CN107614259B - 利用生物基材料的结构和结构的制造方法 - Google Patents
利用生物基材料的结构和结构的制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107614259B CN107614259B CN201680018074.5A CN201680018074A CN107614259B CN 107614259 B CN107614259 B CN 107614259B CN 201680018074 A CN201680018074 A CN 201680018074A CN 107614259 B CN107614259 B CN 107614259B
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- Prior art keywords
- facultative anaerobic
- chitin
- fao
- additive manufacturing
- layers
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于涡轮机的结构,所述结构包含具有多层构造的主体,所述多层构造包括:内层,其具有在各个部分浓度基本均一的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)以及葡萄糖和在各个部分浓度不均一的结构性组合物,所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)具有能够产生脲酶的基因,所述结构性组合物包括基于几丁质的组分以及蚕丝纤连蛋白和水;由尿素、水、钙离子和包含脲酶、霰石的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)构成的外层;以及在所述内层和所述外层中间的贝壳硬蛋白粘合层。所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)是被分类为酵母属(Saccharomyces)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)之一的生物体。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请根据35U.S.C.119(e)要求2015年2月25日提交的序号62/120,409的美国临时专利申请的优先权,所述专利申请的标题为“风力涡轮机部件的制造和维修方法(METHODOF MANUFACTURING AND MAINTAINING WIND TURBINE COMPONENTS)”,其内容通过引用以其整体合并在本文中。
技术领域
下文总体上涉及结构的制造,并且更具体地,涉及利用生物基材料的结构的增材制造。
背景技术
用于从旋转运动发电的水平轴风力涡轮机通常包含一个或多个转子叶片,每个转子叶片具有从由风力涡轮机舱支撑并在风力涡轮机舱内旋转的水平机轴或机毂向外延伸的空气动力学主体。所述机舱被支撑在从地面或其他表面延伸的塔架上。所述机毂也被鼻锥体、螺旋彀盖(spinner)或整流罩覆盖。入射到转子叶片上的风施加压力,通过旋转所述机轴而引起转子叶片运动,其中所述转子叶片在所述机轴的水平旋转轴周围延伸出来。所述机轴又与发电机相关联,所述发电机正如众所周知的,将所述机轴的旋转运动转化为电流供传输、储存和/或立即使用。水平轴风力涡轮机通常是非常熟知和了解的,然而改进它们的运行来改善能量转换效率和它们的总体运行特性仍然是所希望的。
所述转子叶片、机毂、螺旋彀盖、鼻锥体和机舱全部是独立的部件,它们在制造厂制造,然后运输到风电场位置进行组装。这些独立部件的运输给经营者和制造商带来显著的成本,因此,可以有更有效和成本有效的方式在电力生产地点制造风力涡轮机。
有几种方式能够制造在该行业内使用的风力涡轮机部件,包括转子叶片、机毂、螺旋彀盖、鼻锥体和机舱。这些包括但不限于各种合成纤维、热塑性复合材料和层压材料的手工铺设(hand layup)、长丝缠绕、预浸渍、拉挤成型、真空灌注和树脂传递模塑。所有这些工艺和材料目前用于产生转子叶片以及含有粘结接头、抗剪腹板(shear web)和翼梁帽等的其他风力涡轮机部件。这些工艺包括劳动密集型和昂贵的方法,因此,可以有改进这些部件的制造时间和成本的方式。
特别地,转子叶片当前利用壳-夹层技术或模块技术来制造,所述技术在风力涡轮机中产生故障区域。这些故障包括但不限于粘结接头、翼梁帽、后缘、前缘、后缘翼梁、前缘翼梁和/或抗剪腹板的弯曲、纤维断裂、纤维间断裂、粘结破坏和/或磨蚀。这些故障方式代表了给风力涡轮机制造商和风电场经营者带来的显著成本,同时也是安全顾虑并导致能量生产和效率的损失。
