CN107537961A - The manufacture method of long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form - Google Patents
The manufacture method of long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107537961A CN107537961A CN201710491810.5A CN201710491810A CN107537961A CN 107537961 A CN107537961 A CN 107537961A CN 201710491810 A CN201710491810 A CN 201710491810A CN 107537961 A CN107537961 A CN 107537961A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- tooth form
- side tooth
- forging process
- long
- axle portion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
- B21K1/12—Making machine elements axles or shafts of specially-shaped cross-section
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/02—Die forging; Trimming by making use of special dies ; Punching during forging
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
- B21J5/12—Forming profiles on internal or external surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J9/00—Forging presses
- B21J9/02—Special design or construction
- B21J9/022—Special design or construction multi-stage forging presses
Abstract
The present invention relates to the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form, it is characterised in that including：Material cutting action, the bar of pole shape is cut into certain length and forms material；Warm and hot forging process, including：It is that medium pressurizes to a part for the bar by mould, formation has certain thickness wheel portion；And the shaping protuberance protruded upward is formed in the wheel portion, and the preparation products formed with side tooth form is molded, wherein, the side tooth form has been concatenated to form gear tooth and teeth groove in the outer circumference face of the shaping protuberance；Radius forging process, 4 moulds are along the circumferential direction configured in the remainder of the material, 4 moulds arranged simultaneously continuously pressurize to material, are molded simultaneously in upper and lower and left and right four direction, carry out extension shaping by specific length and specified diameter and form axle portion；And gagging process, the side tooth form of the wheel portion formed by the warm and hot forging process is critically forged and is processed into given size.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the manufacture method of wheel shaft, more specifically, is related to one kind and is manufactured using warm and hot forging, and can subtract
Small manufacturing expense and put forward the manufacture method of large-duty long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form.
Background technology
In general, the driving force needed for vehicle traveling changes very greatly according to running environment, thus it is this in order to tackle
Situation, vehicle possess the speed changer that torque is changed between engine and driving wheel.
As this speed changer, driver is broadly dassified into directly according to the revolution, car speed, vehicle noise of engine
Occurrence degree determines the manual transmission of gear number, realizes the fluid drive of speed change automatically according to the driving conditions of vehicle
The electrodeless continuous CVT (Continuously for realizing speed change of device and mode without specific speed change region between each gear
VariableTransmission：Hereinafter referred to as " buncher ").
In the species of the speed changer, buncher is by driving wheel (Primary pully) and driven pulley
(Secondary pully) is formed, and the driving wheel (Primary pully) produces according to by means of the driving of engine
Hydraulic pressure supply and gear ratio is controlled in the case of diameter change, the driven pulley (Secondary pully) and the master
Driving wheel is connected by belt, in a manner of the operating opposite with driving wheel in the case of diameter change, adjusts the tension force of belt.
Wherein, the driven pulley is by the thin and long major axis axle portion of the axle portion than driving wheel, the outer circumferential side in the axle portion
The wheel shaft (Pully Shaft) formed with the morphogenetic wheel portion of flange, in the wheel portion, formed with protrude upward into
Type protuberance, on the outer circumference face of the shaping protuberance, possesses the complicated form that is concatenated to form gear tooth and teeth groove
Side tooth form.
Therefore, for being integrally formed wheel portion and axle portion using conventional method of hot forging and manufacturing wheel shaft, it is known in institute
State wheel shaft warm and hot forging shaping when, shaping with flange wheel portion, then the shaping protuberance periphery surface side of wheel portion successively into
The method of the multiple side tooth forms of type.
But in the warm and hot forging shaping of this wheel shaft, in the material thickness mistake for the side tooth form that shaping protuberance is formed
Thin, before the shaping of the side tooth form is formed, axle portion is first completed to be molded, thus in (finisher) process is repaired,
In the side tooth form for answering precise forming, material is not filled densely, so as to asking in the presence of the misrun for occurring intactly to be molded
Topic.
Therefore, in order to prevent this problem, conventional method of hot forging in order to even further ensure that the side slightly
The material thickness in toothed area and axle region and add material to carry out warm and hot forging, so as to solve the problems, such as this misrun.
But led according to unnecessary waste and additional process of the wheel shaft manufacture of method as described above due to raw material
, the shortcomings that production of articles efficiency reduction be present in the processing charges increase of cause.
