CN107696630B - 一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料 - Google Patents

一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料 Download PDF

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CN107696630B
CN107696630B CN201710912040.7A CN201710912040A CN107696630B CN 107696630 B CN107696630 B CN 107696630B CN 201710912040 A CN201710912040 A CN 201710912040A CN 107696630 B CN107696630 B CN 107696630B
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李增耀
朱传勇
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Abstract

本发明提供一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，包括3～5层隔热层，其中每层均由SiO2气凝胶和掺杂其中的增强纤维和核壳结构的遮光剂构成。其中遮光剂壳体为遮光材料，芯体为相变材料。气凝胶基体的热导率较低，抑制热传导；遮光壳体抑制辐射传热；相变材料在熔化过程中吸收热量提高材料的热惯性；因此该材料具有低热导率，低辐射传热量和较大表观比热等特点，极大的提高了SiO2气凝胶的高温短效隔热性能，能够满足航空航天、军用等高温短效隔热，也满足工业高温热防护等长效隔热要求。该材料通过添加纤维和吸热型遮光剂，解决了现有潜热型隔热材料强度较低、相变材料熔化后泄漏、热导率高和红外透光等缺点，具有较强的实用性。

Description

一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料
技术领域
本发明涉及高温隔热领域，一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料。
背景技术
SiO2气凝胶是一种典型的纳米多孔材料，由三维纳米固体骨架与填充在纳米尺度孔隙中的气体共同构成，具有低密度(～0.003g/cm3)，低热导率(常温常压下可低至(～0.013W/(m·K))和热稳定性好(～1200℃)等特点，是一种应用前景极大的超级绝热材料在节能、新能源技术、航空航天等领域具有广阔的应用前景。但从传热基本原理方面来看其具有两个明显的缺陷：1)在3～8μm波段范围内具有透光性，这使得其在高温环境中使用时的隔热性能大幅度降低；2)具有很小的密度和比热，导致其热惯性小，在非稳态情况下温度响应快，短效隔热能力不足。
为解决透光性问题，通常采用的方法是添加一定种类、含量和粒径的遮光剂用以抑制材料的辐射传热。但要满足高温短时间(如千秒量级)的隔热需求，单纯从遮光剂种类、粒径和含量方面很难使得材料本身的高温短效隔热性能有明显的提升。
为解决气凝胶热惯性小的问题，通常通过熔渗法制备气凝胶相变复合材料，该方法制作的相变复合材料一般具有相变材料熔化后易泄漏、热导率高以及红外透光等缺点。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，为了解决上述现有的问题，提供一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料。该材料具有较低的等效热导率、较大的表观比热和抑制辐射传热的特点，具有优异的高温短效隔热性能和温控功能，能够有效的降低材料的背温，保护器件的安全工作，能够满足航空航天、军用材料等高温短效隔热需求，同时满足工业高温热防护等长效隔热要求。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：
一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，所述的吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料包括3～5层隔热层；其结构为从上至下依次为高温隔热层、中温若干隔热层和低温隔热层。
高温隔热层、中温若干隔热层和低温隔热层的每一层均由气凝胶材料、增强纤维和吸热型遮光剂颗粒构成，其中气凝胶材料为SiO2气凝胶，其体积分数为87％-96％；增强纤维为玻璃纤维或预氧化纤维，其体积分数为1％-3％；吸热型遮光剂颗粒为核壳结构的双层结构包括壳体和芯体两部分，其中吸热型遮光剂颗粒的壳体材料为SiC、Al2O3、TiO2、ZrO2、炭黑其中之一，吸热型遮光剂颗粒的芯体是相变材料，为熔盐、金属、合金、结晶水合盐或有机相变材料之一；吸热型遮光剂颗粒的内外径比为0.5～0.8。
高温隔热层和中温若干隔热层中所含的吸热型遮光剂的芯体材料为熔盐或者合金，包括NaCl、KF、Na2CO3、Al-25wt％Si，KNO3、NaNO3、SnxZn1-x之一或其任意组合；低温隔热层中所包含的吸热型遮光剂的芯体材料为赤藓糖醇、硬脂酸、正十八烷、石蜡之一或其任意组合。
其每层中掺杂的吸热型遮光剂外径为2.5～6μm。
本发明的有益效果：
将玻璃纤维，预氧化纤维添加进SiO2气凝胶，显著提高了SiO2气凝胶材料的强度，解决了SiO2气凝胶强度低、易碎裂的问题。
高温下红外辐射对隔热效果有重要的影响，极大的降低材料的隔热效果，本发明在SiO2气凝胶中掺杂了吸热型遮光剂，可以有效遮蔽红外辐射，抑制材料的高温辐射传热。
将相变材料掺杂进SiO2气凝胶，显著提高了SiO2气凝胶的表观比热，增大了材料的热惯性，有效提高材料的高温短效隔热性能以及温控功能。
吸热型遮光剂均匀的分布于气凝胶材料内部，为离散态，对气凝胶复合材料固相热导率影响较小，仅少量提高材料固相热导率。
将相变材料以胶囊的形式封装，掺杂进气凝胶材料解决了相变材料熔化后泄漏的关键技术问题。
相比无吸热能力的遮光剂掺杂SiO2气凝胶极大提高了材料的高温短效隔热性能，相比于单层吸热型遮光剂添加的气凝胶材料具有更好的辐射抑制功能。
附图说明
图1为本发明中所述的一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料的结构示意图；
图1中：1为高温层，2～4为中温层，5为低温层；
图2中为本发明中所述的一种吸热型遮光剂颗粒示意图；
图2中：6为吸热型遮光剂的壳体，7为吸热型遮光剂的芯体。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例进一步阐述本发明，应理解该实施例仅用于说明而不用于限制本发明的范围，在阅读了本发明之后，本领域技术人员对本发明的各种等价形式的修改均落于申请所附权利要求所限定的范围。
本发明一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，该材料由3～5个SiO2气凝胶掺杂层构成，不同掺杂层的吸热型遮光剂的种类、浓度、粒径均不相同；同一掺杂层内，吸热型遮光剂种类、粒径、浓度相同。
上述所述一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料中，各层的吸热型遮光剂的外径推荐值2.5～6μm。
上述一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料中，各层的吸热型遮光剂的芯体材料(相变材料)的熔点、沸点等物性由该层实际温度决定，当温度>1000K时候可选择金属材料、NaCl、KF、Na2CO3等高熔点、高沸点的熔盐材料。温度<400K可选择低熔点的赤藓糖醇、硬脂酸、石蜡等有机相变材料。
上述吸热型遮光剂在SiO2气凝胶中掺杂的体积含量推荐值为3％～10％。
本发明提出一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，包括气SiO2凝胶材料、增强纤维材料和吸热型遮光剂，且吸热型遮光剂在每个隔热层中种类含量不同。本发明是一种多层次吸热型遮光剂掺杂的气凝胶复合材料，其中掺杂依据是：隔热材料的温度梯度、遮光剂的温度承受能力、相变材料的熔点、沸点等。气凝胶材料与高温环境接触端掺杂吸热型遮光剂需满足小粒径、高浓度、耐高温、高熔点、高沸点等特性；气凝胶材料与低温环境接触端掺杂吸热型遮光剂需满足大粒径、低浓度、低熔点等特性。
该隔热材料由3～5层吸热型遮光剂掺杂SiO2气凝胶构成。如图1所示，由高温端到低温端逐层为：高温隔热层(第一掺杂层)、中温若干隔热层(第二掺杂层、第三掺杂层、第四掺杂层)和低温隔热层(第五掺杂层)。其中从第一掺杂层开始吸热型遮光剂的外径逐渐增大、芯材的熔点逐渐降低。
每一掺杂层的制备，采用任意一种现有技术所公开的纤维-遮光剂-气凝胶复合材料制备方法即可，本发明在此不加以详细描述。
实施例：
材料应用工况：高温端为1200℃，材料的初始温度为25℃，冷端绝热，隔热材料厚度为5cm。气凝胶材料为SiO2气凝胶，纯SiO2气凝胶材料的密度为110kg/m3。
该实施例中以4层吸热型遮光剂掺杂为例说明。本实施例中，吸热型遮光剂的壳体仅选用耐高温的遮光效果较好的SiC单一材料，从高温端开始各层的吸热型遮光剂的外径分别为2.8μm、3.2μm、3.75μm、4μm，内外径比为0.8；吸热型遮光剂中芯体材料依次为Al-25wt％Si、KNO3、赤藓糖醇、硬脂酸；吸热型遮光剂的体积含量为8％、6％、5％和4％；纤维体积含量为1％。该含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料在工作30min后，其背温不超过40℃，而相同厚度的纯SiO2气凝胶，在工作相同时间后材料的背温超过1000℃。由此可知，本发明所提供的一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料极大的提高了材料的高温短效隔热效果。