仿生学是当应对复杂的工程和设计问题时对自然的模仿,并在再生能源生产领域得到关注。然而,仿生学应用于风力涡轮机制造领域中的具体问题,例如涉及有机材料的使用、沉积图案和材料梯度的问题仍然是初期的。在不仔细考虑下试图利用仿生学解决复杂的制造问题经常未能考虑某些关键的特征,例如规模、材料适合性、和功能契合的形式。
合成生物学是为了实用目的操纵细胞内的基因集和基因组物质,并在生物制造领域内已得到关注。然而,合成生物学应用于大型结构例如风力涡轮机部件的制造和维修中的具体问题仍然是初期的。
增材制造,通常称为3D打印,是通过从计算机产生的CAD模型沉积材料的连续层来制造物体的稳妥方法,并在制造领域内已得到关注。然而,增材制造应用于在风力涡轮机部件制造中的具体问题尚停留在为部件产生模具结构,以经由以上概括的传统方法来进一步制造部件,如中国专利No.CN203680807U中所述。
更具体而言,这些模具结构的制造已经限于非生物材料。利用生物基原料的生物增材制造领域在一些行业中已经浮现,因为有价值的是要产生可持续的和有环境意识的产品。然而,生物增材制造应用于大型工程结构例如风力涡轮机部件的制造和维修中的具体问题仍然是初期的。
各种制造技术是令人感兴趣的。例如,Skyler Tibbits等的题为“具有编码的预测形状变化的增材制造物体及其制造方法(OBJECT OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURE WITHENCODED PREDICTED SHAPE CHANGE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SAME)”的美国专利申请公布No.2015/0158244公开了包含增材制造材料的物体,所述增材制造材料对外部刺激有响应并且被配置成对所述外部刺激做出响应而引起从第一制造形状到第二制造形状的预测的物体变形,所述外部刺激对于从所述第一制造形状到第二制造形状的预测变形是无偏倚的。
Jonkers的题为“基于粘固剂的材料和结构中的愈合剂,及其制备方法(HEALINGAGENT IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES,AND PROCESS FOR ITSPREPARATION)”的欧洲专利申请公布No.EP 2,082,999公开了基于粘固剂的材料和结构中的愈合剂,其特征在于所述愈合剂包含有机化合物和/或荷载细菌的多孔粒子。
Neri Oxman的题为“用于可变性质的快速成型的方法和设备(METHODS ANDAPPARATUS FOR VARIABLE PROPERTY RAPID PROTOTYPING)”的美国专利公布No.2011/0079936公开了用于融合沉积的设备,其包含至少一个用于挤出材料的喷嘴和至少一个用于移动所述喷嘴的致动器,改进包括至少一个适合于混合用于通过所述喷嘴挤出的多种材料的腔室,所用的混合方式使得所述挤出混合物中的所述材料的比率以基本连续的梯度变化。
发明内容
根据一个方面,提供了用于涡轮机的结构,所述结构包含具有多层构造的主体,所述多层构造包括:内层,其具有在各个部分浓度基本均一的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)以及葡萄糖和在各个部分浓度不均一的结构性组合物,所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)具有能够产生脲酶的基因集,所述结构性组合物包括基于几丁质的组分以及蚕丝纤连蛋白和水;由尿素、水、钙离子和包含脲酶、霰石的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)构成的外层;和在所述内层和所述外层中间的贝壳硬蛋白粘合层。
根据另一个方面,提供了通过利用多个层增材制造产生的结构,所述多个层中的至少一个包括有机和无机物质二者呈不均一浓度的变化的浓度,从而提供不均一的结构性质。所述结构可以是转子叶片。
根据另一个方面,提供了所述结构的多种材料增材制造方法,其中最终结构在现场和/或原地打印,所述方法包含指令具有至少一个挤出喷嘴、至少一个致动电动机和在所需结构的整个基底和高度周围导航的能力的增材制造机,所述增材制造机与原料流体连通,以通过利用在含有所述结构的整体形状和各种材料浓度、间距和梯度的数据的处理器可读介质上储存的处理器可读程序代码配置的处理结构,向基底添加各种材料的连续层。
附图说明