Therefore, in order to eliminate this problem, after conventional warm and hot forging process, cold forging process patterned sides tooth is passed through
Shape, so as to solve this problem.
But method as described above makes work due to needing heat treatment and manufacturing procedure before cold forging process in cold forging
Additional trimming process step and internal stress remove heat treatment step after sequence, thus the shortcomings that processing charges increase be present.
Therefore, in order to eliminate this problem, it can also respectively manufacture and manufacture one by being welded to each other after wheel portion and axle portion
Individual wheel shaft, but in the case of additional welding sequence, this is also required to expense, turns into the factor of production cost rising, in welding position,
The flowing of metal is cut off, so as to there is the problem of durability is low.
【Prior art literature】
【Patent document】
(patent document 1) Japanese Registered Patent publication the 5704966th (2015.3.6)
The content of the invention
Technical problem
Therefore, the present invention is precisely in order to solving the problems, such as described above and researching and developing, it is an object of the invention to provide one
The manufacture method of long-shaft type wheel shaft of the kind with side tooth form, the manufacture method, forged for passing through warm and hot forging process and radius
Make process and integrally formed long-shaft type wheel shaft, design material thickness, the long-shaft type of the side tooth form of wheel portion in optimal manner
The length and diameter of axle portion, so as to unformed (misrun) that can not only prevent from can not being intactly molded in warm and hot forging process
Reduce the unnecessary waste of raw material under situation, and the product caused by additional process causes processing charges increase can be prevented
The reduction of production efficiency.
Technical scheme
In order to reach purpose as described above, according to the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form of the present invention
Including：Material cutting action, the bar of pole shape is cut into certain length in the material cutting action and forms material
Material；Warm and hot forging process, the warm and hot forging process include：Using mould as medium, a part for the bar is pressurizeed and
Formation has certain thickness wheel portion；And the shaping protuberance protruded upward is formed in the wheel portion, and formation has side
The preparation products formed of face tooth form, wherein the side tooth form has been concatenated to form gear in the outer circumference face of the shaping protuberance
Tooth and teeth groove；Radius forging process, the preparation is molded by specific length and specified diameter in the radius forging process
The shaft portion of product extend shaping and form axle portion；And gagging process, will be by the heat in the gagging process
The side tooth form for the wheel portion that forging process is formed critically is cold worked into given size.
According to the present invention, it is described formed axle portion radius forging process, by the prepared products formed axle portion circumferentially
Direction configures 4 moulds, and 4 moulds arranged simultaneously continuously pressurize to the axle portion of material, so as to up and down and
Process that the four direction of left and right is molded simultaneously is realized.
According to the present invention, the radius forging process for forming axle portion is to be formed on top formed with large-diameter portion in bottom
There is minor diameter part, the process formed with step between large-diameter portion and minor diameter part.
According to the present invention, the step of forming the axle portion, is by any one in rolling process, spinning process, cold forging process
Process is realized.
According to the present invention, the diameter of the wheel portion is 5 to the ratio of axle portion length:7.
According to the present invention, the axle portion is using its length as 150mm~350mm, and a diameter of 45mm~60mm of large-diameter portion is small
A diameter of 25mm~40mm in footpath portion mode is formed.
Invention effect
According to the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form of the invention formed as previously described, in warm and hot forging
In process, in the shaping protuberance lateral surface patterned sides tooth form of wheel portion, axle portion is manufactured by manufacturing processes such as radius forgings
The damage of material is reduced into long-shaft type wheel shaft, while so as to occur with the misrun not only minimized in warm and hot forging process
Lose, and reduce unnecessary processing charges and improve the effect of production efficiency.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the block diagram for the manufacturing process for showing the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the structure chart for the manufacturing process for showing the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the profile for showing the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the figure for showing the radius forging process according to the present invention.
【Reference】
100：Bar 110：Wheel portion
111：It is molded protuberance 112：Side tooth form
120：Axle portion 121：Large-diameter portion
122：Minor diameter part
Embodiment
Referring to Fig. 1 to Fig. 4, embodiments of the invention are described in detail then as follows.
