CN107721474B - Method for preparing compost by using organic waste and fermentation device thereof - Google Patents
Method for preparing compost by using organic waste and fermentation device thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107721474B CN107721474B CN201711237040.8A CN201711237040A CN107721474B CN 107721474 B CN107721474 B CN 107721474B CN 201711237040 A CN201711237040 A CN 201711237040A CN 107721474 B CN107721474 B CN 107721474B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
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- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
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- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing compost by utilizing organic wastes and a fermentation device thereof, belonging to the field of agricultural environment protection. The method solves the problems that compost is difficult to ferment and decompose and is easy to cause secondary pollution due to low temperature in cold areas in winter. According to the invention, organic solid waste is put into a fermentation tank in the fermentation device for preparing compost from organic waste, fuel is put into a hearth of the fermentation device and ignited, hot flue gas generated by the fuel burnt in the hearth is blown into a flue of the fermentation device by an air blower, the temperature of the organic solid waste put into the fermentation tank is raised through the radiation and convection action of the hot flue gas, when the average temperature of a stack body of the fermentation tank reaches 10 ℃, a low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum is mixed into the stack body, the fermentation and decomposition degree of the stack body and the microbial decomposition degree are monitored, and finally the compost is prepared. The invention has the advantages of simple processing, small occupied area, low cost and easy operation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural environment protection research, and particularly relates to a method for preparing compost by using organic wastes and a fermentation device thereof.
Background
With the continuous development of economy and the improvement of the living standard of people, the production amount of organic wastes is increased day by day. Whether the organic wastes are effectively treated or not influences the change of ecological environment and the physical health condition of human beings, the production amount of the organic solid wastes in the national cities and towns is about 1.9 million tons at present, and more than 1 million tons of wastes are directly dumped into the environment, thereby causing serious adverse effects. If the reasonable use of the organic waste is developed, the organic waste becomes a huge potential resource. The organic waste is subjected to composting treatment, so that on one hand, the organic waste can be harmlessly treated, reduced and recycled, and great contribution is made to the construction of good ecological environment; on the other hand, composting can promote the development of urban economy, and is a widely accepted reasonable disposal method. Compost is a process for artificially promoting the biochemical conversion of biodegradable organic matter into stable humus by using indigenous microorganisms (microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi widely distributed in the nature) or artificial inoculants, and the compost is applied to soil as a fertilizer. At present, a bottleneck technology in the process of widely applying the composting technology is that the temperature of the weather environment in cold areas in winter in China is below zero, most areas are lower than 10 ℃, the normal growth and the activity exertion of microorganisms are seriously influenced, and the phenomena of slow fermentation start and easy reduction of the temperature of a compost body occur in the composting. At present, in order to solve the technical problem, a large pile of chopped direct compost is mostly used, but the method occupies a large space, and the temperature can even reach minus 30 ℃ due to large external temperature change, so that the required temperature can not be reached or the time for reaching the required temperature is long. In addition, the economy is underdeveloped in the rural areas in the north of China, the pollution is serious, and the comprehensive management is difficult. Traditional pit type compost device is when 40 days, and the heap degradation volume is only about 30% to the heap does not get into the hot period completely, and the analysis reason probably is because hot flue gas is direct and the compost contacts, causes whole heap to be heated inhomogeneous, leads to compost microbial growth to receive the restriction, causes the compost can not thoroughly decomposed completely, simultaneously because the flue gas directly passes through the heap, and the mobility of hot flue gas in whole device is poor, causes to be heated inhomogeneous. Therefore, it is urgent to find a method for treating organic solid wastes with low investment, low risk, easy operation and easy management.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for preparing compost by utilizing organic waste and a partition wall type device thereof, aiming at solving the problems that the temperature in cold areas in winter is low, the compost is difficult to ferment and become thoroughly decomposed, the occupied area is large when the direct large-pile chopping of external compost is adopted, and secondary pollution is easily caused, and the specific technical scheme for solving the problems is as follows:
the invention relates to a fermentation device for preparing compost by using organic wastes, which consists of a heat-resistant heat-insulating layer, a smoke blocking block, a flue, a fermentation tank, a hearth, a chimney, a smoke conveying pipeline, a blower, a heat-insulating straw mat and a smoke pumping device.