本发明的完整和使之可能的公开,包括对本领域普通技术人员来说本发明的最佳方式,被更具体地阐述在说明书的其余部分中,包括参考附图,在附图中:
图1是根据现有技术,水平轴风力涡轮机的侧立面视图;
图2是根据现有技术,图1的涡轮机的转子叶片在分离状态下的正面透视图;
图3是根据本发明的一种实施方式,水平轴风力涡轮机的转子叶片的末端透视横截面图,带有内部结构放大图,包括多个不同的支架、基体和/或网格;
图4是根据本发明的一种实施方式,图3的转子叶片的末端透视图,显示了沿着和跨所述转子叶片的材料梯度;
图5是根据本发明的一种实施方式,图3的转子叶片在通过增材制造完全产生之前的末端透视图;
图6是根据本发明的一种实施方式,图3的转子叶片在通过增材制造完全产生之前的末端透视图,和用于所述转子叶片的增材制造的部件;
图7是具有损伤部分的图3的转子叶片的一部分的放大正面前缘视图;
图8是根据本发明的一种实施方式,水平轴风力涡轮机的机舱在通过增材制造完全产生之前的末端透视图,和用于所述机舱的增材制造的部件;
图9是根据本发明的实施方式,水平轴风力涡轮机的螺旋彀盖在通过增材制造完全产生之前的透视图,和用于所述螺旋彀盖的增材制造的部件;
图10是根据一种可选的实施方式,转子叶片的一部分的侧视横截面图;和
图11显示了各种voronoi图案。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参考本发明的各种实施方式,其一个或多个实例在附图中示出。提供各实例作为本发明的说明,并且所述实例不意味着作为本发明的限制。例如,作为一种实施方式的一部分说明或描述的特征可以用于其他实施方式或与其他实施方式结合,从而产生又一种实施方式。意欲本发明包括这样的修改和变化。
以下包括对结构例如风力涡轮机部件的传统制造方面进行改进和对所使用的材料和它们的制造地点提供修改的机会的描述,以便改进所述部件的完整性、寿命和成本效率并因此整体上改进所述风力涡轮机。特别是,提供了在各种地点中基于增材制造的改进,所述增材制造酌情利用各种梯度的多种生物和非生物材料,并联合用于材料生产和酌情纳入所制造的部件中的合成修饰的单细胞生物体,通过风力涡轮机的转子叶片、机毂、螺旋彀盖/鼻锥体、和/或机舱的支架、基体和网格的仿生模型来实现。
图1是根据现有技术,水平轴风力涡轮机10的侧立面视图。风力涡轮机10包括由表面S、例如地面支撑并从该表面延伸的塔架100。塔架100又支撑水平延伸的机舱200。有螺旋彀盖300的机毂可旋转地安装在机舱200的前端并可绕旋转轴R相对于机舱200旋转。螺旋彀盖300接纳和支撑多个转子叶片400,每个转子叶片400从螺旋彀盖300向外延伸。转子叶片400捕捉流向风力涡轮机10的入射风Wi并引起旋转。由于它们被螺旋彀盖300支撑,因此转子叶片400在旋转时引起螺旋彀盖300绕旋转轴R旋转,从而引起可以按公知的方式转化成可用的电或机械动力的旋转运动。从这个意义来说,转子叶片400各自的结构适应于穿过流体环境,其中在这种实施方式中的流体是环境空气。机舱200可以可旋转地安装于塔架100,致使机舱200可以绕相对于塔架100基本垂直的轴(未显示)旋转,从而使转子叶片400能够适应性地面向入射风Wi接近风力涡轮机10的方向。通常是均一抛物面形状的鼻锥体500被显示安装在螺旋彀盖300的前端,以偏转入射风Wi离开螺旋彀盖300。
图2是一个转子叶片400在分离状态下的正面透视图。转子叶片400包括从根部410延伸通过主干412并在翼梢414处终止的细长主体。根部410当与机舱200相连或与之整合时从所述机舱延伸,而翼梢414是所述细长主体在机舱200远侧的部分。所述细长主体具有前缘420和后缘430,其中当转子叶片400与机舱200绕旋转轴R以D方向旋转运动时,前缘420领先于后缘430。细长主体的吸力面440在图2中显示,而以虚线显示的压力面450在所述细长主体上吸力面440的相反侧。
图3是根据本发明的一种实施方式,水平轴风力涡轮机的转子叶片400A的末端透视横截面图,带有内部结构放大图,包括多个不同的支架、基体和/或网格470A。在这种实施方式中,转子叶片400A具有呈带有空洞的格形网络474A的外皮472A,所述外皮472A具有高浓度的矿物纤维和几丁质。这种网络通过在整个基体中以不同的浓度沉积材料的连续层而产生。再次返回所述放大图,那里显现了在沿着其长度的点处连接的波型网格470A,其在垂直的材料层上具有各种柔性程度,其中最刚性的材料在连接点处,最柔性的性质位于这两个连接长度中间。该放大图的负空间代表空的隧道,可以用除空气以外的有益于单细胞生物体生长的气体填充所述隧道。
