CN107545113A - The complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing forms process analogy method - Google Patents

The complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing forms process analogy method Download PDF

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CN107545113A
CN107545113A CN201710804554.0A CN201710804554A CN107545113A CN 107545113 A CN107545113 A CN 107545113A CN 201710804554 A CN201710804554 A CN 201710804554A CN 107545113 A CN107545113 A CN 107545113A
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fracture
crack
fracturing
stress
pressure
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CN107545113B (en
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唐慧莹
张烈辉
邸元
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Southwest Petroleum University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of method for forming process simulation for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir segmentation hydraulic fracturing, its step is：A, intrinsic fracture distribution is reconstructed, estimates the property of intrinsic fracture, the rock mechanics information and reservoir stress information on stratum are obtained from log data or geological model, obtains the data file related to well shop process；B, the naturally fractured reservoir fracturing model for coupling pit shaft, crack, reservoir of parameter input foundation will be obtained；C. to model carry out numerical solution, obtain pressure break after fracture pattern, aperture distribution, pressure distribution etc. information；D, fracturing effect analysis is carried out using the model calculation, prepared for the numerical simulation of later stage production process.The coupling Wellbore Flow of the present invention, Fracture Deformation extension, in multimode intrinsic fracture and crack flow of fluid fracture-type reservoir fracturing numerical simulation method, fracture network Morphological Quantitative Analysis can be overstock to unconventional reservoir segmented body, be evaluation, the effective means of Optimum Fracturing scheme.

Description

The complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing forms process analogy method
Technical field
The present invention relates to oil-gas field development technical field, and in particular to it is complicated that one kind is used for untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing The method that seam net forms process simulation.
Background technology
The unconventional reservoirs such as shale, matrix permeability only have nanometer darcy, if not using staged fracturing of horizontal well technology, The requirement of the economic exploitation will not much be reached.But the increase of horizontal well length and hydraulic fracturing scope of construction item so that frac water Horizontal well construction cost is far above conventional well.In the U.S., expense needed for the new horizontal well of brill a bite is about 1.5~2.5 times of straight well. Improve fracturing effect, be of great significance for improving pressure break well capacity and shale gas exploiting economy benefit tool.
Researcher has found that fracturing fracture is likely to form complexity with intrinsic fracture interaction by observing outcrop Seam web frame.With the progress of the continuous development of Fracturing Monitoring technology, especially microseism three-dimension monitor technology, people are able to Obtain on the more information of fracture pattern after pressure break.Live microseism data show, hypotonic, Oil in Super-low Permeability using shale as representative Complicated seam net is easily formed after unconventional reservoir pressure break.Reasonable prediction is carried out to post-fracturing complicated seam net form state, for optimization Pressing crack construction is most important.By the simulation to fracturing process, the geometric shape in crack after pressure break, the property in crack can be obtained The size of later stage production capacity is directly determined, also determines the quality of Fracturing Project.
Industrial quarters for a long time, still mainly carries out the analysis of pressure break using simple single double-vane straight slit model. Crack is single plane after double-vane straight slit model hypothesis pressure break, phenomena such as intersecting in the absence of steering or with intrinsic fracture. The pressure break business software of main flow uses such method at present.The class model due in the presence of can not portraying intrinsic fracture pressure break split The growth course of seam, it is not suitable for the fracture simulation of Fractured unconventional reservoir, has compared with big limitation.
In order to be improved to double-vane straight slit model, researchers have carried out substantial amounts of work.Most work Very little yardstick and open-and-shut fractue spacing situation are still confined to, is not used to the space of scene metrical scales up to a hundred.At present, may be used For oil reservoir yardstick seam net generation analogy method have it is following several：
A. assume that crack, to external expansion, represents software as Bake Hughes's in the form of orthogonal two groups of orthogonal fractures MShale fracturing simulators.Such method can make the crack after simulation be fracture network, and no longer be single crack.But such Method fracture shape carries out too strong constraint, it is impossible to follows the true distribution of intrinsic fracture in stratum, stress disturbs between crack Calculated using empirical equation, therefore be difficult that fracturing process is accurately reduced.
B. the intrinsic fracture for being formed as having passed through communication formation crude and having of fracture network in stratum is assumed, it is believed that pressure Still along the direction of vertical minimum horizontal principal stress, fracturing fracture meets necessarily to pass through with intrinsic fracture naturally to be split in the orientation in crack Seam.The class model is based on Discrete-parcel method, it is believed that STRATIGRAPHIC DIVISION is different blocks by intrinsic fracture, by the cunning for simulating block In-migration simulates the displacement and deformation of intrinsic fracture.It is this kind of complicated intrinsic fracture network to be described, there is conventional discrete The ability that first method does not possess, but it also has apparent limitation.In the method, all destructions can only occur in advance On existing fracture surface, it is impossible to which simulation is in the newly-generated fracturing fracture of intrinsic fracture wall.Such method assumes that pressure break is split simultaneously Seam has to pass through intrinsic fracture, and existing experimental study shows that fracturing fracture is possible to naturally be split after meeting with intrinsic fracture Seam intercepts.