The method for preparing compost by utilizing organic wastes comprises the following steps:
step one, adopting the organic waste to prepare a fermentation device of compost;
step two, putting organic solid waste into a fermentation tank in the fermentation device in the step one, wherein the put organic solid waste is treated, the indexes such as C/N ratio and moisture and the like meet the conditions required by composting, the filler accounts for 60-80% of the space proportion of the fermentation tank, and the particle size of the filler is 10-20 mm;
thirdly, putting fuel into a hearth of the device for ignition, (burning the fuel once only when the device is started each time to save the fuel and environmental pollution), blowing hot flue gas generated by the fuel burnt in the hearth into a flue of the device by using an air blower, enabling the temperature of the organic solid waste put in the fermentation tank to rise through the radiation and convection action of the hot flue gas, sealing a smoke inlet, monitoring the temperature in the fermentation tank for 2-3 hours, properly adjusting the opening and closing of a chimney smoke exhaust device and a smoke outlet when the temperature in the fermentation tank is influenced by the external environment temperature to fluctuate more than 5 ℃, and starting the air blower to blow in external air to help the temperature of the stack to be reduced when the temperature of the stack reaches 45-80 ℃, so as to be beneficial to the decomposition of the stack;
step four, when the average temperature of the fermentation tank stackWhen the temperature reaches 8-10 ℃, the residue of the fuel burned in the hearth is put into a fermentation tank, a low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum is added into the pile body, the low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum mainly comprises low-temperature resistant bacteria, and the low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum is activated in a liquid culture medium (the number of the living bacteria reaches 10)8～109cfu/mL) is inoculated into a compost body, the inoculation proportion is 1-3% of the mass of dry materials of the filler, a compost turning machine is adopted to fully mix the materials in a fermentation tank, a heat-preservation straw mat is covered, a sealing device is used for fermentation, turning is carried out once in 5-7 days in the fermentation process so as to keep sufficient oxygen 5/+ -content of the compost, the turned area is immediately covered with the heat-preservation straw mat to prevent heat loss, sampling is carried out after turning is carried out each time, the fermentation and decomposition degrees of the compost body and microorganisms are monitored, the degradation rates of domestic garbage and chicken manure are respectively 60% and 67% when the compost body is fermented and decomposed for 40-60 days, the internal temperature of the fermentation device reaches 60 +/-2 ℃, and finally the compost disclosed by the invention is prepared.
The method for preparing compost by utilizing organic waste and the fermentation device thereof have the beneficial effects that: inherits the concepts of low investment, low risk, easy operation and easy management, overcomes the problem that the temperature in cold areas in winter is low so that the compost is difficult to ferment and become thoroughly decomposed, and solves the problems of large occupied area and easy secondary pollution when the external compost is directly chopped in a large pile. The partition wall type heating and heat preservation system is used for providing the temperature required by composting of organic wastes in the internal fermentation chamber, the composting device is guaranteed to run smoothly under cold conditions, and the device has the advantages of temperature control, simple device processing, small occupied area, low cost and easiness in operation, and can be widely applied to winter treatment of organic wastes and compost production.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a fermentation apparatus of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line A-A in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line B-B in FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 is a schematic partial sectional perspective view of the fermentation apparatus.
Detailed Description
First embodiment this embodiment will be described with reference to fig. 1, 2 and 3. The fermentation device for preparing compost by using organic waste comprises a heat-resistant heat-insulating layer 1, a smoke blocking block 2, a flue 3, a fermentation tank 4, a hearth 5, a chimney 6, a smoke conveying pipeline 7, an air blower 9, a heat-insulating straw mat 10 and a smoke pumping device 11, wherein the fermentation tank 4 is arranged in the middle of the heat-resistant heat-insulating layer 1, the smoke blocking block 2 is arranged in the flue 3 between the heat-resistant heat-insulating layer 1 and the fermentation tank 4 and between the fermentation tank 4 and the fermentation tank 4, the hearth 5 is arranged outside one end of the heat-resistant heat-insulating layer 1, one end of the smoke conveying pipeline 7 is communicated with the hearth 5, the other end of the smoke conveying pipeline 7 is communicated with the lower part of the flue 3, the air blower 9 is communicated with the hearth 5, the heat-insulating straw mat 10 is arranged above the fermentation tank 4 and the flue 3, the chimney 6 is arranged above the flue 3 at the other end of.
Second embodiment, this embodiment will be described with reference to fig. 2. The number of the smoke blocking blocks 2 is a plurality, and the flue 3 is designed to be of a fancy, transverse or longitudinal structure, so that hot smoke can circulate in the flue 3 more uniformly.
Third embodiment, this embodiment will be described with reference to fig. 2. The fermentation tanks 4 described in the present embodiment are provided in parallel, and each fermentation tank 4 corresponds to one hearth 5. Several hearths 5 are opened according to the environment temperature to ensure that the temperature of the stack of the fermentation tank 4 in the device is 10 ℃.
Fourth embodiment this embodiment will be described with reference to fig. 2. The fermentation tank 4 of the embodiment adopts a temperature-resistant non-heat-insulating material, so that radiation heat transfer is facilitated.