图4是根据本发明的一种实施方式,图3的转子叶片400A的末端透视图,显示了沿着和跨所述转子叶片的材料梯度。沿着转子叶片400A的长度的箭头476A和沿着宽度的箭头478A描述了材料密度和浓度的降低。这种降低与所选择的材料的刚度、纤维浓度比矿物浓度及其整体上部署的梯度或浓度相关。此外,腔室体积可以沿着这些长度增加,材料朝着所述箭头的头部减少。
图5是根据本发明的一种实施方式,图3的转子叶片400A在通过增材制造完全产生之前的末端透视图。可以看到用于材料沉积的基底或支座480A,以及内基体470A的实例,和支撑支架482A,对于纳入CAD模型中之物的沉积指令包括对转子叶片400A的增材制造的指令,这取决于要打印的物体的重量和比例。支架482A计划在该部件制造之后,通过如Keating和Oxman的美国专利申请公布No.2013/0295338中所述的物理力、研磨和/或砂磨除去,所述专利申请的标题为“用于计算机辅助的喷涂泡沫制造的方法和仪器(METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR COMPUTER-ASSISTEND SPRAY FOAM FABIRCATION)”。
图5中也显示了沿着要产生的结构的平行线和沿着所述结构的长度的用于引导增材制造装置(图5中未显示)的轨道484。利用在处理结构(图5中未显示)控制之下的轮,或使所述增材制造装置能够沿着轨道484A平移的类似结构,产生比所述增材制造装置的臂所及的长度更长的物体时可以类似地复制这种效应。
图6是根据本发明的一种实施方式,图3的转子叶片400A在通过增材制造完全产生之前的末端透视图,和用于所述转子叶片400A的增材制造的部件。增材制造装置490A通过轮492A沿着轨道484导向,同时挤出头494A将多种生物和非生物材料以变化的浓度和梯度通过材料存储槽496A排出到基底480A上。
图7是具有损伤部分500A的图3的转子叶片400A的一部分的放大正面前缘视图。损伤部分500A显露了内基体470A,其然后将与周围环境条件平衡,如将要描述的,引起正寄居在结构内的任何单细胞生物体的代谢条件改变。
图8是根据本发明的一种实施方式,水平轴风力涡轮机的机舱600A在通过增材制造完全产生之前的末端透视图,和用于所述机舱600A的增材制造的部件。增材制造装置490A沿着轨道484A导向并与材料存储槽496A经由给料管497A保持流体连通以将材料以连续层的形式沉积到基底480A上,建成所述结构。
图9是根据本发明的实施方式,用于水平轴风力涡轮机的螺旋彀盖700A在通过增材制造完全产生之前的透视图,和用于螺旋彀盖700A的增材制造的部件。增材制造装置490A沿着轨道484A导向并与材料存储槽496A经由给料管497A保持流体连通以将材料以连续层的形式沉积到基底480A上,建成所述结构。
图10是根据一种可选的实施方式,转子叶片400B的一部分的侧视横截面图,包括对于支架、基体和网格以Voronoi图案沉积的材料部分。图11显示了各种voronoi图案。
上述对水平轴风力涡轮机部件的制造程序的改进也可以应用于垂直轴风力涡轮机,并可以经必要的修改后同样好地应用于相关的这类变体,包括但不限于,大于1立方厘米的大的工程物体,包括:飞机机翼,翼面,直升机桨叶,航天火箭,船体,桥,建筑物,汽车,等等。本文中描述的发明可以应用于叶片少于或多于所举例描述的叶片的风力涡轮机,以便增加风力涡轮机的运行效率、降低噪声发射、降低维修成本和增加这样的风力涡轮机的可扩缩性和市场性。
关于所沉积的材料,描述了多种材料增材制造原理,其通过对有机(蛋白质)和无机(矿物质)沉积的精确的层次安排来沉积随时间自组装的前体结构单元(4D打印)以模仿节肢动物和软体动物壳的发育,形成结构性质与所述前体沉积不同的材料基体。这种基体还含有浸渍的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)来模仿在损伤发生的情况下节肢动物和软体动物在基因集可利用性和蛋白质分泌中的细胞机器。变化的兼性厌氧生物体的组成和含量与它们的环境和所需的材料基体有关。环境触发器在所述基体内发出基因集激活、蛋白质产生和结构单元实现的信号,它们由于能量梯度级联而自组装。组成、浓度和pH变化的交替材料层,连同相关的FAO一起,产生结构一致性。合成生物学中的技术,例如CRISPR,被用于产生各材料类型以及浓度和梯度在其中变化的FAI的构建物。
根据这些原理,所述3D增材制造设备可以被认为是用于初始生产的生物体。打印完成后,埋置的FAO代表所述模型生物体内所述细胞机器的基因类似物。因此被打印的有些是能够对来自其环境的提示做出响应的工程化活生物体,但其作用是为了强化结构而不是对这样的环境提示做出响应来修改实际结构形状。
