CN107514290A - A kind of asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator - Google Patents
A kind of asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator Download PDFInfo
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- CN107514290A CN107514290A CN201710895256.7A CN201710895256A CN107514290A CN 107514290 A CN107514290 A CN 107514290A CN 201710895256 A CN201710895256 A CN 201710895256A CN 107514290 A CN107514290 A CN 107514290A
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- movable vane
- vane piece
- wheel hub
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- wave energy
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/14—Form or construction
- F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
- F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
- F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
- F03B13/141—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector
- F03B13/142—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector which creates an oscillating water column
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator, described air turbine includes hollow wheel hub, wheel hub head for sealing hub cavity is installed respectively in the both sides of wheel hub, being set on wheel hub can be around the movable vane piece wheel that wheel hub rotates, movable vane piece is circumferentially evenly arranged with the outer wall of movable vane piece wheel, the vertical cross-section of the movable vane piece is shaped as crescent, and the raised radian of the raised camber ratio opposite side in the crescent side is big, also respectively a circle leaf, which is circumferentially provided with, in the both sides of movable vane piece wheel along wheel hub opens up the guide vane bigger than movable vane piece.Air turbine disclosed in this invention, fluoran stream surface product of the movable vane piece pressure face under the high incident flow velocity of expiration phase can be increased, delay air-flow in the velocity separation phenomenon of movable vane piece suction surface, reduce air-flow passive blade and enter power loss caused by the guide vane of downstream, power utilization efficiency of the air turbine in expiration phase is improved, and then improves cycle average efficiency of the air turbine in actual sea situation.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to wave-energy power generation field, more particularly to one kind in the field is applied to Asia sea area oscillating water column
The asymmetric air turbine of formula Wave energy electric generator.
Background technology
Wave energy refers to kinetic energy and potential energy possessed by ocean surface wave, with wave height square, period of motion of wave
And the width of wave slope is directly proportional.Although wave energy is one kind that energy is least stable in marine energy, it is in the whole world
Reserves it is very considerable, theoretical assessment is about annual 17TWh.The difference of wave energy operation principle, ripple are absorbed according to device
Wave energy generating set can be divided into oscillaton water column type, more unrestrained formula, three kinds of oscillating body formula.By contrast, oscillaton water column type
(Oscillating Water Column, abbreviation OWC) Wave energy electric generator is simple in construction, and can be combined with breakwater device with
Construction costs is reduced, simultaneously as its energy conversion device, not with contact with sea water, reliability is higher and maintenance is more convenient.
Large-scale OWC devices since 2010 have the breakwater formula device positioned at Aragon Mutriku ports, positioned at Italy
The U-shaped breakwater formula REWEC3 devices at Civitavecchia ports, the back elbow floating CORES positioned at Irish Galway gulfs are filled
Put and the fixed Yongsoo devices positioned at South Korea's Jizhou Island.
Air turbine is the important component that energy secondary is changed in OWC devices, and unidirectional rotation can be realized in reciprocal air-flow
Turn, low-pressure pneumatic caused by air chamber can be converted into rotating shaft shaft work.Application of the air turbine in OWC devices has certain spy
Different property：Its working media is reciprocating air stream, has non-stationarity and compressibility；Its working characteristics causes turbine worked
There is the possibility that negative work exports in journey.Common self-rectifying formula air turbine has two kinds：This formula turbine of Weir and impulse turbine.
