2) prepares coating powder: melting sources are obtained into aluminium alloy, aluminium alloy is made of the element of following mass fraction:
Ni 33.7%, W 10.0%, Cr 12.3%, Al 4.6%, Mo 8.0%, Co 0.12%, remaining is iron and other can not keep away
The impurity exempted from, by the aluminium alloy after deoxidation, scarfing cinder, high-pressure atomization, atomizing pressure 2MPa, when atomization, are added under helium protection
Nanometer scale ceramics powder is separated with separator after atomization, draws coated powder；
(3) plasma spraying: with acetone to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning, after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning, with etc. from
Sub- spraying equipment sprays the composite coating that a layer thickness is 25 μm, spraying parameter are as follows: power 40KW, master in wear-resisting ball surface
Air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, are put into resistance furnace and heat up
To 620-640 DEG C, heating rate is 40 DEG C/min, air-cooled to come out of the stove after keeping the temperature 1-2h, and composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained.
Wherein, nanometer scale ceramics powder is pressed by nanoscale ZrO2 ceramic powders and nano grade Sic ceramic powders in step (2)
Mass ratio 2:1 is obtained after evenly mixing.
Wherein, sandblasting is roughened the white fused alumina that sand material used is 100-150 mesh in step (3), and the distance of sandblasting roughening is
100mm。
Embodiment 4:
A kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, comprising the following steps:
(1) prepare wear-resistant ball crude product: wear-resistant ball crude product is made of the element of following mass fraction: C 2.42%, Si
1.80%, Cr 1.37%, Mn 1.55%, Ni 0.45%, V 0.40%, Ti 0.04%, Mo 0.11%, Sc 0.05%, P
≤ 0.012%, S≤0.012%, remaining is iron and other inevitable impurity；
(2) prepares coating powder: melting sources are obtained into aluminium alloy, aluminium alloy is made of the element of following mass fraction:
Ni 43.2%, W 22.5%, Cr 17.6%, Al 6.7%, Mo 9.6%, Co 0.18%, remaining is iron and other can not keep away
The impurity exempted from, by the high-pressure atomization under protection of argon gas of the aluminium alloy after deoxidation, scarfing cinder, atomizing pressure 5MPa, when atomization, is added
Nanometer scale ceramics powder is separated with separator after atomization, draws coated powder；
(3) plasma spraying: with acetone to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning, after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning, with etc. from
Sub- spraying equipment sprays the composite coating that a layer thickness is 40 μm, spraying parameter are as follows: power 40KW, master in wear-resisting ball surface
Air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, are put into resistance furnace and heat up
To 620-640 DEG C, heating rate is 40 DEG C/min, air-cooled to come out of the stove after keeping the temperature 1-2h, and composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained.
Wherein, nanometer scale ceramics powder is pressed by nanoscale ZrO2 ceramic powders and nano grade Sic ceramic powders in step (2)
Mass ratio 2:1 is obtained after evenly mixing.
Wherein, sandblasting is roughened the white fused alumina that sand material used is 100-150 mesh in step (3), and the distance of sandblasting roughening is
150mm。
Table 1 is the properties contrast table of 1-4 of the embodiment of the present invention:
Table 1
To sum up, the embodiment of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: that hardness is high, intensity is big, toughness is high, and abrasion resistance is good.