模型生物体,和因此所需要的基因集和蛋白质生产,对于所使用的材料、它的功能和它在陆地、空气、海洋或太空中的环境而言是环境和含量特异性的。各种有机和无机结构单元是地球上已知的,而其他无机结构单元是太空中已知的。太空中发现的有机结构单元还有待于描述。用于在某些环境下构建结构的天然配方和技术的知识在针对某些应用而选择的材料中可以发挥决定性的作用。
例如,船的推进器可以利用软体动物用来建造它的壳的有机/无机配方所启示的方法,由霰石——一种碳酸钙(CaCO3)形式制成。这种所生成的工程化生物陶瓷将赋予在软体动物的壳中发现的许多相同性质。通过沉积蛋白质和尿素,钙离子从海水中沉淀出来,在晶体的生长面上自组装成β-折叠片。然后可以分泌另一种蛋白质来停止这种矿化,使生长停顿。因而,如果环境提示正确,由霰石制成并浸渍了类似于软体动物上皮组织的基因集的FAO的船推进器因此可以产生所需要的蛋白质支架,以促进在所述推进器的损伤区域中新霰石的自组装。如果是另一种提示,自组装也可以终止。
FAO可以是任何合适的细菌或真核模型生物体。有益地,这些生物体能够鉴于环境条件切换代谢途径。如果存在氧的话,它们通过有氧呼吸产生ATP,但如果不存在氧的话,它们能够切换到发酵或无氧呼吸。因此,这些生物体能够在陆地、空气、海洋和甚至太空中成活。
来自酵母属(Saccharomyces)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和/或芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的生物体特别有用,因为全部是兼性厌氧的。酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)已知天然含有几丁质合酶,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)已被充分研究,并且芽孢杆菌诱导“微生物诱导的碳酸钙沉淀”(MICP)。
有机结构单元可以包括多糖例如几丁质、壳聚糖、纤维素、角蛋白,其全部具有葡萄糖作为它们的单体。蚕丝丝素蛋白是角蛋白类型,并且含有β-折叠片形式。几丁质、纤维素、角蛋白也作为β-折叠片出现,因此能够产生上述的结构一致性。
其他结构单元包括蛋白质,其取决于正在建模的生物体的组织类型和待打印的材料而广泛变化。
无机结构单元包括碳酸钙、磷酸钙、针铁矿等。
在本发明的背景下,组合有机和无机材料可以提供独特和有益的结构性质。
举例来说,给出了通过这种新方法增材制造的风力涡轮机叶片。在这种实施方式中,有三(3)个不同的层。最内层包括浓度变化的β-几丁质、β-壳聚糖、蚕丝纤连蛋白和水,以及浓度不变化的葡萄糖和FAO。在这种情况下,所述FAO可以是酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae),它的CHS几丁质合酶基因集将葡萄糖转变为N-乙酰基葡糖胺的自组装纳米纤丝,形成β-几丁质,很像节肢动物在环境刺激下的情形。β-壳聚糖、蚕丝纤连蛋白和水的变化的浓度产生变化的结构性质,其可以根据需要通过计算机分析来调整。
另一种组成包括的最内层包含浓度变化的β-几丁质的单体形式——N-乙酰基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)、蚕丝纤连蛋白和水,以及浓度不变化的葡萄糖和FAO。所述FAO可以是酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae),其CHS几丁质合酶基因集促进GlcNAc聚合成β-几丁质的纳米纤丝。所述FAO也可以在环境刺激后在自愈合事件中起作用。GlcNAc、蚕丝纤连蛋白和水的变化的浓度产生变化的结构性质,其可以根据需要通过计算机分析来调整。
连续进入之间的打印速度由不同要素的聚合速度和自组装决定。
最外基体层可以包含前体产物尿素、水、钙离子和FAO。具有微生物脲酶的FAO从所述前体产物产生碳酸钙,其通过与贝壳硬蛋白(从所述FAO产生的蛋白质/几丁质聚合物)接触而采取霰石的形式并通过氨基酸MSI60、MSI31而采取β-折叠片的结构形式,形成在交替的贝壳硬蛋白层之间成脊状且耐破裂的霰石层。
中间粘合层可以包含几丁质和/或由贝壳硬蛋白组成的霰石。
因为所有材料类型都是β-折叠片,看到了结构一致性。
最外的霰石(亦称珠母贝)层耐受影响现代风力涡轮机转子叶片的雨和空气微粒的腐蚀。内部结构比霰石轻,并且它的性质允许施加变化的刚度梯度,从而允许例如转子叶片的末梢是柔性的,而根部可以是坚硬的。
