CN107618243B - A kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material and preparation method thereof, the composite material is using Kynoar as matrix, using the graphene successively through amino silane and polymer graft modification as dielectric enhancement functional stuffing, successively through solution blending, electrostatic spinning and lamination it is hot-forming after prepare.The present invention is based on the dual regulation of interface and space micro-structure, by carrying out the method that polymer graft modification is combined with electrostatic spinning process to graphene surface, effectively realize that high filler loading capacity graphene filler is evenly dispersed in Kynoar matrix, gained graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material dielectric constant is significantly improved, and dielectric loss factor is lower, makes that it is suitable for the fields such as buried capacitors and high-energy density accumulator.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of composite materials, more particularly to a kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar
High-dielectric composite material and preparation method thereof.
Background technique
Although polymer material has excellent mechanical property, chemical stability and an electrical insulating property, dielectric constant compared with
It is low, generally 10 hereinafter, so strongly limiting their application range.In recent years, researcher discovery is by poly-
Conductive filler/the polymer composites with high dielectric constant can be obtained by closing addition conductive filler in object.It is managed according to seepage flow
By, when the content of conductive filler is also insufficient to allow conductive network to be formed very close to percolation threshold, though between conductive filler
It is so very close to be but still separated from each other, it is equivalent to and introduces a large amount of microcapacitor structure into polymeric matrix.This is slightly electric
Gained conductive filler/polymer composites dielectric constant can be significantly increased in the presence of container, such material is made to exist
Buried capacitors, high-energy density accumulator, dielectric elastomer etc. great application prospect.But institute under normal conditions
The conductive filler used is mostly that the compatibility between inorganic material, with organic polymer is poor, is easy to roll into a ball in a polymer matrix
It is poly-, seriously affect conductive filler/polymer composites dielectric properties.Therefore, improve inorganic filler and organic polymer
Between interface compatibility and make its be dispersed among polymeric matrix for improve conductive filler/polymer composites
Dielectric constant be particularly important.
As novel nano carbon material, graphene has excellent electric property, mechanical property and heat-conductive characteristic, is expected to
As ideal dielectric enhancement functional stuffing.On the other hand, Kynoar (PVDF) is a kind of higher polymerization of dielectric constant
Object is beneficial to improve the dielectric constant of seepage flow type composite material as matrix.Therefore, by graphene and Kynoar
Progress is effectively compound to be expected to obtain the excellent composite material of dielectric properties.About the high dielectric composite wood of graphene/Kynoar
The research of material can refer to document (" preparation of graphene and the research of graphene/PVDF composite material dielectric properties ", Song Hongsong,
Liu great Bo, Chemical Engineer, 2011).It is reported according to the document, when graphene dosage reaches 0.25wt.% close to seepage flow
Threshold value, dielectric constant of the composite material at 1000Hz are close to 16, improve 70% than pure PVDF.Although the system is shown
Preferable dielectric properties, but still have biggish room for promotion.And (" a kind of Kynoar/graphene is multiple for Chinese invention patent
Condensation material and preparation method thereof ", Xue Linxin, Liu Fu, vast stretch of wooded country wave, Shen Jianhui, Xiang Yanhui, application number 201310372686.2) it is logical
It crosses melt-blending process and is prepared for graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material, when graphene content is 3wt.%, although composite wood
Dielectric constant of the material at 1000Hz is up to 100, but the dielectric loss factor at 1000Hz is up to 3000, and therefore, it is difficult to full
The requirement of sufficient practical application.In conclusion its key of the acquisition good graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material of dielectric properties exists
In: how to make to have preferable interface compatibility between graphene filler and Kynoar and Effective Regulation graphene is gathering inclined fluorine
Spatial distribution state in ethylene matrix effectively mentions so that graphene neither reunites nor contacts with each other and form conductive network
The percolation threshold of high composite material, and then the dielectric constant of composite material is promoted simultaneously in the case where realizing graphene high filler loading capacity
Maintain lower dielectric loss factor.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material and its
Preparation method.It is modified that have it in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent good to graphene using amino silane first
Dispersibility.Again by initiator dibenzoyl peroxide in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent simultaneously attack graphene with polymerize
Object realizes the polymer grafting modification of graphene using the free radical of generation, increases between graphene and Kynoar
Compatibility.Effectively dispersed in Kynoar matrix using electrostatic spinning process order to polymer modification graphene simultaneously.