This formula turbine of traditional Weir has simple in construction, the advantage of peak value efficiency, is suitable for the good European marine site of wave condition, should
Turbine has high efficiency in the small range discharge coefficient before stall, once but stall, huge subtract of moment of torsion can make turbine
It can deteriorate moment, also include self-starting poor performance, the side such as working range is narrow, operating noise is big the shortcomings that this formula turbine of Weir in addition
Face.Although traditional impulse turbine peak efficiencies are not as good as this formula of Weir, startability is good, no stall event, in big flow
Coefficient area efficiency, which declines, slowly, is particularly suitable for the poor Asia sea area use of wave condition, but it is mostly symmetrical expression, i.e. movable vane
Piece profile and guide vane position are symmetrical with center line of the movable vane piece along direction of rotation, and engineering is actual shows that OWC devices exist
Asia sea area air chamber expiration phase is more than the air-flow amplitude of expiratory phase by the air-flow amplitude of impulse turbine, causes exhaling
The a large amount of power of stage yield-loss.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are just to provide one kind and are applied to Asia sea area and can improve shake under real sea situation
Swing the asymmetric air turbine that water column type Wave energy electric generator pneumatic energy utilizes cycle average efficiency.
The present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
A kind of asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator, its innovation
It is：Described air turbine includes hollow wheel hub, and the wheel hub for sealing hub cavity is installed respectively in the both sides of wheel hub
Head, movable vane can be circumferentially evenly arranged with around the movable vane piece wheel that wheel hub rotates on the outer wall of movable vane piece wheel by being set on wheel hub
Piece, the vertical cross-section of the movable vane piece be shaped as it is crescent, and the crescent side it is raised camber ratio opposite side it is raised
Radian is big, and the axle sleeve with keyway is set on the wheel disc of movable vane piece wheel, installs side on axle sleeve and stretches out outside wheel hub head and can be servo-actuated
The turbine spindle of blade wheel synchronous rotary, the turbine spindle is connected with the wheel hub head of both sides by bearing, the two of movable vane piece wheel
Side is also respectively circumferentially provided with a circle leaf along wheel hub and opens up the guide vane bigger than movable vane piece, and the vertical cross-section of the guide vane is by one
Section straightway and one section of arc section composition, and side adjacent thereto in the direction of its straightway export air-flow and movable vane piece
Air-flow inflow direction is relative.
Further, the wheel hub head is shaped as hemisphere or semiellipse spheroid.
Further, Concentric plate is set in the side of movable vane piece wheel, is bolted to connection between the Concentric plate and wheel hub,
It is connected through the turbine spindle and Concentric plate of Concentric plate with bearing.
Further, four bolts hole are uniformly arranged along the circumference of Concentric plate, through bolt hole bolt by Concentric plate with
Wheel hub is fixed together.
Further, it by radius is R that the suction surface of the movable vane piece vertical cross-section, which is,2、R4And R5Circular arc composition face,
Pressure face is that radius is R3Arc surface, the side of suction surface and pressure face is R by radius1Circular arc be connected, opposite side is by two
The straightway of bar stretching is R by radius6Circular arc be connected.
Further, radius R1：R6=3：1.
Further, radius R3、R2、R5Length is identical, is R4Twice.
Further, be connected the tool face angle θ of straightway with pressure face1More than the device for the straightway that is connected with suction surface
Angle θ2。
Further, turbine spindle is connected with the power input shaft of the outer generator of air turbine.
Further, air turbine is fixedly connected by its upper and lower two circles guide vane with kuppe inwall.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
Asymmetric air turbine disclosed in this invention suitable for Asia sea area, the vertical cross-section shape of its movable vane piece
To be crescent, and the radian of the camber ratio opposite side projection of the crescent side projection is big, and the big side of radian is set to exhale
The gas stage meets stream side, you can fluoran stream surface product of the increase movable vane piece pressure face under the high incident flow velocity of expiration phase, delays air-flow
In the velocity separation phenomenon of movable vane piece suction surface, reduce air-flow passive blade and enter power loss caused by the guide vane of downstream,
Power utilization efficiency of the air turbine in expiration phase is improved, and then cycle of the raising air turbine in actual sea situation averagely imitates
Rate.