在公开的实施方式中,可以在现场和/或原地打印最终结构(转子叶片、机舱、螺旋彀盖或其他风力涡轮机部件或用于另一种背景下的其他结构)的场所或该场所附近实行多种材料3D打印。所述方法包含具有在计算机上含有关于要产生的结构的整体形状以及沿着所述结构的各种材料浓度、间距和梯度的要求的计算机可读文件,由胶合板等组装的平基底,具有至少一个挤出喷嘴、至少一个致动电动机、和在所需的物体的整个基底和高度周围导航的能力并与原料连接的材料打印机。
虽然已经参考附图描述了实施方式,但本领域技术人员应领会,在不背离如权利要求所限定的精神和范围下可以做出变化和修改。
水平轴风力涡轮机的上述转子叶片配置也可以应用于垂直轴风力涡轮机可用的一种或多种转子叶片,以及任何规模的二者,或者应用于水力发电坝涡轮机、燃气涡轮机、潮汐涡轮机或空中风能涡轮机中,或应用于处理流体流(不管是气体还是液体)的其他种类的涡轮机中。
可选地,上述转子叶片配置可以用于飞机,例如商业班机、军用喷气式飞机、直升机桨叶、直升机机翼、民用飞机、无人飞机和其他类似的飞机。本文中描述的发明可以应用于叶片少于或多于所举例描述的叶片的风力涡轮机,以便增加风力涡轮机的运行效率、降低维修成本和增加这样的风力涡轮机的可扩缩性和市场性。
如本文中所述的结构可以酌情含有附加特征,例如在Ryan Church的题为“具有适合穿越流体环境的刚性凸起的结构(STRUCTURE WITH RIGID PROJECTIONS ADAPTED TOTRAVERSE A FLUID ENVIRONMENT)”的PCT国际性专利申请No.PCT/CA2015/050741中描述的那些,和/或在Ryan Church的题为“具有适合穿越流体环境的刚性小翼的结构(STRUCTUREWITH RIGID WINGLET ADAPTED TO TRAVERSE A FLUID ENVIRONMENT)”的PCT国际性专利申请No.PCT/CA2015/050740中描述的那些,所述专利申请各自的内容通过引用并入本文中。
结构例如在本文中描述的那些结构可以经必要的修改后同样好地应用于这类相关的变体,包括但不限于,商业班机、军用喷气式飞机、直升机桨叶、直升机机翼、民用飞机、宇宙飞船、无人飞机等。
此外,在本文中公开的结构可用于环境空气之外的其他流体环境,例如水环境、油环境等等。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于垂直轴风力涡轮机。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于水力发电坝涡轮机。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于燃气涡轮机。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于潮汐涡轮机。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于空中风能涡轮机。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于商业班机。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于军用喷气式飞机和宇宙飞船。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于直升机桨叶。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于直升机机翼。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于民用飞机的机翼。
所述适于穿越流体环境的结构可以应用于无人飞机的机翼。
应该注意,术语“包含”不排除其他要素或步骤并且使用没有数量指示的指称物不排除复数形式。此外,结合不同实施方式描述的要素可以组合。应该注意,权利要求中的参考符号不应该解释为限制所述权利要求的范围。
Claims (21)
1.用于涡轮机的结构,所述结构包含:
具有多层构造的主体,所述多层构造包括:
内层,其具有在各个部分浓度均一的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)以及葡萄糖和在各个部分浓度不均一的结构性组合物,所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)具有能够产生脲酶的基因,所述结构性组合物包括基于几丁质的组分以及蚕丝纤连蛋白和水;
由尿素、水、钙离子和包含脲酶、霰石的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)构成的外层;和
在所述内层和所述外层中间的贝壳硬蛋白粘合层。
2.权利要求1的结构,其中所述内层的基于几丁质的组分包含β-几丁质和β-壳聚糖。