Fifth, this embodiment will be described with reference to fig. 1, 2, and 3. The method for preparing compost by using organic waste of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, adopting the organic waste of the invention to prepare a (partition wall type) fermentation device of compost;
step two, putting organic solid waste into a fermentation tank 4 in the fermentation device in the step one, wherein the put organic solid waste is pretreated, the indexes such as C/N ratio and water content meet the conditions required by producing compost, the filler accounts for 60-80% of the space proportion of the fermentation tank 4, and the particle size of the filler is 10-20 mm;
thirdly, putting fuel into a hearth 5 of the device for ignition, (only one time of fuel combustion is carried out when the device is started each time to save fuel and prevent environmental pollution), blowing hot flue gas generated by the fuel combusted in the hearth 5 into a flue 3 of the device by using an air blower 9, enabling the temperature of organic solid waste put in a fermentation tank 4 to rise through the radiation and convection action of the hot flue gas, closing a smoke inlet, monitoring the temperature in the fermentation tank 4 within 2-3 hours, properly adjusting the opening and closing of a smoke outlet of a chimney smoke exhaust device 11 when the temperature in the fermentation tank 4 is influenced by the external environment temperature to fluctuate more than 5 ℃, and starting the air blower 9 to blow external air to help the temperature of the stack to reduce when the temperature of the stack is 45-80 ℃ in a high temperature region, thereby being beneficial to the maturity of the stack;
step four, when the average temperature of the fermentation tank stack reaches 8-10 ℃, putting residues of the combustion fuel in the hearth 5 into the fermentation tank 4, adding a low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum into the stack, wherein the low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum mainly comprises low-temperature resistant bacteria which are activated in a liquid culture medium (the number of viable bacteria reaches 10)8～109cfu/mL) is inoculated into a pile body, the inoculation proportion is 1-3% of the mass of dry materials of the filler, a compost pile-turning machine is adopted to fully mix the materials in the fermentation tank 4, a heat-preservation straw mat 10 is covered, a sealing device is used for fermentation, the pile-turning is carried out once in 5-7 days in the fermentation process, the sufficient oxygen 5/+ -content of the pile body is kept, the pile-turned area is immediately covered with the heat-preservation straw mat 10 to prevent heat loss, sampling is carried out after pile-turning each time, the fermentation rotten degree and the microbial decomposition degree of the pile body are monitored, the degradation rates of domestic garbage and chicken manure are respectively 60% and 67% when the pile body is fermented and rotten for 40-60 days, the internal temperature of the fermentation device reaches 60 +/-2 ℃, and finally the compost disclosed by the invention is prepared.
The device and the method ensure the normal start and operation of compost under the low temperature condition in winter, and are more beneficial to the maintenance of microbial activity and the degradation of organic matters.
In a sixth specific embodiment, the organic waste in this embodiment is all degradable organic waste, such as domestic waste, livestock and poultry manure, kitchen waste, crop residues, garden waste, fruit and vegetable waste, and processing industry waste, or a mixture of several of them.
Seventh embodiment, the fuel for combustion in this embodiment is degradable waste, such as one or a mixture of straw, bagasse, rice chaff, sawdust, and dried cow dung.
Eighth embodiment, the blower 9 and the smoke exhaust device 11 according to the present embodiment control the operation speed of the hot smoke and control the temperature.
In the eighth embodiment, the apparatus of the present embodiment, taking four fermentation tanks as an example, opens all the hearth furnaces at-20 ℃, opens 3 hearth furnaces at-10 ℃, opens 2 hearth furnaces at-5 ℃, and opens 1 hearth furnace at 0 ℃.
Ninth, the temperature environment in this embodiment is-20 ℃, -10 ℃, -5 ℃ and 0 ℃, the maximum temperature of the fermentation tank inside the device is 64 ℃, 65 ℃, 66 ℃ and 62 ℃, respectively, the temperature required for killing the diseases and pests in the high temperature stage is 60 ℃, and the degradation rate of the organic matter is within 65% ± 4%, so that the activity of the composting microorganisms is ensured, and the problem of difficulty in producing compost at low temperature is solved.
When the high temperature in the fermentation device reaches 70 ℃, the degradation rate of the organic matters is 77% in 40-60 days.
According to the invention, because the separate compost layer and the air blast smoke extraction device are added, the compost is not directly contacted with hot smoke, and the change of the temperature of the compost is controlled by controlling the flow of the hot smoke, so that the whole compost is relatively uniformly heated, the problem of local overheating is avoided, the normal growth of microorganisms is ensured in the whole composting process, and the fermentation and decomposition processes of the compost are normally carried out.