C. Schlumberger researched and developed the fracturing model UFM of simulation fracture reservoir since 2000.Model uses Two-dimensional Position Move discontinuous method (one kind of Element BEM) and calculate Fracture Deformation, and add the amendment in short transverse of Olson propositions. In order to overcome difficulty of the two dimensional model in height description to a certain extent, Weng et al. use P3D Cell- Based models calculate the distribution of fracture length and aperture in short transverse, and using one-dimensional simplified proppant model to proppant Migration is described.UFM models have been integrated into Schlumberger fracturing simulator Mangrove, and Mangrove is current industry One of bound pair crack seam net growth simulation commercial simulator the most comprehensive.UFM is that existing fracturing model is greatly improved, but Still suffer from some following problem：1) it have ignored the displacement of crack shear direction；2) simulation to intrinsic fracture and fracturing fracture phase Together, it is impossible to reflect the processes such as intrinsic fracture shearing slip, closure；3) again crack initiation of the fracturing fracture in intrinsic fracture end is not abided by Follow Mechanics Criterion
Although above-mentioned model is that single straight double-vane fractured model is greatly improved, because the simulation of complicated seam net is difficult Degree is much larger than single crack, is still used to describe expansion of the fracturing fracture in intrinsic fracture network at present without very perfect model Exhibition.Method for numerical simulation based on finite element, extension finite element needs to carry out mesh refinement in crack periphery, when intrinsic fracture point When cloth is intensive, mesh generation difficulty is big, computational efficiency is low, it is difficult to the problem of for oil reservoir yardstick.Mould based on Discrete-parcel method Plan method is limited to simulate applicable yardstick, it is difficult to applies in up to a hundred meters of well factory problem.It is existing to be based on Element BEM Numerical simulation algorithm, although computational efficiency can be effectively improved, to newly-generated fracturing fracture, intrinsic fracture shearing slip etc. Process has carried out different degrees of ignore, it is impossible to completely portrays extension feelings of the fracturing fracture in the pre-existing intrinsic fracture in stratum Condition.Therefore, reasonable prediction is carried out to unconventional reservoir volume fracturing, it is necessary to which a set of can couple pit shaft-crack-reservoir, is had Operability on oil reservoir yardstick, while the new fracturing model of seam net forming process can be portrayed.
The content of the invention
The present invention is in order to solve the above problems, it is proposed that a kind of new to be directed to fracture-type reservoir fracturing numerical simulation method. Hydraulic fracturing is the coupling of multiple physical processes, including：(1) flowing of the fracturing fluid in crack；(2) deformation in crack； (3) extension in crack；(4) leakage of fracturing fluid；(5) migration of proppant etc..In the present invention, flow of fluid is used and had in crack Volumetric method is limited to calculate.The present invention uses the discontinuous method simulation fracture of displacement in indirect boundary method method by fluid pressure and storage The deformation that the original stress of layer occurs.The discontinuous method of displacement only needs counterincision seam surface to carry out mesh generation, can be to problem Effective dimensionality reduction is realized, reaches the purpose for improving computational efficiency.Assuming that the extension in crack meets quasi-stable state condition, propagation direction with Maximum circumferential stress direction is vertical.The leakage of fracturing fluid is simulated using one-dimensional Carter models.Proppant is in crack Flowing, is simulated using convection equation, and the distribution of proppant is described using volume fraction.Compared with single fracturing fracture model, this Intersect behavior judgement with intrinsic fracture supplemented with fracturing fracture in invention, intrinsic fracture deforms, special of intrinsic fracture flowing The parts such as structure model.
The technical scheme is that：
A kind of method for forming process simulation for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing, the storage of its simulation fracture The concrete mode of layer fracturing process is as follows：
S1, input parameter：Input fracture simulation relevant parameter, including intrinsic fracture property (cohesive force of intrinsic fracture, Angle of friction and initial opening), the cohesive force and angle of friction in crack, the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of rock, maximum on the spot and minimum Horizontal principal stress direction, target layer thickness, pore-fluid pressure and injected fluid viscosity and density, fracturing fluid charge velocity, penetrate Hole point position and the construction parameter related to perforation are perforation quantity and perforation diameter；
S2, model are set：Input parameter determines the control condition that simulation uses, including Crack Element length and initial time Step-length, parameters described below are also manually set, and the calculation of acquiescence is as follows：
A. according to the length of intrinsic fracture, Crack Element length is determined；It is assumed that most short intrinsic fracture can be using subdivision as 20 Unit, therefore Crack Element length is arranged to the 1/20 of most short intrinsic fracture length；
B. initial time step-length determines according to element length and fracturing fluid maximum charge velocity；It is assumed that element length is L, pressure It is V to split liquid maximum charge velocity, and initial time step-length is L/V；
S3, carry out numerical simulation：Using numerical model carry out fracturing process numerical simulation, fluid pressure, crack displacement, Flow uses fully implicit solution newton-gloomy iterative of pressgang at shaft bottom pressure, each perforation, and proppant is with fracturing liquid fraction upper State after variable update finishes, keep above-mentioned variable constant, explicitly updated, until fracturing process terminates；
S4, output result of calculation：According to demand, setting needs the parameter exported, including the distribution of crack shear displacemant, crack The image of pressure distribution and reservoir stress distribution in fractions distribution, crack, and shaft bottom pressure and each shooting point flow into flow with The output file of time change；
S5, fracturing effect analysis：After fracture simulation terminates, according to the result of fracture simulation, fracturing effect is analyzed； Directly briefly judged by such as total crack length of fracture pattern after pressure break, or the result of calculation of this method is passed into energy The numerical simulator of enough simulation fracture reservoirs, carries out the evaluation of production capacity；Change fracturing parameter such as perforation number of clusters amount, contrast Analog result corresponding to different Fracturing Projects, is optimized with this to Fracturing Project.
2. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 1 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that in the step S5, the simulation of fracturing process, including following content are carried out using numerical model：
Fracture Deformation under S3.1, fluid pressure and crustal stress effect calculates；
S3.2, fracture propagation process simulation；
S3.3, fracturing fracture judge with the behavior of intersecting of intrinsic fracture；
S3.4, intrinsic fracture condition adjudgement；
Flow simulating in S3.5, pit shaft；
Flow simulating in S3.6, crack；
S3.7, more physical process couple solutions.
3. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 2 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that in step S3.1, the content of fluid pressure and the lower Fracture Deformation calculating of crustal stress effect is：
Fluid pressure and the lower Fracture Deformation of crustal stress effect pass through the discontinuous method (Displacement of displacement Discontinuity Method, abbreviation DDM) calculated；For two-dimensional problems, crack is the line with length and curvature Section, each crack grid cell can have different length；Each unit becomes in the presence of normal stress and tangential stress Shape, produce displacement discontinuous quantity Ds and Dn；
The stress that any point is subject in space for all element displacement discontinuous quantity induced stresses plus and, it is assumed that cut open in crack It is divided into N number of unit, for space any point (x, y), its suffered induced stress size is：
A in formulaiFor different displacement discontinuous quantities different directions induced stress influence coefficient；Given that it is known that boundary condition For stress boundary condition, i.e. stress intensity of the known action on crack each unit surface；When crack displacement discontinuous quantity is in crack The induced stress of cell surface and during equal to fracture faces true stress, the displacement discontinuous quantity tried to achieve are crack on the stress side Actual value under the conditions of boundary：
In above formulaThe shear stress size induced for unit j unit tangential displacement in unit i positions, other are The rest may be inferred for several implications；A is referred to as influenceing coefficient；And σn iIt is the shear stress and normal direction suffered by the reality of unit i surfaces respectively Stress；The height correction factor H that Austin university professor Olson proposes is introduced, above formula is rewritten as：
Wherein σij,0To act on Crack Element i in-situ stress size, height correction factor expression is：
In formula, dijFor Crack Element i and unit j central point distances, α and β are empirical, the numerical value meter in document Result is calculated, takes α=1, β=2.3.
4. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 2 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that the fracture propagation process simulation in the step S3.2, its method is：
Crack extension form can be divided into three kinds of I type tensioning type, II types plane shear, type III tearing mode situations in stratum：
Fatiguestrength reduction factor SIF in crack tip position is as follows：
E is rock Young's modulus in above formula, uiRepresent the displacement of different directions；
When the SIF of different directions reaches critical value, crack starts to extend；SIF is seen as the characteristic of material in itself, with by Power situation is unrelated；Using DDM methods can quickly, directly obtain tip displacement, and then the quick SIF for calculating different directions:
Di is displacement discontinuous quantity of the computing unit along different directions in above formula, and a is that computing unit half is long；Displacement is discontinuous The fatiguestrength reduction factor that method is calculated always is more than analytic value；0.806 is experiential modification constant；
This method uses the criterion whether strain energy rate extends as crack, due to rock I type fracture toughnesses (KIC) With II type fracture toughnesses (KIIC) different, therefore the present invention is judged using F criterion fracture crack initiations and propagation direction：
F takes the direction i.e. crack propagation direction of maximum, if F is more than 1, crack extends.
5. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 2 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that in the step S3.3, fracturing fracture and intrinsic fracture to intersect behavior determination methods as follows：
The interaction of intrinsic fracture and fracturing fracture exists in a variety of forms；Fracturing fracture may be captured by intrinsic fracture And grown along intrinsic fracture, it is also possible to through intrinsic fracture along original Path extension, or along intrinsic fracture grow one section away from Return again to enter matrix from after；
This method is carried out using I type fatiguestrength reduction factor KI and II type fatiguestrength reduction factor KII fractures tip stress fields Portray comprehensively.Based on crack tip stress field, judge which process elder generation intrinsic fracture shearing slip produces with new fracturing fracture Occur, if intrinsic fracture first slides, fracturing fracture can not pass through intrinsic fracture, and on the contrary then fracturing fracture will pass through natural Crack, grown along original path.
6. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 2 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that in the step S3.4, intrinsic fracture state judging method is as follows：
Act on the normal stress σ of intrinsic fracture unitβnWith shear stress τβCarried out according to the displacement of all slits unit Calculate：
Intrinsic fracture there may be three kinds of states in fracturing process：Closure, sliding are with opening, belonging to intrinsic fracture unit Type is judged according to following stress conditions：
Closed cell：
|τβ| ＜ So-λσβn
Sliding element：
|τβ|≥So-λσβn
Opening unit：
P≥σβn
If intrinsic fracture closes completely, intrinsic fracture unit non-displacement discontinuous quantity, Fracture Deformation calculating is not involved in；If my god Right crack fully opens, then it is identical with fracturing fracture by force boundary condition；If intrinsic fracture closes, but due to violating mole storehouse Failure by shear occurs for human relations criterion, then Crack Element meets mole Coulomb's law without Normal Displacement, tangential stress boundary condition：
|τβ|=- λ σβn
Frictional force symbol should change in the opposite direction with shear displacemant：
DsFor the shear displacemant of Crack Element, when the normal stress for acting on intrinsic fracture is less than fluid pressure in crack When, intrinsic fracture unit mechanics is opened, and governing equation is identical with fracturing fracture.
6. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 2 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that in the S3.5, flow simulating method is in pit shaft：
Use for reference wellbore model；Assuming that it is Q to flow into pit shaft total flowT, when fracturing fluid flows through each perforation cluster, have part stream Measure and be diverted to the crack that the perforation cluster connects, in Fig. 5, pit shaft flow Q is divided to walk in crack 11,1And Q1,2, residual flow continues along pit shaft Transport to next perforating site；Flow meets Conservation Relationship formula in pit shaft：
N is fracturing fracture bar number in above formula, and i values are 1 and 2, correspond to two cracks of perforation cluster connection respectively；
Only flow Conservation Relationship can not obtain flow corresponding to each perforation cluster；Assuming that horizontal well injection pressure is P0, crack i is P with pressure in horizontal well pit shaft adjacent crackf,i, it is P that the crack, which corresponds to pit shaft internal pressure,w,i, then each Perforation cluster position meets pressure relational expression：
Pw,f=Pf,i+Ppf,i
Each perforation cluster, which corresponds to shaft location pressure and injection pressure, should meet relational expression：
P0=Pw,i+Pcf,i
Pcf,iFor from decanting point to perforation cluster i, due in pit shaft wall friction, energy of flow dissipate caused by pressure drop；Ppf,i For, due to pressure loss caused by perforation frictional resistance, perforation frictional resistance pressure drop has been generally acknowledged that the flow square with flowing into crack at the i of crack It is directly proportional；
Perforation frictional resistance expression formula is：
Need unit every in extra care frictional resistance pressure difference；Ppf,iUnit is psi, and fracturing fluid density unit is lbs/ Gal, inject crack i volume flow QiUnit is bpm (bucket/minute), dpFor perforation cluster diameter, unit in, npFor perforation cluster Shooting point number, KdIt is empirical, dimensionless, span is 0.56~0.89；
Pressure P in pit shaftw,iIn different perforation cluster positions, because resistance caused by pit shaft friction, flow of fluid Can be dissipated pressure in pit shaft；Pcf,iIt is lost for the pressure in horizontal wellbore, according to Valko and Economides on cylinder The explanation of shape pipeline flowing, it is assumed that fluid is Newtonian fluid, and is preferable advection state in pit shaft, then difference is penetrated in pit shaft The pressure loss P of hole cluster positioncf,iCalculated by following formula：
Qw,j=QT(j=1)
D is mineshaft diameter in above formula；
7. a kind of complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing that is used for according to claim 2 forms process simulation Method, it is characterised in that in the step S3.6, the method for flow simulating is in fracture：
For fracturing fracture, it is assumed that flow of fluid meets long and narrow rectangular cross-sectional pipeline flowing law in crack：
In above formulaIt is fluid along crack sectional flow speed, k is equivalent permeability, and μ is fluid viscosity, and p is flowed in crack Body pressure, w are fracture apertures；Because what is studied herein is two-dimentional crack scaling problem, therefore flow of fluid is that edge is split in crack Stitch the One-Dimensional flows of length direction；
Flow simulating is slightly different in intrinsic fracture, it is assumed that the total aperture of intrinsic fracture is by closure apertureWith mechanics aperture w groups Into；When crack internal pressure is much smaller than outside compression stress otnWhen, intrinsic fracture closes completely, due to intrinsic fracture wall not only It is sliding, minim gap be present between wall, now still there is portion of residual aperture w0；With the rise of pressure, gap gradually increases between crack Greatly, but wall not yet departs fromFurther increasing intrinsic fracture pressure, wall departs from, and wall departs from distance referred to as mechanics aperture w, Depart from preceding crack and aperture referred to as closure aperture be presentAssuming that flowing meets Darcy's law, a large amount of laboratory experiment knots in intrinsic fracture Fruit shows to meet relationships of indices between fracture permeabgility and effective stress：
K in above formulanfFor fracture permeabgility, knf,0For crack original permeability, cfFor crack compressible coefficient, σβnFor effect In the normal stress of fracture faces, χ Biot ' s coefficients, PfIt is fluid pressure in intrinsic fracture；It is assumed that closure apertureWith it is effective Meet exponential relationship between stress, and intrinsic fracture permeability is calculated using Mcclure formula：
Above formula assumes that Biot ' s constants are 1, koTo give constant；
Further, in the step S3.7, the mode to more physical process couple solutions is：
Pressure break problem is typical fluid structurecoupling problem, and the change of fracture aperture influences fluid-flow rate, flowed in crack Body pressure influences Fracture Deformation；Fracturing model can be divided into 3 parts：Flow model and ess-strain in wellbore model, crack Mould；
Needed in type unity couping solve master variable be：
xT=[Dn,1,Dn,2,...,Dn,n,P1,P2,...,Pn,P0,Q1,Q2,...,Qm]
D in formulaiFor crack Normal Displacement discontinuous quantity, P is the pressure in each Crack Element, QiFor each fracturing fracture The flow of incoming fluid；
Fluid section equation is discrete using finite volume method, using the gloomy iteration of newton-pressgang to the above-mentioned equation after discrete Carry out fully implicit solution：
J(xn)dxn+1=-Rn
xn+1=xn+dxn+1
J(xn) Jacobian matrix when being iteration step n, R is right-hand vector residual error；
The iteration convergence condition used herein for：
||R||2＜ tol and | | dx | |2＜ tol