3.权利要求1的结构,其中所述内层的基于几丁质的组分包含N-乙酰基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)。
4.权利要求1至3之一的结构,其中所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)是被分类为酵母属(Saccharomyces)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)之一的生物体。
5.权利要求4的结构,其中所述兼性厌氧生物体包括酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)。
6.权利要求1的结构,所述结构通过利用多个层的增材制造产生,所述多个层中的至少一个包括有机和无机物质二者呈不均一浓度的变化的浓度,从而提供不均一的结构性质。
7.权利要求6的结构,其中多个层具有不同的组成、浓度和pH。
8.权利要求6的结构,其中所述多个层包含精确沉积的前体结构单元,所述前体结构单元在沉积之后自组装以自主形成结构性质不同于所沉积的前体的相应材料基体。
9.权利要求6的结构,其中所述多个层包含沉积的成品结构单元,所述沉积的成品结构单元形成结构性质与所沉积的成品结构单元相同的相应材料基体。
10.权利要求6至9之一的结构,其中所述多个层包含在各个部分浓度均一的兼性厌氧生物体(FAO),
其中所述FAO被选择成在初始沉积之后提供基因可利用性、环境信息传递、蛋白质分泌和/或材料生产。
11.权利要求10的结构,其中变化的FAO的组成和含量被选择成适合于初始制造的具体环境和所需的材料基体。
12.权利要求10的结构,其中所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)是被分类为酵母属、埃希氏菌属和芽孢杆菌属之一的生物体。
13.权利要求12的结构,其中所述兼性厌氧生物体包括酿酒酵母。
14.权利要求10的结构,其中通过压力和/或应力敏感性输入和/或影响,在那些区域中所述结构的输出随时间积累有益的性质、物质和连接,使得通过FAO的存在为所述结构赋能。
15.权利要求6至9任一项的结构,其中该多层构造含有内层,所述内层具有在各个部分浓度均一的葡萄糖和兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)以及在各个部分浓度不均一的结构性组合物,所述兼性厌氧生物体(FAO)具有能够产生CHS几丁质合成酶的基因,所述结构性组合物包括基于几丁质的组分以及蚕丝纤连蛋白和水。
16.权利要求6至9任一项的结构,其中该多层构造含有包含β-几丁质和/或β-壳聚糖的内层。
17.权利要求16的结构,其中该多层构造含有包含N-乙酰基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)的内层。
18.权利要求15的结构,其中该多层构造含有由霰石构成的最外层。
19.权利要求10的结构,其中所述FAO通过CRISPR的合成生物学技术得来,并且通过环境的构建物,所述FAO知晓并将发现自身处于所述环境,在所述环境中每种材料类型是因素。
20.权利要求6至19任一项的结构的多种材料增材制造方法,其中最终结构在现场和/或原地打印,所述方法包含:
指令具有至少一个挤出喷嘴、至少一个致动电动机和在所需结构的整个基底和高度周围导航的能力的增材制造机,所述增材制造机与原料流体连通,以通过利用在含有所述结构的整体形状和各种材料浓度、间距和梯度的数据的处理器可读介质上储存的处理器可读程序代码配置的处理结构,向基底添加各种材料的连续层。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中连续层之间的沉积速度是基于不同要素的自组装速度、聚合和连接速度。
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US20200406583A1 (en) | 2020-12-31 |
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WO2016134475A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
US11065840B2 (en) | 2021-07-20 |
US10737464B2 (en) | 2020-08-11 |
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