CN1074938C - 综合的空气分离方法 - Google Patents

综合的空气分离方法 Download PDF

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CN1074938C
CN1074938C CN96106672A CN96106672A CN1074938C CN 1074938 C CN1074938 C CN 1074938C CN 96106672 A CN96106672 A CN 96106672A CN 96106672 A CN96106672 A CN 96106672A CN 1074938 C CN1074938 C CN 1074938C
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R·库马尔
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Abstract

一种空气分离方法，其中使用了一个预纯化单元，它装有三个或更多个经受压力摆动吸附过程的吸附床。每个吸附床经历加料、减压、清洗和再加压的阶段。清洗阶段是用空气分离单元的废气流进行的，清洗阶段持续的时间等于循环的总时间除以吸附床的数目。

Description

综合的空气分离方法
本发明涉及一种综合的空气分离方法，其中一个预净化单元与一个空气分离单元联合用以在空气被分离之前先从其中除去杂质。特别是，本发明涉及这样一种方法：在该方法中，预净化单元包含吸附床，该吸附床按照一压力摆动的吸附循环进行操作。更具体是涉及这样一种方法，在该方法中变压吸附循环包含连续地使吸附床经受例如废氮之类的废气流的冲洗。
有许多低温精馏过程可将空气分离为它的各种组分。按照这些方法，将空气压缩，冷却至某一适于其精馏的温度，然后将它引入空气分离单元，该空气分离单元包含一个或多个塔，在塔中空气被蒸馏为它的各种组分。该空气分离单元可以包含一个或多个蒸馏塔，每个蒸馏塔有塔板或填料以使待分离的空气的气相和液相之间密切接触。
除氧、氮和氩以外，空气也含有高沸点组分，例如二氧化碳，烃类和水。如果这些高沸点组分在空气冷却之前没有从空气中除去，这些组分在空气冷却期间将冷凝并且在主热交换器中形成冰。另外，蒸馏塔会浓缩这些高沸点组分成为液态塔底产物。假如是烃类，就可能产生操作上的危害。为了防止这些问题，提供预纯化单元，这种预纯化单元与空气分离装置相联合，以除去高沸点组分，例如水分，二氧化碳和烃类。这样的预纯化作用是通过按照变压吸附循环方式运行的吸附床而实现的。
普通的变压吸附循环有加料，减压，冲洗及再加压阶段。在加料阶段，将压缩空气加至床内产生纯化空气流，然后该纯化空气流在主热交换器内被冷却。在加料阶段完成以后，将该床减压至大气压。减压作用引发了被吸附在吸附剂上的杂质的解吸。减压阶段是以用废气流冲洗吸附床而结束的，当可从双塔空气分离单元的低压塔得到废氮气流时，一般就用废氮气流作为该废气流。此后，来自另一正经历加料阶段的吸附床的一部分纯化空气被通到刚经历完清洗阶段的吸附床以使其再加压。
可以使用不是同步运行的两个吸附床，当一个吸附床进行加料时，另一吸附床则进行再生，也就是经历减压，冲洗和再加压的阶段。即使是使用两个以上的吸附床，吸附床也仅间歇地进行冲洗。正如下面将要讨论的那样，本发明人在此已发现。通过进行变压吸附循环以使废气流不断地被用来冲洗处于循环中冲洗阶段的床，可以实现高的运行效率。
本发明提供了一种综合的空气分离方法。按照此方法，空气是通过压缩原料空气流，冷却原料空气流至适于它精馏的温度，然后精馏空气而将它分离，并产生废气流。在进一步使用前将废气流加温。原料空气流在冷却之前，先通过变压吸附过程将其预纯化。变压吸附过程包括使至少三个用来吸附杂质的吸附床的每一个床都经历一个循环，该循环包括一个加料阶段用以在压力下吸附杂质。随后使吸附床再生，即通过一减压阶段引发杂质解吸，一冲洗阶段完成杂质的解吸以及一再加压阶段使至少三个吸附床的每一个床均再加压回至压力态。冲洗阶段是这样运行的：在等于这至少三个吸附床的每一个床所经历的整个循环时间除以吸附床总数的一段时间内，将废气流分别通至这三个吸附床的每一个内。结果，该冲洗气流被连续地用以使一个吸附床经历冲洗阶段。
本发明的综合空气分离方法中，所述减压阶段的进行方法是通过将至少三个床中的每一个床减压至大气压。
这种方法的再加压阶段的进行方法是将所述的纯化的原料空气流的一部分导入所述的至少三个床中的每一个。
在两床系统中，因为当一个吸附床进行生产时另一吸附床在被再生，所以存在着一段时间，在这段时间中，虽然可得到冲洗气流，却未用以冲洗吸附床。因此，本发明需要三个或更多的吸附床，以使冲洗气流被连续地使用。本发明的效果是增加每一个吸附床被冲洗气流冲洗的时间，以使在冲洗结束时，与现有技术相比有更多的杂质从吸附床上被解吸。结果，首先就是可有更多的杂质被吸附。因此，应用本发明就可减少空气分离装置中预纯化单元所需要的吸附剂的数量。
虽然说明书末的权利要求清楚地指出了申请人认为是其发明的内容，但是可以相信，与附图结合起来，将可以更好地理解本发明。其中：
图1为实施本发明方法的空气分离装置示意图；
图2为本发明的预纯化单元的示意图；
图3为说明本发明的变压吸附方法的循环的示意图。
参看图1，其中显示了用以分离空气的空气分离装置1。输入的空气在过滤器10中过滤除去尘粒等，然后在压缩机12中被压缩。空气压缩所产生的压缩热是通过后冷却器14除去的。然后，在预纯化单元16中空气被纯化，再在主热交换器18中被冷却至某一温度使其适于在空气分离单元20内进行精馏。