In formula | | | |2Represent the II type norms of vector；When equation is restrained, residual error needs to be less than simultaneously with variable change dx Tolerance tol；Calculated and found by a large amount of examples, when tolerance is taken as 1e-5When, the simulation of single time step only needs 3~5 iteration It can restrain.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
1st, the present invention provides effective simulation tool for complex fracture reservoir fracturing, using side provided by the present invention Method, different intrinsic fracture distributions can be portrayed, and obtain the geometric shape in crack after pressure break, be to the single straight slit mould of tradition The one of type is big to be improved, and traditional fracturing model for being only capable of considering fracturing fracture is expanded to suitable for naturally fractured reservoir pressure Split the model of problem；Compared with traditional fracturing model, contain fracturing fracture intersect with intrinsic fracture, intrinsic fracture shearing slide Move, close the special processes such as intrinsic fracture aperture change；By by numerous physical process couple solutions, finally obtaining intrinsic fracture Property the post-fracturing fracture pattern of unconventional reservoir, provide more accurate guidance for pressing crack construction；
2nd, this method while saving memory space, has higher by using the discontinuous method of displacement (DDM methods) Computational efficiency, the pressure break problem available for site operation yardstick.The invention not only improves the understanding improved to fracturing process, has again Help that quickly Fracturing Project is adjusted and improved, there is larger application prospect；
3rd, the complicated seam net form state that the present invention can be used for analyzing under different fracturing parameters, is closed to fracturing parameter Reason optimization；
4th, output result of the invention can be additionally used in follow-up production simulation, and then more accurate to the progress of oil gas well production Prediction.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 cracks mesh generation schematic diagram；
Fig. 1 (a) is crack mesh generation schematic diagram：X-0-y is global coordinate system in figure, and ξ -0- η are each Crack Element office Portion's coordinate system；
Fig. 1 (b) Crack Elements stressing conditions (unit [i]) and displacement discontinuous quantity (unit [j]) schematic diagram；
Fig. 2 is three kinds of situations of I types, II types, type III of crack fracture mode in stratum；
Fig. 3 crack tip radial coordinates system definition mode；
The situation that Fig. 4 fracturing fractures are likely to occur after intersecting with intrinsic fracture；
Fig. 5 wellbore model schematic diagrames；
Fig. 6 intrinsic fractures aperture is with internal pressure change procedure；
Fig. 7 fracturing model coupled modes schematic diagrames；
Fig. 8 is numerical simulation input/output argument situation；
Fig. 9 is the intrinsic fracture distribution map of embodiment；
Figure 10 is geological model structural representation；
Figure 11 is the hydraulic fracture operating curve figure of embodiment；
Figure 12 a are the fracture aperture distribution maps of embodiment；
Figure 12 b are the crack shear displacemant distribution maps of embodiment；
Figure 13 a are that embodiment pressure break terminates rear maximum principal stress distribution map；
Figure 13 b are that embodiment pressure break terminates rear minimum principal stress distribution map；
Figure 14 a are that flow changes over time curve at each perforation in embodiment fracturing process；
Figure 14 b are that pressure changes over time curve at each perforation in embodiment fracturing process.
Embodiment
The present invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
First, geomechanics parameter, intrinsic fracture parameter, in-situ stress distribution, fracturing parameter are inputted, carries out pressure break Simulation, obtains crustal stress distribution, crack geometric shape, shaft bottom pressure change.
Simulation input parameter difference is as follows in example：
1st, it is as shown in Figure 9 that intrinsic fracture distribution is generated herein, it is assumed that intrinsic fracture angle of friction is 20 °, and initial opening is 0.01mm；
2nd, such as the rock Young's modulus, on the spot Poisson's ratio, minimum horizontal principal stress, most of the geomechanics parameter near shooting point Big horizontal principal stress and fractured layer thickness etc., are extracted from geological model as shown in Figure 10, and it is as shown in table 1 to choose numerical value.Ground Matter model is obtained according to the log data of different wells by way of Geologic modeling；
The example calculation parameter of table 1
Parameter name Unit Value
Minimum horizontal principal stress MPa 71
Maximum horizontal principal stress MPa 68
Young's modulus GPa 26
Poisson's ratio - 0.25
Intrinsic fracture coefficient of friction 0 20
Aperture when intrinsic fracture is not pressurized mm 0.01
Host rock II type fracture toughnesses MPa·m0.5 4
Host rock I type fracture toughnesses MPa·m0.5 2
Fracturing fluid viscosity cp 9
Fracturing fluid density kg/m3 1020
Charge velocity bbl/min 10
Injection length min 37.5
3rd, by fracturing parameter：The properties such as charge velocity (as shown in figure 11), fracturing fluid fluid viscosity, density (table 1) It is input among model；
4th, before simulation starts, according to practical problem parameter setting initial time step-length, Crack Element length, iteration convergence The parameters such as condition, in the example, initial time step-length is chosen for 0.4s, Crack Element length 0.8m, convergence tolorence 1e-5；
5th, by input parameter and model specification parameter, input coupling pit shaft, crack, the fracture-type reservoir pressure break mould of reservoir Type, carries out the simulation of fracturing process, and fluid injection length is 37.5min.