Before explanation, it should be pointed out that specifically prompted to use according to the warm and hot forging of the present invention and radial forging method
The optimal design value and technological maheup of the wheel shaft of the buncher of automobile is installed in manufacture, but not by the application pair
As being necessarily limited to buncher wheel shaft.That is, even other kinds of wheel shaft, if had and the buncher
With wheel shaft identical shape and structure, then show all to be included.
As shown in Fig. 2 according to the present invention the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form be by thinner than the axle portion of driving wheel and
The buncher wheel shaft that the axle portion 120 of long major axis and the wheel portion 110 formed in the outside of the axle portion 120 are formed,
Formed with the shaping protuberance 111 protruded upward in the wheel portion 110, in the outer circumference face of the shaping protuberance 111
Form the side tooth form 112 for being concatenated to form gear tooth and teeth groove.
The axle portion 120 is made up of large-diameter portion 121 and the diameter minor diameter part 122 more relatively short than large-diameter portion 121, and big
Formed with step between footpath portion 121 and minor diameter part 122.
Wherein, the length of the axle portion 120 is 150mm~350mm, a diameter of 45mm~60mm of large-diameter portion 121, path
A diameter of 25mm~40mm in portion 122.
For the wheel shaft so formed, the length ratio substantially 5 of the diameter of wheel portion 110 to axle portion 120:7 or so, just
For the wheel shaft of this specification, in the past common warm and hot forging process, in the side tooth form 112 of precise forming is answered, due to
Material is not filled densely and misrun that generation type can not be realized intactly.
Fig. 1 is the structure chart for the manufacture method for showing the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form according to the present invention, in order to
The long-shaft type wheel shaft formed as described above, including following process are manufactured to form.The bar of pole shape is cut into one first
Measured length and the material cutting action S100 for forming material 100；The material 100 is pressurizeed and briquetting roller using mould as medium
The warm and hot forging process S200 of the preparation products formed of axle；The shaft portion of the prepared products formed is prolonged by specific length and specified diameter
Length is molded and forms the radius forging process S300 of axle portion；And by the warm and hot forging process S200 and radius forging process S300
The preparation products formed of the wheel shaft of formation is by heat treatment step S400, shot-peening (shot) and lubrication process S500, in low-temperature condition
Under mould is pressurizeed and completes the gagging process S600 of product.
The material cutting action S100 is the process for making the material for devoting forging processing, will have rule in the process
The pole of measured length cuts into certain length and forms the material 100 that is suitable for forging molding.
For example, in a manner of being adapted to require the design condition of length, external diameter, weight, pole is cut into specific length and
Be formed as devoting the material 100 of forging processing.
If being completed as previously described material cutting action S100, carry out using mould with warm and hot forging the heat that is processed
Forging process S200.
The warm and hot forging process S200 is a kind of forging method with following characteristics, described to be characterized as using high temperature (1100
DEG C~1250 DEG C) heating material and Reducing distortion impedance and with small power give big deformation be enable to easily by into
Type, and in the improvement that reinforcing material is sought plus train on.Thus can be in progress improve operating speed, improve quality,
Improve operational method etc..
The warm and hot forging process S200 is will to be placed on lower mould by the material 100 of the material cutting action S100
Above (not shown), if applying pressure, material to upper die (not shown) from upside using forcing press
100 are compressed up and down, are shaped to be formed the preparation products formed of product substantially bone.
That is, if the forcing press possessed using lower mould and upper die, by a part for material 100 by carrying out up and down
Compression, then formed as the wheel portion 110 with certain thickness circular flat board, preparation shaping is then performed, so as in shape thereon
Into the bone similar with shaping protuberance 111 and side tooth form 112.
That is, according to warm and hot forging, the close side tooth form 112 as end article in the position that side tooth form 112 is molded
The mode of shape tooth form is carried out to prepare shaping.The shape of the tooth form of now preparation shaping could be arranged to be molded
Side tooth form 112 is in shape plus the shape of processing enough and to spare.
Then, the preparation products formed formed as described above in warm and hot forging process S200 will be molded long-shaft type axle portion 120.
Now, the remainder of the material 100 is to be still in material cutting action S100 in a manner of manufactured shape
Section is formed for circular pole shape, and for its diameter and length, length and the phase of axle portion 120 made of subsequent handling
Than short.
The preparation products formed of this wheel shaft is installed in radius forging mould, and with the wheel portion of the prepared products formed
110 by fixed part together, the material 100 axially elongates to be formed, meanwhile, wheel shaft is rotated.
