CN107531572A - 从废弃物生产混凝土的方法及利用该方法制得的基于废弃物的混凝土 - Google Patents
从废弃物生产混凝土的方法及利用该方法制得的基于废弃物的混凝土 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种从废弃物生产混凝土的方法及利用该方法制得的基于废弃物的混凝土，其被广泛应用于各种建筑领域。生产基于废弃物的混凝土的方法包括：混合水泥、水和地面废弃物(例如，汽车轮胎、和/或塑料废品、和/或废弃金属、和/或植物废弃物、和/或未分离的废弃物、和/或纺织废弃物、和/或玻璃废弃物、和/或家庭废弃物)，并且添加均聚物、共聚物和三元共聚物作为有机粘结剂。在特定情况下，可以将沙子、和/或骨料、和/或土壤、和/或其他矿物材料添加到混合物中。
Description
本发明是用于生产基于废弃物的混凝土的方法及获得的基于废弃物的混凝土本身，获得的基于废弃物的混凝土通过不同类型的废弃物的简单处理，适用于生产建筑行业中的广泛的混凝土产品，作为新的产品，或者作为使用各种类型的骨料制成的混凝土。以这种方式生产的基于废弃物的混凝土可用于建筑行业的各种领域，从道路基层、条形基础、房屋地基、隔音屏障、高速公路/道路的交通障碍、车道分隔带、夹心板材到混凝土墙的填充模板等，或者根据所使用的废弃物骨料的类型，甚至能够建造墙壁。
本发明人从废弃物管理的角度并从混凝土成分的角度及建筑行业中的混凝土产品的生产出发考虑了现有技术。
根据现有技术，可以以多种方式管理废弃物。
其中之一是回收利用，可以通过各种方法进行回收利用，不同类型的废弃物在极其不同的技术的帮助下被分离和处理，其结果，通常生产原始的原材料，然后该原始的原材料可被再次使用来制造新产品。回收利用废弃物来生产相同的原材料，因为废弃物是非常有用的，但是，这是一个昂贵和耗时的过程。在玻璃制造业以及在纸浆和造纸行业中，可以找到回收利用的各种方法的最普遍的例子，其可能产生最少的额外成本并且比其他物质一定程度更具成本效益。
关于如何回收废弃物但生产原材料以外的其他材料，在这方面也提出了许多构想，例如匈牙利专利申请号P1100187描述了从污水污泥中生产肥料，或者提及完全不同的领域，匈牙利专利申请号227336描述了通过粉碎和胶合从使用过的轮胎生产橡胶地板砖。
除了回收利用外，还有一些方法加速各种废弃物的降解，当一些化学物和土壤与废弃物混合时，一定时间后，废弃物会降解。支持降解的过程的目标是去除废弃物，其没有带来真正的利润，只产生成本，甚至其污染环境。
另一种可能性是焚烧或裂解(crack)废弃物，对此也有许多公知的方法，但所有这些方法的特点是很大程度上的空气污染。虽然已经开发了一些更加新的最新的裂解方法，除不严重的空气污染外，还可能获得一些市场化的最终产品，但即使如此，这些方法仍然是相当昂贵和复杂的。此外，在该方法中使用的“冲洗水”变得严重污染，使其清洁是一个额外的任务，正如例如欧洲专利登记号E017223中记录并详细描述的热解的情况。
最后，另一种可能性是储存废弃物或“沉积”废弃物而不进行处理或者中和。不利的是，其中不产生利润，另一方面，它是昂贵的，并且在大多数情况下会污染环境，这是全世界令人担忧的问题。为了解决这个问题，存在例如欧洲专利号E07009927中记载的处理的调节方法，在该方法中，按照仔细进行的计算，将含有复合骨料的废弃物粉碎、分类并混合到土壤中，从而促进降解。
尚不存在这样的方法，其不需要以任何方式预先处理废弃物而仍然允许具有成本效率的回收利用，并且最终产品是非常重要的且可能被广泛使用。
混凝土制造业中还具有广泛的现有技术。传统上，混凝土的基本成分是水泥，沙子和/或砾石，以及水。通过改变基本成分，混凝土的性能可以特别定制，以实现多样化的目的。已知被制造用以执行特殊功能的不同类型的混凝土，例如，存在可用作承重构件的一部分的所谓的高强度混凝土、钢筋混凝土，存在主要用于隔离的各种轻质混凝土，存在混凝土板、甚至是防弹混凝土和耐辐射混凝土。为了获得这样的性质，通常使用不同种类的添加剂，添加剂除了产生所需的特殊性质之外，还有利于混合和建造。这些添加剂包括保水添加剂、防沉降添加剂、防霜冻和均质添加剂，或者甚至包括阻燃添加剂。