6th, the file and images outputting of fracture simulation result are obtained, including：
(A) crack displacement：Fracture aperture is distributed, as figure 12 a shows；Crack shear displacemant distribution, as shown in Figure 12b；From Result of calculation can be seen that internal fissure due to being extruded by outside crack, and aperture is smaller, and outside crack growth is dominant.Together When, due to the presence of intrinsic fracture, crack is no longer single vertical masonry joint, and form is increasingly complex；
(B) stratum maximum principal stress is distributed after pressure break, as depicted in fig. 13 a；Stratum minimum principal stress is distributed after pressure break, such as schemes Shown in 13b.Using tensile stress as just in figure, due to crack to stratum by squeezing action, therefore compression ratio is first in stratum after pressure break Beginning stress increases, and stratum, which is pressurized, to strengthen.Crack tip is due to stress concentration effect, tensile stress increase；
(C) different perforating site injection flows change over time in fracturing process, as shown in figures 14a, due to inner side crack It is squeezed, fluid flows into reduced capability, therefore inner side crack obtains flow and is less than outside crack, and part-time section is even without stream Amount injection, the distribution inequality of flow have been further exacerbated by the unbalanced of interior outside crack growth；Different perforation positions in fracturing process Pressure is put to change over time, as shown in fig. 14b, likewise, because inner side crack is extruded by the crack of outside two, crack extension Need to resist bigger pressure, therefore pressure is bigger；It can be seen that the present invention can consider the dynamic point of flow in pit shaft simultaneously With the dynamic expansion process with crack.
It is of the invention on the one hand to consider the influence of intrinsic fracture compared with existing fracturing model, more meet field engineering reality Trample the understanding to pressure break；On the other hand, while pit shaft, crack, reservoir three parts are considered, makes analog result and actual conditions more It is close, while provides by optimizing effective tool of the shaft construction condition so as to Optimum Fracturing effect.
The above described is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, any formal limitation not is made to the present invention, though So the present invention is disclosed above with preferred embodiment, but is not limited to the present invention, any to be familiar with this professional technology people Member, without departing from the scope of the present invention, when the technology contents using the disclosure above make a little change or modification For the equivalent embodiment of equivalent variations, as long as being the content without departing from technical solution of the present invention, the technical spirit according to the present invention Any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to above example, in the range of still falling within technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (8)

  1. A kind of 1. method for forming process simulation for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing, it is characterised in that its mould The concrete mode for intending fracture-type reservoir fracturing process is as follows：
    S1, input parameter：Input fracture simulation relevant parameter, include the property of intrinsic fracture, i.e., the cohesive force of intrinsic fracture, rub Wipe angle and initial opening, the cohesive force and angle of friction in crack, the on the spot Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of rock, maximum and minimum level Principal direction of stress, target layer thickness, pore-fluid pressure and injected fluid viscosity and density, fracturing fluid charge velocity, shooting point Position and the construction parameter related to perforation are perforation quantity and perforation diameter；
    S2, model are set：Input parameter determines that the control condition that simulation uses, including Crack Element length walk with initial time Long, parameters described below is also manually set, and the calculation of acquiescence is as follows：
    A. according to the length of intrinsic fracture, Crack Element length is determined；It is assumed that most short intrinsic fracture can using subdivision as 20 units, Therefore Crack Element length is arranged to the 1/20 of most short intrinsic fracture length；
    B. initial time step-length determines according to element length and fracturing fluid maximum charge velocity；It is assumed that element length is L, fracturing fluid Maximum charge velocity is V, and initial time step-length is L/V；
    S3, carry out numerical simulation：The numerical simulation of fracturing process, fluid pressure, crack displacement, shaft bottom are carried out using numerical model Flow uses fully implicit solution newton-gloomy iterative of pressgang at pressure, each perforation, and proppant is with fracturing liquid fraction in above-mentioned change After amount renewal finishes, keep above-mentioned variable constant, explicitly updated, until fracturing process terminates；
    S4, output result of calculation：According to demand, setting needs the parameter exported, including the distribution of crack shear displacemant, fracture pattern The image of pressure distribution and reservoir stress distribution in distribution, crack, and shaft bottom pressure flow into flow with the time with each shooting point The output file of change；
    S5, fracturing effect analysis：After fracture simulation terminates, according to the result of fracture simulation, fracturing effect is analyzed；Directly Briefly judged by such as total crack length of fracture pattern after pressure break, or the result of calculation of this method is passed to being capable of mould Intend the numerical simulator of fracture-type reservoir, carry out the evaluation of production capacity；Change fracturing parameter such as perforation number of clusters amount, contrast is different Analog result corresponding to Fracturing Project, is optimized with this to Fracturing Project.
  2. A kind of 2. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 1 Method, it is characterised in that in the step S5, the simulation of fracturing process, including following content are carried out using numerical model：
    Fracture Deformation under S3.1, fluid pressure and crustal stress effect calculates；
    S3.2, fracture propagation process simulation；
    S3.3, fracturing fracture judge with the behavior of intersecting of intrinsic fracture；
    S3.4, intrinsic fracture condition adjudgement；
    Flow simulating in S3.5, pit shaft；
    Flow simulating in S3.6, crack；
    S3.7, more physical process couple solutions.