空气分离单元20可以包括单独一个蒸馏塔，该蒸馏塔用以把空气分离成塔底实氧液体和实氮的或甚至高纯度的塔顶馏出物。本发明并不受限于实际所用的蒸馏方法或实施该方法所使用的蒸馏塔的数目。例如，空气分离单元20可以是双塔，其中高压和低压塔可通过冷凝一再沸器在操作上彼此相连。压缩并经冷却的空气应导入高压塔底部从而产生实氮的塔顶馏出物和实氧的塔底产品(本领域中称为粗制液态氧)。该粗制液态氧须在低压塔内进一步精炼为气态氮塔顶馏出物和液态氧塔底产品。空气分离单元20也可是一个单塔氧气或氮气发生器。
为了便于说明，可以假定空气分离单元20产生废氮气流22。然而，如果并下需要氧，也可用紧靠双塔空气分离单元贮槽上方的气态氧构成废气流22。此外，空气分离单元20产生产品流24，按本领域熟悉的方式，产品流24可以是在主热交换器18中汽化的液态氧或是在主热交换器18中被加热至环境条件的气态氧或氮。
参照图2，预纯化单元16设有第一、第二和第三吸附床26,28和30。每一个床均包含吸附剂以吸附较高沸点的杂质，例如活性氧化铝(AA)7×12筛目颗粒(由La Roche Chemicals,P.O.Box1031,Airline Highway,Baton Rouge,La.70821-1031制造)来自后冷却器14的压缩空气进入集管32并顺序分别通过第一、第二和第三吸附床26-30中的每一个，产生产品流，该产品流经产品集管36被排出至主热交换器18。
第一，第二和第三床层26-30中的每一个床层均经历通过开/关阀门38-66的操作来进行的加料，减压，冲洗和再加压阶段，虽然没有在图中显示，这些阀门可以通过可编程的或模拟控制器遥控启动。另外参考图3，下面列出了一个阀门程序表以说明实施图3的变压吸附方法时，阀38-66的操作程序。开启的阀门采用符号“o”表示。
                                                阀门程序表
阀门编号  38  40   42  44   46  48  50   52  54   56  58   60  62  64   66
时间-分钟
0-0.5  0  0  0  0  0
0.5-12  0  0  0  0  0  0
12-12.5  0  0  0  0  0
12.5-24  0  0  0  0  0  0
24-24.5  0  0  0  0  0
24.5-36  0  0  0  0  0  0
在最初的半分钟，阀38,46,48,52和62打开，结果，在后冷却器14中经冷却的压缩空气形成的原料空气流加至第一吸附床26使第一吸附床处于加料阶段。因为阀62也是打开的，产品从第一吸附床26排出至产品集管36。阀46和52是打开的，使第二吸附床28处于冲洗阶段。而打开的阀48使第三吸附床30处于减压阶段。
在随后的第0.5至12分钟之间的时间间隔内，第一吸附床26继续处于加料阶段。然而第二吸附床28此刻是处于再加压阶段。为此目的，阀56和58是打开以使第二吸附床28接受一部分高压的产品流。阀54和48开启使第三吸附床30处于冲洗阶段。
在第12至12.5分钟的时间间隔内，第一吸附床26处于减压状态。为此目的，阀44开启。通过将阀40和64设置在开启位置，第二吸附床28此刻处于加料阶段。第三吸附床30继续处于冲洗阶段。
在下一个时间间隔，从第12.5至24分钟，通过打开阀50和44，第一吸附床26处于冲洗阶段。通过将阀58和60置于开启位置，则第三吸附床30处于再加压阶段。
后继的下一个时间间隔，从第24至24.5分钟，通过将阀46置于开启位置，第二吸附床28处于减压阶段。同时，前已加压的第三吸附床30通过将阀42和66置于开启位置，此时处于加料阶段。
最后的时间间隔，从第24.5至36分钟，用部分从第三吸附床30产生的产品流将第一吸附床26再加压(在它回复至生产线之前)。为此目的，阀56和60置于开启位置。通过开启阀52和46，第二吸附床28此时处于冲洗阶段。
随着各床在起吸附作用后即被再生，上述参考程序不断重复。可以看到，在所说明的实施例中，每个床处于加料阶段的时间等于冲洗阶段的时间，而循环的总时间约等于冲洗阶段时间(或加料阶段时间)的三倍。
下面是一个例子，用以说明与已有技术的两床方法相比，按照本发明用预纯化单元进行变压吸附循环时所节省的吸附剂。从这一计算例可以看到，与两床法相比，本发明的三床法差不多可节省吸附剂4,808公斤。
产品：CO2=1ppm峰值
吸附剂：活性氧化铝(AA)7×12筛目颗粒
         情况(床数)     已有技术(2)    建议方法(3)
     吸附剂重量(公斤)       28,852      24,044
    吸附剂重量/床(公斤)       14,426       8,015
       床内径(米)         2.7       2.25
      床的长度(米)          3       2.4
    冲洗气/原料气％        41.5       50
      排气损耗％          1       0.5
 最大再加压流/原料流(％)          9       1.3
    加料时间，分钟         12       12
    减压时间，分钟         0.5       0.5
    冲洗时间，分钟         10        12
   再加压时间，分钟         1.5       11.5
  总的循环时间，分钟         24        36
在本例中，加料压力和温度约为3大气压和35℃。加料流率约为每分钟140标准立方米。冲洗气流的压力约为1巴(绝对)，温度约为35℃。冲洗气流的流率约为每分钟71标准方立米。
除了前述的所需吸附剂较少的优点之外，从预纯化单元16出来的产物流率的最大波动约从9.0降至1.31。这将会改进下游空气分离单元20的操作。
虽然本发明已参照较佳实施例进行描述，但是本领域的技术人员将知道，在不偏离本发明的精神和范围时，可以作出许多变化，补充和省略。