当混合混凝土和水泥产品时，将各种骨料与沙子和/或砾石一起使用，或者甚至使用各种骨料代替沙子和/或砾石。
广泛用于混凝土的填料包括例如珠光体、特殊的纸浆、陶瓷或聚苯乙烯珠。这样，由于堆积密度低，结果是轻质混凝土用于隔离。
例如，如果应用匈牙利专利登记号227 463中记载的方法，通过包含作为粘结剂的有机聚合物，可以制造隔离的、阻燃的、低渗透性的、透气的、高弹性的轻质混凝土，其中在每种情况下骨料将含有聚苯乙烯珠。这种类型最接近本发明，并且其显然用于隔离。
虽然未具体描述，但必须提及建筑物中的简单的粘土和秸秆墙壁，因为它们含有扎根于传统几千年的有机骨料。粘土和秸秆砖由园林废弃物和粘土制成，混合物被“铲成一个模型”，砖可以用来建造房子。不利的是，粘土和秸秆砖墙不太能抵抗由环境特别是水造成的破坏，因此，如果建筑物建造在暴露于大量雨水的土地上或湿土壤上，粘土和秸秆墙的使用寿命短暂，这是众所周知的。
考虑到最新的技术，本发明人没有遇到现在通过检查混凝土制造和制造混凝土产品或通过检查回收利用方法以与本发明的方式相似的方式联结两个行业的方法。如今，建筑业只使用一种废弃骨料、聚苯乙烯珠生产混凝土。然而，令人遗憾的是，在实践中，似乎难以提供足够量的聚苯乙烯废弃物来生产聚苯乙烯混凝土。因此，使用新制造的聚苯乙烯，而不使用聚苯乙烯废弃物，因此，生产聚苯乙烯混凝土的目的不是为了“去除”聚苯乙烯废弃物，而是一定程度上自私地生产具有更好性能的混凝土类型。
在回收利用行业，在使用经常为特定目的生产的特定骨料的混凝土制造中，本发明人观察到昂贵且复杂的方法。尚不存在目标是以最终产品是环保型的甚至可能含有不同类型的废弃物的方式用作大量的多种废弃物类型的骨料的单一的获得专利权或公知的混凝土制造方法。
当前的问题本质上是要能够发明一种可以大量使用、服务于真正重要的目的、并且可以在市场上销售的用于建筑行业的产品，一种由大范围的废物类型制成、有可能不进行选择而进行简单处理的产品，其通常仅意味着以最小的成本将废弃物粉碎成小颗粒。
本发明的本质，同时是本发明人所发现的本质实质上是，如果根据实际的废弃物类型出于各种各样的目的将水泥、水和聚合物添加剂简单地混合到可广泛利用的混凝土中，几乎任何类型的废弃物，即使是大量的废弃物如果粉碎也可以用作骨料。用这种方法制造的混凝土的一般特性是高强度、不破碎、不透水，所以雨、雪、河流、海水或地下水不会冲走其中任何有潜在危害的物质。而且，如果暴露于火，填充废弃物颗粒之间的空隙的水泥物质阻止火焰蔓延。它们的体积密度可以根据所使用的骨料类型的体积密度而发生大的变化，并且废弃物类型甚至可以作为骨料混合。此外，如果需要，可以粉碎用这种方法生产的混凝土，并且通过加入水泥、聚合物和水，其可以再次混合到混凝土中，并且该过程可以被无限地重复。通过应用这个简单的方法，废弃物的回收可以大大简化，建筑行业获得便宜的多用途的原材料。
通过开采建筑行业中用于混合混凝土的大量砾石和沙子获得的长期可用性是有限的，这些原材料的价格显著地稳步上升，虽然在每种情况下砾石和砂子都不能被充分取代，但是一些废弃物可以用作为了几乎任何目的而制造的混凝土中的骨料，这是本发明的另一个优点。
用作添加剂的聚合物可以是与水泥一起使用的均聚物、共聚物和三元共聚物，如果溶解和/或分散在水中，将用作有机粘结剂，由此促进具有不同体积密度的原材料的混合以使它们“锁住”废弃物颗粒的方式形成均匀的糊状物，因此废弃物不会对环境造成进一步的威胁，并且出于同样的原因，混合物耐火并且植物颗粒的分解显著延迟。