Eventually by graphene ,/the hot-forming polymer modification graphene that is prepared of Kynoar electrospinning film progress lamination/gathers
Vinylidene high-dielectric composite material.
Technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material, the composite material is with Kynoar
For matrix, using the graphene successively through amino silane and polymer graft modification as dielectric enhancement functional stuffing, successively through solution
Be blended, electrostatic spinning and lamination it is hot-forming after prepare.
The modified graphene accounts for the 4-16wt.% of composite weight percentage.
Polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material preparation method the following steps are included:
It 1), will after being 4-16wt.% and polyvinylidene fluoride pellet progress manual mixing by modified graphene weight percent
Above-mentioned gained mixture puts into the N,N-dimethylformamide that mass ratio is 7:3 and the in the mixed solvent of acetone forms 10-
The solution of 15wt.% obtains after stirring in 2-3 hours after solution ultrasonic mixing 0.5-1 hours, then under 70-85 degrees Celsius
Uniformly mixed electrostatic spinning solution；
2) the above-mentioned electrostatic spinning solution matched is poured into syringe, it is as follows adjusts electrospinning parameters: negative voltage 1-2
Kilovolt, positive voltage is 13-15 kilovolts, and it is 8-10 centimetres that electrospinning, which receives distance, and receiving drum rotation speed is 2800 turns per minute, is carried out
Electrostatic spinning obtains graphene/Kynoar electrospinning film；
3) carried out after stacking 3-4 piece graphene/Kynoar electrospinning film layer it is hot-forming, temperature be 190-
200 degrees Celsius, pressure be 10-14 megapascal under conditions of hot pressing 3-5 minutes, obtain graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material.
The polymer modification graphene wherein used in above-mentioned preparation method is prepared using following methods:
1) 2 grams of graphene oxides are dispersed in the in the mixed solvent of 190 milliliters of dehydrated alcohols and 10 milliliters of water, added
0.2 gram of amino silane KH550, acquired solution are stirred to react 24 hours under 60 degrees Celsius, finally will after 30 minutes ultrasonic mixings
Obtained amino group graphene filtering is reacted, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius.
2) ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes after by 2 grams of amino group graphene dispersions in 200 milliliters of distilled water, then
Totally 10 grams of sodium borohydride are slowly added into solution, then 90 degrees Celsius of lower thermal agitations are reacted 24 hours, finally obtain reaction
Amino graphene filtering, distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius under be dried in vacuo 24 hours.
3) 2 grams of amino graphenes are added in 200 milliliters of n,N-Dimethylformamide, ultrasound divides it sufficiently in 30 minutes
After dissipating, then 2 grams of polymer and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide are added into solution, 85 degrees Celsius of reactions 6 are small under nitrogen protection
When, 200 milliliters of distilled water is added after the reaction was completed makes polymer modification graphene filler Precipitation, then changes to polymer
Property graphene be filtered, distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius under be dried in vacuo 24 hours.
The polymer wherein used in above-mentioned graphene modifying process is Kynoar, Kynoar-hexafluoropropene
One of copolymer, Kynoar-chlorotrifluoroethylene, polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate.
The invention has the advantages that and the utility model has the advantages that
The present invention is connect based on the dual regulation of interface and space micro-structure by carrying out polymer to graphene surface
The modified method combined with electrostatic spinning process of branch effectively realizes high filler loading capacity graphene filler in Kynoar matrix
It is evenly dispersed.Compared with pure Kynoar, polymer modification graphene/Kynoar composite wood prepared by the present invention
The dielectric constant of material is significantly improved, and dielectric loss factor is lower, makes that it is suitable for buried capacitors and high-energy density
The fields such as accumulator.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is graphene/Kynoar electrospinning film scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph in embodiment 4.
Fig. 2 is graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material hot pressing film profile scanning electron microscope in embodiment 4.
The dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor that Fig. 3 is embodiment 4 and comparative example resulting materials are with frequency changing rule figure.
Specific embodiment
Below by way of specific preferred embodiment and in conjunction with attached drawing, present invention is further described in detail, but the present invention is simultaneously
It is not limited only to embodiment below.
Embodiment 1
Using polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene as dielectric function filler, modified graphene content, which is prepared, is for this implementation
Graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material of 4wt.%.