4 moulds are configured along the circumferencial direction of the material 100, and 4 moulds arranged are simultaneously continuously to material
100 are pressurizeed, and perform the radius forging process S300 in upper and lower and left and right four direction while shaping.
By this radius forging process S300, the precise measure control of axle portion 120 can be carried out, it is ensured that high intensity and Gao Pin
The engineering properties of matter.
The axle portion 120 made of the radius forging process S300 of the material 100, large-diameter portion 121 is formed on top, under
Portion forms step formed with minor diameter part 122 between large-diameter portion 121 and minor diameter part 122.
The length of the axle portion 120 extends specific length compared with the initial length of material 100.
Therefore, by the radius forging process S300 of the axle portion 120, in the case of being lost without material, have with material 100
The mode for having defined external diameter and length dimension can be molded.
In addition, unnecessary processing charges can not only be reduced, and it can prevent wheel portion 110 from misrun occurs in advance.
On the other hand, although the axle portion 120 is molded by radius forging process S300, it is not necessarily limited to
This, can be realized by rolling process, spinning process, cold forging process.
But when being molded using radius forging process S300 to axle portion 120, have that processing charges is cheap, productivity ratio
The advantages that excellent, therefore the molding procedure of axle portion 120 is preferably realized by radius forging process S300.
By the warm and hot forging process S200 and radius forging process S300 preparation products formed, in order to improve the hard of material
Degree and tissue, by for being smoothed out heat treatment step S400, the shot-peening of gagging process S600 operations and lubrication process
S500。
The gagging process S600 performed to improve the tooth form precision of the side tooth form 112, it is to be used to enter
Gone warm and hot forging process S200 and radius forging process S300 wheel shaft preparation products formed be made again under normal temperature state it is more smart
The accurate correcting process of close products formed, in gagging by high tonnage, thus should be can fully resist brokenly
Damage, the material of abrasion form mould.
For this gagging process S600, suitable material selected the particularly important is, rational mould is set
Meter and make, be that the product size that precision size degree is excellent since the dawn of human civilization and the machining man-hour of subsequent handling is greatly reduced is smart
The excellent manufacturing procedure of density.
Therefore, the gagging process S600 is pre- for the wheel shaft by completing to be molded in the warm and hot forging process S200
Cold sizing (sizing) process of the given size of standby products formed side tooth form 112, is critically corrected using correction with mould
The process of side tooth form 112.That is, described gagging process S600 is the mould for having for using high precision, will be described
The side tooth form 112 formed in wheel portion 110 critically corrects the process for being processed into given size.
In the gagging process S600, between each mould install wheel shaft preparation products formed come perform precision
Cold sizing operation.During gagging, material carries out Forging Operation at normal temperatures, thus can obtain that surface is not oxidized or decarburization
Excellent surface, it need not particularly be used for the heat treatment step for removing the addition of caused internal stress in cold forging process.
As described above, heat is passed through according to the manufacture method optimization design of the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form of the present invention
Forging process and radius forging process and the material thickness of the side tooth form 112 of flange that is molded, the length of long-shaft type axle portion 120
And diameter, thus in the case of can not only prevent from occurring in warm and hot forging process misrun, reduce the unnecessary waves of raw material
Take, and unnecessary processing charges caused by additional process can be reduced, so as to improve production of articles efficiency.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative above, and the present invention is not limited to the record of the embodiment, only
Otherwise beyond the record of claims of the present invention, the various deformations that those skilled in the art in the invention are carried out are real
Apply and also should be interpreted that and be contained in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
- A kind of 1. manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form, it is characterised in that including：Material cutting action, the bar of pole shape is cut into certain length in the material cutting action and forms material Material；Warm and hot forging process, the warm and hot forging process include：Using mould as medium, a part for the bar is pressurizeed and Formation has certain thickness wheel portion；And the shaping protuberance protruded upward is formed in the wheel portion, and formation has side The preparation products formed of face tooth form, wherein the side tooth form has been concatenated to form gear in the outer circumference face of the shaping protuberance Tooth and teeth groove；Radius forging process, the axle of specific length and specified diameter to the prepared products formed is pressed in the radius forging process Part extend shaping and form axle portion；AndGagging process, in the gagging process by the side tooth form of the wheel portion formed by the warm and hot forging process critically It is cold worked into given size.