Claims (4)

1.一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，其特征在于，所述的吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料包括3～5层隔热层；其结构为从上至下依次为高温隔热层、中温若干隔热层和低温隔热层，高温隔热层、中温若干隔热层和低温隔热层的每一层均包括气凝胶材料、增强纤维和吸热型遮光剂颗粒，其中气凝胶材料为SiO2气凝胶，其体积分数为87％-96％；增强纤维为玻璃纤维或预氧化纤维，其体积分数为1％-3％；吸热型遮光剂颗粒为核壳结构的双层结构包括壳体和芯体两部分，其中吸热型遮光剂颗粒的壳体材料为SiC、Al2O3、TiO2、ZrO2、炭黑其中之一，吸热型遮光剂颗粒的芯体是相变材料，为熔盐、金属、合金、结晶水合盐或有机相变材料之一；吸热型遮光剂颗粒的内外径比为0.5～0.8。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，其特征在于，高温隔热层和中温若干隔热层中所含的吸热型遮光剂的芯体材料为熔盐或者合金，包括NaCl、KF、Na2CO3、Al-25wt％Si，KNO3、NaNO3、SnxZn1-x之一或其任意组合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，其特征在于，低温隔热层中所包含的吸热型遮光剂的芯体材料为赤藓糖醇、硬脂酸、正十八烷、石蜡之一或其任意组合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种含吸热型遮光剂的气凝胶梯度隔热材料，其特征在于，其每层中掺杂的吸热型遮光剂外径为2.5～6μm。
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