  3. A kind of 3. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 2 Method, it is characterised in that in step S3.1, the content that the Fracture Deformation under fluid pressure and crustal stress effect calculates is：
    Fluid pressure and the lower Fracture Deformation of crustal stress effect pass through the discontinuous method Displacement of displacement Discontinuity Method, abbreviation DDM, are calculated；For two-dimensional problems, crack is the line with length and curvature Section, each crack grid cell can have different length；Each unit becomes in the presence of normal stress and tangential stress Shape, produce displacement discontinuous quantity DsAnd Dn；
    The stress that any point is subject in space for all element displacement discontinuous quantity induced stresses plus and, it is assumed that crack subdivision is N number of unit, for space any point (x, y), its suffered induced stress size is：
    A in formulaiFor different displacement discontinuous quantities different directions induced stress influence coefficient；Given that it is known that boundary condition is should The stress intensity of force boundary condition, i.e. known action on crack each unit surface；When crack displacement discontinuous quantity is in Crack Element The induced stress on surface and during equal to fracture faces true stress, the displacement discontinuous quantity tried to achieve are crack in the stress boundary bar Actual value under part：
    In above formulaThe shear stress size induced for unit j unit tangential displacement in unit i positions, other coefficients The rest may be inferred for implication；A is referred to as influenceing coefficient；And σn iIt is the shear stress and normal stress suffered by the reality of unit i surfaces respectively； The height correction factor H that Austin university professor Olson proposes is introduced, above formula is rewritten as：
    Wherein σij,0To act on Crack Element i in-situ stress size, height correction factor expression is：
    In formula, dijFor Crack Element i and unit j central point distances, α and β are empirical, the numerical computations knot in document Fruit, take α=1, β=2.3.
  4. A kind of 4. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 2 Method, it is characterised in that the fracture propagation process simulation in the step S3.2, its method are：
    Crack extension form can be divided into three kinds of I type tensioning type, II types plane shear, type III tearing mode situations in stratum：
    Fatiguestrength reduction factor SIF in crack tip position is as follows：
    E is rock Young's modulus in above formula, uiRepresent the displacement of different directions；
    When the SIF of different directions reaches critical value, crack starts to extend；SIF is seen as the characteristic of material in itself, with stress feelings Condition is unrelated；Using DDM methods can quickly, directly obtain tip displacement, and then the quick SIF for calculating different directions:
    Di is displacement discontinuous quantity of the computing unit along different directions in above formula, and a is that computing unit half is long；The discontinuous method of displacement The fatiguestrength reduction factor being calculated always is more than analytic value；0.806 is experiential modification constant；
    This method uses the criterion whether strain energy rate extends as crack, due to rock I type fracture toughnesses (KIC) and II Type fracture toughness (KIIC) different, therefore the present invention is judged using F criterion fracture crack initiations and propagation direction：
    F takes the direction i.e. crack propagation direction of maximum, if F is more than 1, crack extends.
  5. A kind of 5. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 2 Method, it is characterised in that in the step S3.3, fracturing fracture and intrinsic fracture to intersect behavior determination methods as follows：
    The interaction of intrinsic fracture and fracturing fracture exists in a variety of forms；Fracturing fracture may be captured by intrinsic fracture and edge Intrinsic fracture grow, it is also possible to through intrinsic fracture along original Path extension, or along intrinsic fracture grow a segment distance after Return again to enter matrix；
    This method is carried out comprehensive using I type fatiguestrength reduction factor KI with II type fatiguestrength reduction factor KII fractures tip stress fields Portray.Based on crack tip stress field, judge that intrinsic fracture shearing slip produces which process first occurs with new fracturing fracture, If intrinsic fracture first slides, fracturing fracture can not pass through intrinsic fracture, and on the contrary then fracturing fracture will pass through intrinsic fracture, Grown along original path.
  6. A kind of 6. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 2 Method, it is characterised in that in the step S3.4, intrinsic fracture state judging method is as follows：
    Act on the normal stress σ of intrinsic fracture unitβnWith shear stress τβCalculated according to the displacement of all slits unit：
    Intrinsic fracture there may be three kinds of states in fracturing process：Closure, sliding and unlatching, the affiliated type of intrinsic fracture unit Judged according to following stress conditions：
    Closed cell：
    |τβ| ＜ So-λσβn
    Sliding element：
    |τβ|≥So-λσβn
    Opening unit：
    P≥σβn
    If intrinsic fracture closes completely, intrinsic fracture unit non-displacement discontinuous quantity, Fracture Deformation calculating is not involved in；If naturally split Seam fully opens, then it is identical with fracturing fracture by force boundary condition；If intrinsic fracture closes, but due to violating mole coulomb standard Failure by shear then occurs, then Crack Element meets mole Coulomb's law without Normal Displacement, tangential stress boundary condition：
    |τβ|=- λ σβn
    Frictional force symbol should change in the opposite direction with shear displacemant：
    DsFor the shear displacemant of Crack Element, when the normal stress for acting on intrinsic fracture is less than fluid pressure in crack, naturally Crack Element mechanics is opened, and governing equation is identical with fracturing fracture.