In the air chamber expiration phase that air-flow peak value is larger, compared to symmetrical structure, presently disclosed asymmetric is empty
The torque coefficient of gas turbine, which has, significantly to be lifted, and input coefficient has obvious reduction.Therefore in expiration phase, asymmetric air
The operating efficiency of turbine is largely improved.Compared to symmetrical expression air turbine, asymmetric air turbine is to incidence
The asymmetry of air-flow is less sensitive.Air chamber is exhaled, expiratory phase air-flow velocity is more asymmetric, the cycle of symmetrical expression air turbine
Average efficiency declines more；And asymmetric air turbine has good adaptability to the asymmetry of air-flow, its cycle puts down
Equal efficiency will not be influenceed by the cycle asymmetry of air-flow.
Asia sea area wave condition is poor compared to European marine site, and caused incident air flow peak value is smaller, and relative to Europe
This formula turbine of the Weir that continent marine site generally uses, asymmetric air turbine disclosed in this invention have good self-starting special
Property, relatively low working speed, wider discharge coefficient scope and less operating noise, it is adapted to use in Asia sea area.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the front view of the asymmetric air turbine disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 2 is the top view of the asymmetric air turbine disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 3 is the stereogram of the asymmetric air turbine disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 4 is the sectional view of the asymmetric air turbine disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 5 is the stereogram of the asymmetric air turbine movable vane piece wheel disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 6 is the stereogram of the asymmetric air turbine Concentric plate disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 7 is the movable vane piece and its both sides guide vane of the asymmetric air turbine disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention 1
Vertical cross-section schematic shapes；
Fig. 8 is air flow rate timeamplitude map caused by Asia sea area OWC device air chambers.
Embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, it is right below in conjunction with drawings and examples
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
Embodiment 1, as Figure 1-4, it is applied to Asia sea area oscillaton water column type wave energy present embodiment discloses one kind and sends out
The asymmetric air turbine of electric installation, described air turbine include hollow wheel hub 5, use are installed respectively in the both sides of wheel hub
In the wheel hub first 1 of sealing hub cavity, being set on wheel hub can be around the movable vane piece wheel 11 that wheel hub rotates, as shown in figure 5, in movable vane
Circumferentially it is evenly arranged with movable vane piece 3 on the outer wall of piece wheel, the vertical cross-section of the movable vane piece is shaped as crescent, and this is new
The raised radian of the raised camber ratio opposite side in moon shape side is big, and the axle sleeve 12 with keyway is set on the wheel disc of movable vane piece wheel,
Side is installed on axle sleeve to stretch out outside wheel hub head and the wheel of the turbine spindle 8 of blade wheel synchronous rotary, the turbine spindle and both sides can be servo-actuated
Hub head is connected by bearing 7, the both sides of movable vane piece wheel also respectively along wheel hub be circumferentially provided with a circle leaf exhibition it is bigger than movable vane piece
Guide vane 2, the vertical cross-section of the guide vane is made up of one section of straightway and one section of arc section, and its straightway
The direction for exporting air-flow is relative with the air-flow inflow direction of side adjacent thereto in movable vane piece.
Alternatively, in the present embodiment, the wheel hub head is shaped as hemisphere or half ellipse
Spherosome.As shown in fig. 6, setting Concentric plate 9 in the side of movable vane piece wheel, fixed and connected by bolt 10 between the Concentric plate and wheel hub
Connect, be connected through the turbine spindle and Concentric plate of Concentric plate with bearing 7.Four bolts are uniformly arranged along the circumference of Concentric plate
Concentric plate and wheel hub are fixed together by hole 13, the bolt through bolt hole.Concentric plate can play certain support to turbine spindle
Effect, it is further ensured that the alignment of rotation.