1) preparation of amino group graphene
It disperses 2 grams of graphene oxides in the in the mixed solvent of 190 milliliters of dehydrated alcohols and 10 milliliters of water, adds 0.2
Gram amino silane KH550, acquired solution are stirred to react 24 hours after 30 minutes ultrasonic mixings under 60 degrees Celsius, finally will be anti-
The amino group graphene filtering that should be obtained, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius.
2) preparation of amino graphene
By 2 grams of amino group graphene dispersions, rear ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes in 200 milliliters of distilled water, then to
Totally 10 grams of sodium borohydride are slowly added in solution, then 90 degrees Celsius of lower thermal agitations are reacted 24 hours, finally obtain reaction
The filtering of amino graphene, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius.
3) preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene
2 grams of amino graphenes are added in 200 milliliters of n,N-Dimethylformamide, ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes
Afterwards, then into solution 2 grams of Kynoar and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide is added, under nitrogen protection 85 degrees Celsius of reactions 6
Hour, 200 milliliters of distilled water is added after the reaction was completed is precipitated modified graphene filler, then carries out to modified graphene
Filter is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius.
4) graphene/Kynoar electrostatic spinning film preparation
Add after 0.096 gram of polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene and 2.304 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride pellets are carried out manual mixing
The solution for entering to the in the mixed solvent of 12.32 grams of n,N-Dimethylformamide solution and 5.28 grams of acetone to be formed 12wt.%, by this
After solution ultrasonic mixing 0.5 hour, then under 70 degrees Celsius through 3 hours stirring after obtain uniformly mixed electrostatic spinning solution.
By it is above-mentioned match electrostatic spinning solution pours into syringe, adjust electrospinning parameters it is as follows: negative voltage be 2 kilovolts, positive voltage
It is 15 kilovolts, it is 10 centimetres that electrospinning, which receives distance, and receiving drum rotation speed is 2800 turns per minute, carries out electrostatic spinning and obtains graphite
Alkene/Kynoar electrospinning film.
5) graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material hot pressing film preparation
It carries out hot-forming after 4 graphenes/Kynoar electrospinning film layer is stacked, is 200 Celsius in temperature
Degree, pressure are to obtain graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material hot pressing film hot pressing 4 minutes under conditions of 12 megapascal.In above-mentioned institute
It obtains film sample surface and coats ag paste electrode, measure its dielectric properties with impedance analyzer HP 4294A after drying, measure the material
Expect that in the dielectric constant of 1000Hz be 12.4, dielectric loss factor 0.024.
Embodiment 2
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene is prepared
Content is graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material of 8wt.%, and the dielectric constant for measuring the composite material in 1000Hz is
22.2, dielectric loss factor 0.099.
Embodiment 3
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene is prepared
Content is graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material of 12wt.%, and the dielectric constant for measuring the composite material in 1000Hz is
44.4, dielectric loss factor 0.256.
Embodiment 4
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene is prepared
Content is graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material of 16wt.%, and the dielectric constant for measuring the composite material in 1000Hz is
83.8, dielectric loss factor 0.350.Wherein: graphene/Kynoar electrospinning film scanning electron microscope result is as shown in Figure 1；
Graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material hot pressing film section scanning electron microscope result is as shown in Figure 2；Graphene/Kynoar
Its dielectric constant of composite material hot pressing film and dielectric loss factor are as shown in Figure 3 with frequency changing rule.
Embodiment 5
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polymer-modified object used is Kynoar-
Graphene that Kynoar-hexafluoropropene modified graphene content is 12wt.%/poly- inclined is prepared in hexafluoropropylene copolymer
Fluoride composite material, measuring the composite material in the dielectric constant of 1000Hz is 31.1, dielectric loss factor 0.410.
Wherein Kynoar-hexafluoropropene modified graphene is the preparation method is as follows: 2 grams of amino graphenes are added to
In 200 milliliters of n,N-Dimethylformamide, after ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes, then 2 grams of polyvinylidene fluorides are added into solution
Alkene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide react 6 hours for 85 degrees Celsius under nitrogen protection, and reaction is completed
200 milliliters of distilled water is added afterwards is precipitated modified graphene filler, is then filtered to modified graphene, distills water washing
It is dried in vacuo 24 hours under 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius.