Claims (10)

1．一种综合的空气分离方法，其特征在于它包括：
通过压缩原料空气流，冷却原料空气流至适于它精馏的温度，精馏空气从而产生废气流，加温该废气流；以及
在冷却原料空气流之前，通过变压吸附方法预纯化原料空气流以产生纯化原料空气流；
变压吸附方法包括使至少三个吸附床的每一个都经历一个循环，这个循环包括一个加料阶段，吸附包含在原料空气流之内的杂质，从而产生所述的纯化的原料空气流；一个减压阶段，引发所述杂质被解吸；一个冲洗阶段完成所述杂质的解吸；以及一个再加压阶段使至少三个床层的每一个再加压；
所述的冲洗阶段是在一段持续时间内将废气流导入至少三个吸附床中的每一个床，该持续时间等于至少三个吸附床中的每一个床所经历的整个循环时间除以吸附床的总数，从而使冲洗气流连续地用于使所述吸附床经历所述的冲洗阶段。
2．如权利要求1所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述的废气流包含废氮气流。
3．如权利要求1所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述减压阶段的进行方法是通过将至少三个床中的每一个床减压至大气压。
4．如权利要求1所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述的再加压阶段的进行方法是将所述的纯化的原料空气流的一部分导入所述的至少三个床中的每一个。
5．如权利要求1所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述的吸附床的总数等于3。
6．如权利要求1所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述循环的总时间间隔等于加料阶段的加料时间间隔的三倍。
7．如权利要求6所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述冲洗阶段的持续时间等于加料阶段的持续时间。
8．如权利要求7所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述的废气流包括废氮气流。
9．如权利要求7所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述的减压阶段的进行方法是将压力减至大气压。
10．如权利要求7所述的综合空气分离方法，其特征还在于所述再加压阶段的进行方式是将一部分经纯化的原料气体流导入到至少三个床的每一个中。
CN96106672A 1995-05-24 1996-05-23 综合的空气分离方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1074938C (zh)

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