在根据本发明制成的混凝土中，几乎所有类型的粒径为0.1-100mm的碎废弃物都可以用作骨料，其颗粒大小可根据需要改变，因此给定的混凝土可含有相同或不同大小的颗粒。因此，可以使用碎橡胶轮胎，并且不需要提取钢筋或织物。此外，可以使用任何类型的碎塑料废弃物，其中不需要提取非塑料成分(如果会有的话)，也可使用任何类型的碎废金属，例如松叶、芦苇、建筑和拆除的废木屑的碎园林废弃物，例如拆解汽车时提取可回收物质后留下的废物的碎混合废弃物，碎织物废弃物，碎玻璃废弃物，粉碎并充分中和的城市废弃物。在本发明人的实验中，本发明人可以由任何足够坚固以被粉碎成颗粒的材料来生产质量优异的混凝土，换句话说，本发明人没有发现任何不能用作骨料的材料。
在根据本发明制成的混凝土中，可以使用任何可以溶解和/或分散到水中且不含有或产生对环境有害的挥发性有机烃的均聚物、共聚物和三元共聚物作为粘结剂。这种公知的物质是用氯乙烯，饱和、不饱和及芳香族有机酸的乙烯酯，乙烯醇缩丁醛，乙烯，丙烯酸酯，苯乙烯，异氰酸烷基酯，硅烷和硅氧烷制成的。其他可用作有机添加剂的物质是聚乙烯醇、纤维素醚和其他保护胶体、防沉剂和增塑剂。
因此，本发明的概述如下：其是一种方法，用于通过混合20-50体积％的水泥、8-30体积％的水、50-100体积％的碎废弃物(例如，碎橡胶轮胎、和/或任何碎塑料废弃物、和/或任何碎废金属、和/或任何碎园林废弃物、和/或任何碎混合废弃物、和/或任何碎织物废弃物、和/或任何碎玻璃废弃物、和/或粉碎并有效中和的城市废弃物)来制造基于废弃物的混凝土。作为有机粘结剂，可使用0.3-10体积％的可溶于水和/或分散于水中且不含有或产生对环境有害的挥发性有机烃的均聚物、共聚物和三元共聚物。这样的聚合物例如通过添加氯乙烯，饱和、不饱和及芳香族有机酸的乙烯酯，乙烯醇缩丁醛，乙烯，丙烯酸酯，苯乙烯，异氰酸烷基酯，硅烷和硅氧烷来制造，还可以含有聚乙烯醇、和/或纤维素醚、和/或其他保护胶体。如果需要的话，还可以将沙子、和/或砾石、和/或土壤、和/或一些其他矿物材料添加到混合物中。
本发明还包括通过作为本发明的一部分的方法生产的混凝土，其中所述混凝土通过对各种废弃物的简单处理而可广泛应用于建筑行业，并且适用于制造诸如道路基层、条形基础、房屋地基、隔音屏障、高速公路/道路的交通障碍、车道分隔带、夹心板材的混凝土产品，适用于填充模板，甚至根据所使用的废弃物的类型，适用于建造墙壁。
在其它用途中，本发明可以例如根据以下所述的比例和成分有效地生产。
样品混合物1
将250kg的水泥与180L的水和8kg的有机聚合物添加剂在混凝土搅拌机中混合。逐渐添加0.8m3的碎轮胎骨料并混合直至其成为均匀的糊状物。
样品混合物2
将350kg的水泥与350L的水和15kg的有机聚合物添加剂在混凝土搅拌机中混合。逐渐添加0.7m3的粉碎和处理后的城市废弃物，并混合直至其成为均匀的糊状物。
样品混合物3
将300kg的水泥与300L的水和16kg的有机聚合物在混凝土搅拌机中混合。添加0.1m3的碎玻璃、0.1m3的干燥并粉碎的园林废弃物、0.1m3的不同类型的碎塑料废弃物、0.1m3的粉碎并处理后的城市废弃物、0.1m3的碎泡沫塑料废弃物、0.1m3的高炉矿渣和0.1m3的碎废金属，并混合直至其成为均匀的糊状物。
Claims (2)
1.一种用于制造回收利用的废弃物混凝土的方法，所述方法被定义为混合水泥，水，诸如碎轮胎、和/或碎塑料废弃物、和/或碎废金属、和/或碎园林废弃物、和/或碎混合废弃物、和/或切割纤维纺织纤维废弃物、和/或碎玻璃废弃物、和/或碎城市废弃物的粗碎废弃物类型，作为有机粘结剂的聚合物，并且在给定情况下，还可以将沙子和/或砾石、和/或土壤和/或其他矿物材料添加到混合物中。
2.一种回收利用的废弃物混凝土，所述回收利用的废弃物混凝土被定义为利用如权利要求1所述的方法制造，所述回收利用的废弃物混凝土是通过对各种类型的废弃物的简单处理而生产的混凝土，并且适于用作制造在建筑行业中广泛使用的混凝土产品的材料。
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