  7. A kind of 7. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 2 Method, it is characterised in that in the S3.5, flow simulating method is in pit shaft：
    Use for reference wellbore model；Assuming that it is Q to flow into pit shaft total flowT, when fracturing fluid flows through each perforation cluster, have partial discharge point The crack of perforation cluster connection is flowed to, in Fig. 5, pit shaft flow Q is divided to walk in crack 11,1And Q1,2, residual flow continue transported along pit shaft To next perforating site；Flow meets Conservation Relationship formula in pit shaft：
    N is fracturing fracture bar number in above formula, and i values are 1 and 2, correspond to two cracks of perforation cluster connection respectively；
    Only flow Conservation Relationship can not obtain flow corresponding to each perforation cluster；Assuming that horizontal well injection pressure is P0, crack I is P with pressure in horizontal well pit shaft adjacent crackf,i, it is P that the crack, which corresponds to pit shaft internal pressure,w,i, then each perforation cluster position Put and meet pressure relational expression：
    Pw,f=Pf,i+Ppf,i
    Each perforation cluster, which corresponds to shaft location pressure and injection pressure, should meet relational expression：
    P0=Pw,i+Pcf,i
    Pcf,iFor from decanting point to perforation cluster i, due in pit shaft wall friction, energy of flow dissipate caused by pressure drop；Ppf,iTo split Stitch at i due to pressure loss caused by perforation frictional resistance, perforation frictional resistance pressure drop is had been generally acknowledged that with the flow square for flowing into crack into just Than；
    Perforation frictional resistance expression formula is：
    Need unit every in extra care frictional resistance pressure difference；Ppf,iUnit is psi, and fracturing fluid density unit is lbs/gal, note Enter crack i volume flow QiUnit is bpm (bucket/minute), dpFor perforation cluster diameter, unit in, npFor perforation cluster shooting point Number, KdIt is empirical, dimensionless, span is 0.56~0.89；
    Pressure P in pit shaftw,iIn different perforation cluster positions, because resistance can consume caused by pit shaft friction, flow of fluid Dissipate pressure in pit shaft；Pcf,iIt is lost for the pressure in horizontal wellbore, according to Valko and Economides on cylindrical tube The explanation of road flowing, it is assumed that fluid is Newtonian fluid, and is preferable advection state in pit shaft, then different perforation clusters in pit shaft The pressure loss P of positioncf,iCalculated by following formula：
    Qw,j=QT(j=1)
    D is mineshaft diameter in above formula.
  8. A kind of 8. side that process simulation is formed for the complicated seam net of untraditional reservoir hydraulic fracturing according to claim 2 Method, it is characterised in that in the step S3.6, the method for flow simulating is in fracture：
    For fracturing fracture, it is assumed that flow of fluid meets long and narrow rectangular cross-sectional pipeline flowing law in crack：
    In above formulaIt is fluid along crack sectional flow speed, k is equivalent permeability, and μ is fluid viscosity, and p is fluid pressure in crack By force, w is fracture aperture；Because what is studied herein is two-dimentional crack scaling problem, therefore flow of fluid is to be grown along crack in crack Spend the One-Dimensional flows in direction；
    Flow simulating is slightly different in intrinsic fracture, it is assumed that the total aperture of intrinsic fracture is by closure apertureFormed with mechanics aperture w； When crack internal pressure is much smaller than outside compression stress otnWhen, intrinsic fracture closes completely, because intrinsic fracture wall is rough, wall Minim gap between face be present, now still there is portion of residual aperture w0；With the rise of pressure, gap gradually increases between crack, but Wall not yet departs fromFurther increase intrinsic fracture pressure, wall departs from, and wall departs from distance referred to as mechanics aperture w, departs from Aperture be present and be referred to as closing aperture in preceding crackAssuming that flowing meets Darcy's law, a large amount of laboratory experiment result tables in intrinsic fracture Meet relationships of indices between bright fracture permeabgility and effective stress：
    K in above formulanfFor fracture permeabgility, knf,0For crack original permeability, cfFor crack compressible coefficient, σβnSplit to act on The normal stress of seam surface, χ Biot ' s coefficients, PfIt is fluid pressure in intrinsic fracture；It is assumed that closure apertureWith effective stress Between meet exponential relationship, and intrinsic fracture permeability is calculated using Mcclure formula：
    Above formula assumes that Biot ' s constants are 1, koTo give constant；
    Further, in the step S3.7, the mode to more physical process couple solutions is：
    Pressure break problem is typical fluid structurecoupling problem, and the change of fracture aperture influences fluid-flow rate, fluid pressure in crack It is strong to influence Fracture Deformation；Fracturing model can be divided into 3 parts：Flow model and stress strain modulus in wellbore model, crack；
    Needed in type unity couping solve master variable be：
    xT=[Dn,1,Dn,2,...,Dn,n,P1,P2,...,Pn,P0,Q1,Q2,...,Qm]
    D in formulaiFor crack Normal Displacement discontinuous quantity, P is the pressure in each Crack Element, QiFlowed into for each fracturing fracture The flow of fluid；
    Fluid section equation is discrete using finite volume method, and the above-mentioned equation after discrete is carried out using the gloomy iteration of newton-pressgang Fully implicit solution：
    J(xn)dxn+1=-Rn
    xn+1=xn+dxn+1
    J(xn) Jacobian matrix when being iteration step n, R is right-hand vector residual error；
    The iteration convergence condition used herein for：
    ||R||2＜ tol and | | dx | |2＜ tol
    In formula | | | |2Represent the II type norms of vector；When equation is restrained, residual error needs to be less than tolerance simultaneously with variable change dx tol；Calculated and found by a large amount of examples, when tolerance is taken as 1e-5When, the simulation of single time step only needs 3~5 iteration Convergence.
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