As shown in fig. 7, it by radius is R that the suction surface of the movable vane piece vertical cross-section, which is,2、R4And R5Circular arc composition face,
Pressure face is that radius is R3Arc surface, the side of suction surface and pressure face is R by radius1Circular arc be connected, opposite side is by two
The straightway of bar stretching is R by radius6Circular arc be connected.Radius R1：R6=3：1.Radius R3、R2、R5Length is identical, is R4's
Twice.Be connected the tool face angle θ of straightway with pressure face1More than the tool face angle θ for the straightway that is connected with suction surface2。
In use, it is necessary to by generator outside the turbine spindle of air turbine disclosed in the present embodiment 1 and air turbine
Power input shaft be connected, movable vane piece wheel rotates under airflow function, drive turbine spindle rotation, so as to drive generator to send out
Electricity.
Air turbine is fixedly connected by its upper and lower two circles guide vane with kuppe inwall, due to the leaf exhibition of guide vane
It is bigger than movable vane piece, so certain interval be present between the end of movable vane piece and kuppe, make movable vane piece wheel can be in kuppe certainly
By rotating.
The kuppe one end for being built-in with asymmetric air turbine disclosed in the present embodiment 1 is sent out with oscillaton water column type wave energy
The air chamber outlet of electric installation is connected, and the other end is connected with air.In a cycle of wave, air-flow is exported from air chamber and passed through
The process of air turbine discharge air is referred to as expiration phase, and the stage that air-flow enters air inlet chamber outlet from air through air turbine is referred to as
Expiratory phase.Fig. 8 is air flow rate timeamplitude map caused by Asia sea area OWC device air chambers, it is seen that a cycle interior air-flow stream
Measure as asymmetric, air flow rate caused by expiration phase is about 1.5 times of expiratory phase.Therefore by air turbine movable vane piece arc
The outlet of big side and air chamber is spent to be oppositely arranged to improve the power utilization efficiency of expiration phase, the small side of radian then with greatly
Gas is oppositely arranged.No matter in expiration phase or expiratory phase, the guide vane for taking the lead in meeting stream is referred to as upstream guide vane, then
The guide vane of stream is sent to be referred to as downstream guide vane.
In expiration phase, air-flow is with flow velocity VEMovable vane piece is led into through upstream guide vane, in the suction of movable vane piece
Face Ying Liu sides form stationary point and accelerate to flow along suction surface around flow phenomenon, a part of air-flow, and a part of air-flow is R around radius1
Arc section enter pressure face, and meet the velocity separation and vortex that stream side forms small range in pressure face.Movable vane piece afterbody is stream
It is linear, therefore it is not in velocity separation phenomenon to meet the air-flow for flowing side acceleration in movable vane piece afterbody by suction surface, this is certain
The power loss of air-flow is reduced in degree.On the other hand, the pressure differential on movable vane piece pressure face and suction surface produces and promotes to move
The torque of blade wheel rotation, making movable vane piece wheel, the direction of arrow along Fig. 7 rotates with rotational speed omega.
In expiratory phase, air-flow is with flow velocity VIInto after movable vane piece, the pressure differential production on movable vane piece pressure face and suction surface
Raw torque still makes movable vane piece wheel be rotated along the direction of arrow in Fig. 7, and therefore, the asymmetric disclosed in the present embodiment 1 is empty
Gas turbine can keep the uniformity of movable vane piece wheel direction of rotation in reciprocal air-flow caused by OWC air chambers, by reciprocal air-flow
Low-pressure pneumatic energy continuous transformation is turbine spindle shaft work, so as to drive generator continuation to generate electricity.
Claims (10)
- A kind of 1. asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator, it is characterised in that： Described air turbine includes hollow wheel hub, installs the wheel hub head for sealing hub cavity respectively in the both sides of wheel hub, Movable vane piece, institute can be circumferentially evenly arranged with around the movable vane piece wheel that wheel hub rotates on the outer wall of movable vane piece wheel by being set on wheel hub The vertical cross-section for stating movable vane piece is shaped as crescent, and the raised radian of camber ratio opposite side that the crescent side is raised Greatly, the axle sleeve with keyway is set on the wheel disc of movable vane piece wheel, side is installed on axle sleeve and stretched out outside wheel hub head and can be with movable vane piece The turbine spindle of synchronous rotary is taken turns, the turbine spindle is connected with the wheel hub head of both sides by bearing, in the both sides of movable vane piece wheel also Respectively a circle leaf being circumferentially provided with along wheel hub and opening up the guide vane bigger than movable vane piece, the vertical cross-section of the guide vane is straight by one section Line segment and one section of arc section composition, and its straightway exports the air-flow of side adjacent thereto on the direction and movable vane piece of air-flow Inflow direction is relative.