When the device is used, the device is laid underground, the upper plane of the device is kept horizontal with the ground, the heat preservation effect is good, and the fermentation and the decomposition of the pile body are facilitated.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides an utilize fermenting installation of organic waste preparation compost, it comprises heat-resisting heat preservation, cigarette piece, flue, fermentation vat, furnace, chimney, defeated tobacco pipe way, air-blower, heat preservation straw mat and smoke extraction device, its characterized in that: the fermentation tank is arranged in the middle of the heat-resistant insulating layer, the smoke blocking block is arranged in a flue between the heat-resistant insulating layer and the fermentation tank and between the fermentation tank and the fermentation tank, the hearth is arranged outside one end of the heat-resistant insulating layer, one end of the smoke conveying pipeline is communicated with the hearth, the other end of the smoke conveying pipeline is communicated with the lower part of the flue, the blower is communicated with the hearth, the heat-insulating straw mat is arranged above the fermentation tank and the flue, the chimney is arranged above the flue at the other end of the hearth, and the smoke exhaust device is connected with the upper;
the smoke blocking blocks are a plurality of blocks, and the flue is designed into a fancy, transverse or longitudinal structure;
the fermentation tanks are arranged in parallel, and each fermentation tank corresponds to one hearth;
the fermentation tank adopts a temperature-resistant non-heat-insulating material.
2. A method for preparing compost by utilizing organic wastes is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, adopting a fermentation device for preparing compost by using the organic waste of claim 1;
step two, putting organic solid waste into a fermentation tank in the fermentation device in the step one, wherein the put organic solid waste is treated, the C/N ratio and the moisture index both meet the conditions required by composting, the filler accounts for 60-80% of the space proportion of the fermentation tank, and the particle size of the filler is 10-20 mm;
thirdly, putting the fuel into a hearth of the device to be ignited, blowing hot flue gas generated by the fuel burnt in the hearth into a flue of the device by using an air blower, raising the temperature of the organic solid waste put in the fermentation tank through the radiation and convection action of the hot flue gas, sealing a smoke inlet, monitoring the temperature in the fermentation tank for 2-3 hours, properly adjusting the opening and closing of a smoke outlet of a chimney smoke exhaust device when the temperature in the fermentation tank is influenced by the external environment temperature and fluctuates by more than 5 ℃, and starting the air blower to blow in external air to help the temperature of the stack to be lowered when the temperature of the stack reaches a high-temperature region of 45-80 ℃, so that the decomposition of the stack is facilitated;
step four, when the average temperature of the stack of the fermentation tank reaches 8-10 ℃, the residue of fuel combustion in the hearth is put into the fermentation tank,adding a low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum into the pile body, wherein the low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum mainly comprises low-temperature resistant bacteria, and the viable count of the low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum reaches 10 after the low-temperature initiation composite microbial inoculum is activated in a liquid culture medium8～109cfu/mL is inoculated into a pile body, the inoculation proportion is 1% -3% of the mass of dry materials of the filler, materials in a fermentation tank are fully mixed by a compost pile-turning machine, a heat-preservation straw mat is covered, a sealing device is used for fermentation, pile-turning is carried out once in 5-7 days in the fermentation process so as to keep sufficient oxygen content of compost, the pile-turned area is immediately covered with the heat-preservation straw mat to prevent heat loss, sampling is carried out after pile-turning each time, the fermentation decomposition degree and the microbial decomposition degree of the pile body are monitored, the degradation rates of domestic garbage and chicken manure are respectively 60% and 67% when the fermentation decomposition degree is 40-60 days, the internal temperature of the fermentation device reaches 60 +/-2 ℃, and finally the compost is prepared.
3. A method of making compost from organic waste material as claimed in claim 2, wherein said method further comprises the steps of: the fuel for combustion is one or a mixture of several of straws, bagasse, rice chaff, sawdust or dry cow dung.
4. A method of making compost from organic waste material as claimed in claim 2, wherein said method further comprises the steps of: the blower and the smoke exhaust device control the operation speed of hot smoke and the temperature.
5. A method of making compost from organic waste material as claimed in claim 2, wherein said method further comprises the steps of: the temperature of the external environment is-20 ℃, 10 ℃, 5 ℃ and 0 ℃, the highest temperature of a fermentation tank in the device is 64 ℃, 65 ℃, 66 ℃ and 62 ℃, the temperature required for killing pests in a high-temperature period is 60 ℃, the degradation rate of organic matters is within 65% +/-4%, and the activity of composting microorganisms is ensured.
6. A method of making compost from organic waste material as claimed in claim 2, wherein said method further comprises the steps of: in the fourth step, the optimal temperature in the fermentation tank stack is 10 ℃.
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| CN110467485A (en) * | 2019-08-28 | 2019-11-19 | 张涵旭 | A kind of biological method handling excrement |
| CN112110757B (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2021-10-19 | 东北农业大学 | Centralized and efficient treatment method for rural domestic garbage production in severe cold area |
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