- 2. the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft according to claim 1 with side tooth form, it is characterised in thatThe radius forging process for forming axle portion, by along the circumferential direction configuring 4 moulds in the axle portion of the prepared products formed, And 4 moulds arranged simultaneously continuously pressurize to the axle portion of material, so as to same in upper and lower and left and right four direction The process of Shi Jinhang shapings is realized.
- 3. the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft according to claim 1 with side tooth form, it is characterised in thatThe radius forging process for forming axle portion is formed with large-diameter portion, in bottom formed with minor diameter part, in big footpath on top Process formed with step between portion and minor diameter part.
- 4. the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft according to claim 1 with side tooth form, it is characterised in thatThe step of forming the axle portion is realized by any one process in rolling process, spinning process, cold forging process.
- 5. the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft according to claim 1 with side tooth form, it is characterised in thatThe diameter of the wheel portion is 5 to the ratio of axle portion length:7.
- 6. the manufacture method of the long-shaft type wheel shaft according to claim 3 with side tooth form, it is characterised in thatThe axle portion is using its length as 150mm~350mm, a diameter of 45mm~60mm of large-diameter portion, minor diameter part it is a diameter of 25mm~40mm mode is formed.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR10-2016-0082000 | 2016-06-29 | ||
| KR1020160082000A KR20180002446A (en) | 2016-06-29 | 2016-06-29 | Manufacturing method of long shaft type pully shaft having side tooth |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107537961A true CN107537961A (en) | 2018-01-05 |
Family
ID=60970621
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710491810.5A Pending CN107537961A (en) | 2016-06-29 | 2017-06-20 | The manufacture method of long-shaft type wheel shaft with side tooth form |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR20180002446A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN107537961A (en) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH1099937A (en) * | 1996-08-06 | 1998-04-21 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Gear forming method and forming device |
| JP2002273543A (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2002-09-25 | Ooka Giken Kk | Parking gear having shaft, and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN102463320A (en) * | 2010-11-11 | 2012-05-23 | 江苏威鹰机械有限公司 | Cold forging precise forming process for mechanical transmission gear shaft |
| JP2012179634A (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2012-09-20 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Method and device for manufacturing pulley shaft with parking gear |
| JP2012228697A (en) * | 2011-04-25 | 2012-11-22 | Jtekt Corp | Shaft member of rolling bearing device for wheel, and method for manufacturing the same |
| KR101206742B1 (en) * | 2011-06-27 | 2012-11-30 | 현대위스코 주식회사 | Manufacturing meathod of hollow shaft for transmission |
| CN103707017A (en) * | 2012-10-01 | 2014-04-09 | 江苏威鹰机械有限公司 | Automatically continuously variable transmission (CVT) V-shaped belt pulley axle finish-forging and plastic- molding process |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07284872A (en) * | 1994-04-11 | 1995-10-31 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Forming method of stepped bar |
-
2016
- 2016-06-29 KR KR1020160082000A patent/KR20180002446A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2017
- 2017-06-20 CN CN201710491810.5A patent/CN107537961A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH1099937A (en) * | 1996-08-06 | 1998-04-21 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Gear forming method and forming device |
| JP2002273543A (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2002-09-25 | Ooka Giken Kk | Parking gear having shaft, and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN102463320A (en) * | 2010-11-11 | 2012-05-23 | 江苏威鹰机械有限公司 | Cold forging precise forming process for mechanical transmission gear shaft |
| JP2012179634A (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2012-09-20 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Method and device for manufacturing pulley shaft with parking gear |
| JP2012228697A (en) * | 2011-04-25 | 2012-11-22 | Jtekt Corp | Shaft member of rolling bearing device for wheel, and method for manufacturing the same |
| KR101206742B1 (en) * | 2011-06-27 | 2012-11-30 | 현대위스코 주식회사 | Manufacturing meathod of hollow shaft for transmission |
| CN103707017A (en) * | 2012-10-01 | 2014-04-09 | 江苏威鹰机械有限公司 | Automatically continuously variable transmission (CVT) V-shaped belt pulley axle finish-forging and plastic- molding process |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20180002446A (en) | 2018-01-08 |
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| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20180105 |
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