It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as first and second and the like are used merely to a reality
Body or operation are distinguished with another entity or operation, are deposited without necessarily requiring or implying between these entities or operation
In any actual relationship or order or sequence.Moreover, the terms "include", "comprise" or its any other variant are intended to
Non-exclusive inclusion, so that the process, method, article or equipment including a series of elements is not only wanted including those
Element, but also including other elements that are not explicitly listed, or further include for this process, method, article or equipment
Intrinsic element.In the absence of more restrictions, the element limited by sentence "including a ...", it is not excluded that
There is also other identical elements in process, method, article or equipment including the element.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than its limitations；Although with reference to the foregoing embodiments
Invention is explained in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that: it still can be to aforementioned each implementation
Technical solution documented by example is modified or equivalent replacement of some of the technical features；And these modification or
Replacement, the spirit and scope for technical solution of various embodiments of the present invention that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball, which comprises the following steps:
(1) prepare wear-resistant ball crude product: the wear-resistant ball crude product is made of the element of following mass fraction: C 1.13-2.42%,
Si 1.15-1.80%, Cr 0.84-1.37%, Mn 1.26-1.55%, Ni 0.23-0.45%, V 0.24-0.40%, Ti
0.01-0.04%, Mo 0.06-0.11%, Sc 0.02-0.05%, P≤0.012%, S≤0.012%, remaining is iron and its
His inevitable impurity；
(2) prepares coating powder: melting sources are obtained into aluminium alloy, the aluminium alloy is made of the element of following mass fraction:
Ni 33.7-43.2%, W 10.0-22.5%, Cr 12.3-17.6%, Al 4.6-6.7%, Mo 8.0-9.6%, Co
0.12-0.18%, remaining be iron and other inevitable impurity, by the aluminium alloy after deoxidation, scarfing cinder in inert gas shielding
Lower high-pressure atomization, is added nanometer scale ceramics powder when atomization, the nanometer scale ceramics powder by nanoscale ZrO2 ceramic powders and
Nano grade Sic ceramic powders 2:1 in mass ratio is uniformly obtained, and is separated after atomization with separator, is drawn coated powder；
(3) plasma spray plasma spraying: is used after carrying out sandblasting roughening and cleaning to wear-resistant ball crude product surface cleaning with acetone
Automatic doubler surface glouer sprays the composite coating that a layer thickness is 25-40 μm, spraying parameter are as follows: power 40KW, master in wear-resisting ball surface
Air pressure 0.6MPa, secondary air pressure 0.6MPa, powder sending quantity 15g/min, spray distance 120mm, after having sprayed, are put into resistance furnace and heat up
It is air-cooled to come out of the stove after keeping the temperature 1-2h to 620-640 DEG C, the composite coating wear-resistant ball can be obtained.
2. the preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that inertia in the step (2)
Gas is nitrogen, argon gas or helium.
3. the preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that atomization in the step (2)
Pressure is 2-5MPa.
4. the preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that sandblasting in the step (3)
It is roughened the white fused alumina that sand material used is 100-150 mesh, the distance of sandblasting roughening is 100-150mm.
5. the preparation method of composite coating wear-resistant ball as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that heating in the step (3)
Speed is 40 DEG C/min.
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| CN108588618A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-09-28 | 安徽省宁国市亚晨碾磨铸件有限责任公司 | A kind of manufacturing method of ball mill corrosion-resistant finishes wear-resistant ball |
| CN111945078A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-11-17 | 苏州翔楼新材料股份有限公司 | Manufacturing method of cold-rolled steel strip for engine valve rocker |
| CN112662981B (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2023-08-18 | 安徽瑞泰新材料科技有限公司 | Wear-resistant ball with high-hardness coating and preparation method thereof |
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| DE102009026655B3 (en) * | 2009-06-03 | 2011-06-30 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft, 80331 | Method of making a metal matrix composite, metal matrix composite and its use |
| CN101886229B (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2013-01-02 | 安徽省三方耐磨股份有限公司 | Ball dedicated for semi-autogenous mill and process method thereof |
| CN104087867B (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-08-24 | 宁国市宁武耐磨材料有限公司 | A kind of ball mill high abrasion antioxidant wear-resistant ball |
| CN105132793B (en) * | 2015-08-14 | 2017-10-31 | 安徽瑞泰新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of phosphorus ore Special wear-resistant ball and preparation method thereof |
| CN105112790A (en) * | 2015-09-21 | 2015-12-02 | 南车戚墅堰机车车辆工艺研究所有限公司 | High-strength wear-resistant spheroidal-graphit cast steel and preparation method thereof |
| CN106811673B (en) * | 2016-12-27 | 2019-02-26 | 芜湖牧羿自动化科技有限公司 | Corrosion-resistant anti-oxidant low abrasion wear-resistant ball of one kind and preparation method thereof |
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