Embodiment 6
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polymer-modified object used is Kynoar-
Chlorotrifluoroethylene, be prepared Kynoar-chlorotrifluoroethylene modified graphene content be 12wt.% graphene/
Polyvinylidene fluoride composite material, the dielectric constant for measuring the composite material in 1000Hz is 34.1, and dielectric loss factor is
0.175。
Wherein Kynoar-chlorotrifluoroethylene modified graphene is the preparation method is as follows: 2 grams of amino graphenes are added
Into 200 milliliters of n,N-Dimethylformamide, after ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes, then 2 grams are added into solution and gathers inclined fluorine
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene copolymer and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide react 6 hours for 85 degrees Celsius, reaction under nitrogen protection
200 milliliters of distilled water is added after the completion is precipitated modified graphene filler, is then filtered to modified graphene, distilled water
It is dried in vacuo 24 hours under washing 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius.
Embodiment 7
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polymer-modified object used is polystyrene, system
It is standby to obtain graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material that Polystyrene graphene content is 12wt.%, measure the composite wood
Expect that in the dielectric constant of 1000Hz be 20.4, dielectric loss factor 0.147.
Wherein Polystyrene graphene the preparation method is as follows: 2 grams of amino graphenes are added to 200 milliliters of N, N-
In dimethylformamide, after ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes, then 2 grams of polystyrene and 0.1 gram of peroxide are added into solution
Change dibenzoyl, reacts 6 hours for 85 degrees Celsius under nitrogen protection, 200 milliliters of distilled water is added after the reaction was completed to be made to be modified
Graphene filler is precipitated, and is then filtered to modified graphene, and vacuum drying 24 is small under distillation water washing 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius
When.
Embodiment 8
Preparation method and test method are with embodiment 1, the difference is that polymer-modified object used is polymethyl
It is compound that graphene/Kynoar that polymethyl methacrylate modified graphene content is 12wt.% is prepared in sour methyl esters
Material, measuring the composite material in the dielectric constant of 1000Hz is 27.6, dielectric loss factor 0.171.
Wherein polymethyl methacrylate modified graphene the preparation method is as follows: 2 grams of amino graphenes are added to 200
In milliliter n,N-Dimethylformamide, after ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes, then 2 grams of polymethylacrylic acid are added into solution
Methyl esters and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide react 6 hours for 85 degrees Celsius under nitrogen protection, 200 milliliters are added after the reaction was completed
Distilled water make modified graphene filler be precipitated, then modified graphene is filtered, distill water washing 6 times, 60 degrees Celsius
Lower vacuum drying 24 hours.
Comparative example
By pure polyvinylidene fluoride pellet hot pressing 4 minutes under conditions of temperature is 200 degrees Celsius, pressure is 12 megapascal, obtain
To Kynoar hot pressing film, ag paste electrode is coated on its surface, measures its dielectric with impedance analyzer HP 4294A after drying
Performance, measuring the pure Kynoar heat pressure film in the dielectric constant of 1000Hz is 8.3, dielectric loss factor 0.0238.
Wherein: its dielectric constant of pure Kynoar hot pressing film and dielectric loss factor are as shown in Figure 3 with frequency changing rule.
From fig. 1, it can be seen that porous thin by the available graphene/Kynoar consisted of fibers of electrostatic spinning process
Film, modified graphene thin slice are mainly embedded among fiber, and spatial distribution effect is preferably regulated and controled.As can be seen from Figure 2, stone
Black alkene/Kynoar electrospinning film forms fine and close graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material heat after lamination is hot-forming
Press mold, modified graphene are uniformly dispersed in Kynoar matrix.Therefore, polymer grafting is carried out using to graphene surface
The modified method combined with electrostatic spinning process realizes high-content of the graphene in Kynoar matrix and uniformly fills,
And gained graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material has higher dielectric constant compared with pure Kynoar.Shown in Fig. 3
Measurement result for, in example 4, using polyvinylidene fluoride modified graphene as dielectric function filler, work as loading
When for 16wt.%, graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material film its Jie for being obtained after electrostatic spinning and lamination are hot-forming
Electric constant is 102-107All is significantly improved in Hz test scope compared with pure polyvinylidene difluoride film, and its dielectric loss because
Son is 102-107It is respectively less than 1 in Hz test scope, can still meet the needs of practical application.