- 2. the asymmetric air according to claim 1 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：The wheel hub head is shaped as hemisphere or semiellipse spheroid.
- 3. the asymmetric air according to claim 1 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：Concentric plate is set in the side of movable vane piece wheel, is bolted to connection, wears between the Concentric plate and wheel hub Cross between the turbine spindle of Concentric plate and Concentric plate and be connected with bearing.
- 4. the asymmetric air according to claim 3 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：Be uniformly arranged four bolts hole along the circumference of Concentric plate, through bolt hole bolt by Concentric plate and wheel hub It is fixed together.
- 5. the asymmetric air according to claim 1 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：The suction surface of the movable vane piece vertical cross-section is to be by radiusR 2 、R 4 AndR 5 Circular arc composition face, pressure Face is that radius isR 3 Arc surface, the side of suction surface and pressure face is by radiusR 1 Circular arc be connected, opposite side by two drawing The straightway stretched is by radiusR 6 Circular arc be connected.
- 6. the asymmetric air according to claim 5 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：RadiusR 1 ：R 6 =3：1.
- 7. the asymmetric air according to claim 6 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：RadiusR 3 、R 2 、R 5 Length is identical, isR 4 Twice.
- 8. the asymmetric air according to claim 7 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：Be connected the tool face angle of straightway with pressure faceq 1 More than the tool face angle for the straightway that is connected with suction surfaceq 2 。
- 9. the asymmetric air according to claim 1 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator is saturating It is flat, it is characterised in that：Turbine spindle is connected with the power input shaft of the outer generator of air turbine.
- 10. the asymmetric air according to claim 1 suitable for Asia sea area oscillaton water column type Wave energy electric generator Turbine, it is characterised in that：Air turbine is fixedly connected by its upper and lower two circles guide vane with kuppe inwall.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710895256.7A CN107514290B (en) | 2017-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | Asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asian sea area oscillation water column type wave energy power generation device |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710895256.7A CN107514290B (en) | 2017-09-28 | 2017-09-28 | Asymmetric air turbine suitable for Asian sea area oscillation water column type wave energy power generation device |
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| CN107514290A true CN107514290A (en) | 2017-12-26 |
| CN107514290B CN107514290B (en) | 2023-09-08 |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2021129657A1 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-07-01 | 杭州巨浪能源科技有限公司 | Air turbine and power generation device |
| WO2021129661A1 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-07-01 | 杭州巨浪能源科技有限公司 | Air turbine and power generation device |
| CN114396314A (en) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-04-26 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Supersonic speed axial flow composite bladeless turbine |
| CN114876713A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-08-09 | 清华大学 | Pneumatic wave power generation device and double-body pneumatic wave power generation ship |
| CN117052588A (en) * | 2023-10-11 | 2023-11-14 | 集美大学 | Oscillating water column type wave energy power generation equipment |
| CN117927409A (en) * | 2024-03-25 | 2024-04-26 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Composite point absorption type wave energy power generation device |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2021129657A1 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-07-01 | 杭州巨浪能源科技有限公司 | Air turbine and power generation device |
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| CN117052588B (en) * | 2023-10-11 | 2024-01-30 | 集美大学 | Oscillating water column type wave energy power generation equipment |
| CN117927409A (en) * | 2024-03-25 | 2024-04-26 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Composite point absorption type wave energy power generation device |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN107514290B (en) | 2023-09-08 |
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