The above described is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention in any form, therefore
Without departing from the technical solutions of the present invention, to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the invention any simply to repair
Change, equivalent variations and modification, all of which are still within the scope of the technical scheme of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material, which is characterized in that the composite material is with poly-
Vinylidene is matrix, using the graphene successively through amino silane and polymer graft modification as dielectric enhancement functional stuffing, according to
It is secondary through solution blending, electrostatic spinning and lamination it is hot-forming after prepare；
The modified graphene accounts for the 12-16wt.% of composite weight percentage；
The graphene through amino silane and polymer graft modification is prepared using following methods:
1) 2 grams of graphene oxides are dispersed in the in the mixed solvent of 190 milliliters of dehydrated alcohols and 10 milliliters of water, adds 0.2 gram
Amino silane KH550, acquired solution are stirred to react 24 hours after 30 minutes ultrasonic mixings under 60 degrees Celsius, finally will reaction
Obtained amino group graphene filtering, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius；
2) ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes after by 2 grams of amino group graphene dispersions in 200 milliliters of distilled water, then Xiang Rong
Totally 10 grams of sodium borohydride are slowly added in liquid, then 90 degrees Celsius of lower thermal agitations are reacted 24 hours, the ammonia for finally obtaining reaction
The filtering of base graphene, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius；
3) 2 grams of amino graphenes are added in 200 milliliters of n,N-Dimethylformamide, ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes
Afterwards, then into solution 2 grams of polymer and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide is added, 85 degrees Celsius of reactions 6 are small under nitrogen protection
When, 200 milliliters of distilled water is added after the reaction was completed makes polymer modification graphene filler Precipitation, then changes to polymer
Property graphene be filtered, distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius under be dried in vacuo 24 hours.
2. a kind of preparation of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that the preparation method the following steps are included:
It 1), will be upper after being 12-16wt.% and polyvinylidene fluoride pellet progress manual mixing by modified graphene weight percent
State the in the mixed solvent formation 10- that gained mixture puts into N,N-dimethylformamide and acetone that mass ratio is 7:3
The solution of 15wt.% obtains after stirring in 2-3 hours after solution ultrasonic mixing 0.5-1 hours, then under 70-85 degrees Celsius
Uniformly mixed electrostatic spinning solution；
2) pour into syringe the above-mentioned electrostatic spinning solution matched, it is as follows to adjust electrospinning parameters: negative voltage is 1-2 thousand
Volt, positive voltage are 13-15 kilovolts, and it is 8-10 centimetres that electrospinning, which receives distance, and receiving drum rotation speed is 2800 turns per minute, are carried out quiet
Electrospun obtains graphene/Kynoar electrospinning film；
3) carried out after stacking 3-4 piece graphene/Kynoar electrospinning film layer it is hot-forming, temperature be 190-200
Degree Celsius, pressure be 10-14 megapascal under conditions of hot pressing 3-5 minutes, obtain graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composite material；
The polymer modification graphene is prepared using following methods:
1) 2 grams of graphene oxides are dispersed in the in the mixed solvent of 190 milliliters of dehydrated alcohols and 10 milliliters of water, adds 0.2 gram
Amino silane KH550, acquired solution are stirred to react 24 hours after 30 minutes ultrasonic mixings under 60 degrees Celsius, finally will reaction
Obtained amino group graphene filtering, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius；
2) ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes after by 2 grams of amino group graphene dispersions in 200 milliliters of distilled water, then Xiang Rong
Totally 10 grams of sodium borohydride are slowly added in liquid, then 90 degrees Celsius of lower thermal agitations are reacted 24 hours, the ammonia for finally obtaining reaction
The filtering of base graphene, is dried in vacuo 24 hours under distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius；
3) 2 grams of amino graphenes are added in 200 milliliters of n,N-Dimethylformamide, ultrasound keeps its fully dispersed in 30 minutes
Afterwards, then into solution 2 grams of polymer and 0.1 gram of dibenzoyl peroxide is added, 85 degrees Celsius of reactions 6 are small under nitrogen protection
When, 200 milliliters of distilled water is added after the reaction was completed makes polymer modification graphene filler Precipitation, then changes to polymer
Property graphene be filtered, distillation water washing 5-6 times, 60 degrees Celsius under be dried in vacuo 24 hours.
3. a kind of preparation of polymer modification graphene/Kynoar high-dielectric composite material according to claim 2
Method, which is characterized in that modification polymer is Kynoar, Kynoar-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride
Alkene-chlorotrifluoroethylene, polystyrene, one of polymethyl methacrylate.
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