CN107484539B - Method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling heavy metal content in soil by organic corn production system - Google Patents
Method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling heavy metal content in soil by organic corn production system Download PDFInfo
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- CN107484539B CN107484539B CN201710971087.0A CN201710971087A CN107484539B CN 107484539 B CN107484539 B CN 107484539B CN 201710971087 A CN201710971087 A CN 201710971087A CN 107484539 B CN107484539 B CN 107484539B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D91/00—Methods for harvesting agricultural products
- A01D91/04—Products growing above the soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Soil Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in an organic corn production system, and belongs to the field of soil fertility improvement of organic production systems. The method changes the common mode of turning over and pressing the green manure into the soil in the organic agricultural production process, reduces the disturbance of agricultural measures to the soil and increases the accumulation capacity of nitrogen and organic matters in the soil by matching the leguminous green manure with the no-tillage technology, and changes the spreading of the organic fertilizer into strip spreading aiming at the condition that the nitrogen fixed by the leguminous green manure is difficult to meet the growth requirement of corns, so that the utilization efficiency of the organic fertilizer is improved, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is reduced, and the accumulation rate of heavy metals is controlled.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of soil fertility improvement of organic production systems, and particularly relates to a method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling heavy metal content in soil by an organic corn production system.
Background
The development of organic agriculture is indirectly promoted by the deterioration of ecological environment (soil desertification, salinization, nutrient exhaustion and the like) and food safety problems. In the past decade, world organic agriculture has grown at a rate of 20% per year, and by the end of 2014, the world's organically managed agricultural land area has reached 4370 million hectares (including land in the transition period), with 190 million hectares in china, the fourth world. Organic agriculture has been widely accepted worldwide as an effective way to improve soil fertility, control agricultural non-point source pollution and increase food safety.
In the organic agricultural production process, chemical input products such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers are forbidden, and organic fertilizers are main sources of plant nutrition. However, most of commercial organic fertilizer raw materials in China are from livestock and poultry manure of intensive farms, and the heavy metal content in the livestock and poultry manure is high, and researches show that continuous application of organic fertilizers, especially the organic fertilizers using the livestock and poultry manure as a main source, can cause environmental risks such as soil heavy metal accumulation, phosphorus leaching risk increase and soil microbial diversity reduction. Reduce because the input of exogenous fertilizer application control heavy metal total amount can control soil heavy metal's accumulation. Soil organic matter is an important index for evaluating soil quality, is closely related to crop yield, and is an important measure for maintaining soil organic matter content and crop yield by increasing input of exogenous organic matter and reducing disturbance to soil, for example: no tillage and green manure planting. The experiment assumes that the simultaneous use of these two technologies can improve soil quality more effectively than the use of a single technology.
Corn is a crop with large fertilizer demand, the application amount of organic fertilizer in an organic corn production system is more than 20t/ha, the risk of heavy metal accumulation of soil is increased after the organic fertilizer is continuously applied for many years, and once the background value exceeds the limit value of the national secondary standard of soil environment quality standard (GB15618-1995), the production of organic products is forbidden. Therefore, in order to maintain the sustainability of organic corn production, it is necessary to develop a soil fertility improvement measure capable of controlling the heavy metal content while maintaining the soil fertility of the organic corn production system.
Disclosure of Invention
1. Problems to be solved
Aiming at the problem that the soil fertility is maintained by only increasing the application amount of an organic fertilizer in the existing organic agricultural production system so as to easily cause heavy metal accumulation, the invention provides a method for an organic corn production system, which can maintain the soil fertility and control the heavy metal content in the soil, leguminous green manure fixed nitrogen elements are planted in an idle period in winter (9 months to next 4 months), when the maximum biomass is reached, the leguminous green manure is cut, corns are dibbled and the organic fertilizer is applied in strips, leguminous plants are uniformly covered on the bare ground between rows instead of being turned into the soil, the soil disturbance caused by cultivation is avoided, the degradation of organic substances is prevented from being accelerated, and the soil fertility is reduced.
2. Technical scheme
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.
A method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in an organic corn production system comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing: planting leguminous green manure in a winter fallow season, selecting seeds in the sun for 4-5 h at noon in sunny days before sowing, and then selecting seeds by using saline water with the mass concentration of 5%; uniformly broadcasting leguminous seeds according to the sowing quantity of 6-8 kg per mu and cultivating;
(2) and (4) mowing: when the cultivated legumes obtain a large biomass, the biomass ranges from about 15000kg/ha to 22500 kg/ha; cutting the leguminous plants in the same place, and continuously retaining the roots of the leguminous plants in the soil;
(3) planting: selecting a close planting resistant corn variety with moderate growth period, loose bracts, insect resistance and high lodging resistance, and then dibbling the corn variety;
(4) organic fertilizer application: when the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is less than or equal to 1.5 percent, the organic fertilizer is applied to the soil for corn planting according to 500kg per mu; when the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the organic fertilizer is applied to the soil for corn planting according to 300kg per mu;
(5) green manure coverage: after the organic fertilizer obtained in the step (4) is applied, uniformly covering the leguminous plants cut in the step (2) on the bare ground between the corn planting lines;
(6) field management: carrying out artificial final singling when the corn grows to 3-5 leaf stages; meanwhile, in the corn growth process, management is completely carried out in an organic mode;
(7) harvesting: after the corn grows for 4 +/-0.5 months, the corn is harvested after the corn is completely mature, and the harvested clusters are aired, threshed, cleaned and warehoused.
Preferably, the idle season in step (1) is 9 months to 10 months of the year.
Preferably, the leguminous plants in step (1) are arrow pea, broad bean or mung bean.
Preferably, the dibbling corn variety in the step (3) is sown in a row plant mode of 60cm × 40cm or 50cm × 50cm, the sowing depth is 4 cm-6 cm, and 2-3 seeds are sown in each plant.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer in the step (4) is preferably livestock manure for organic cultivation or crop straws of an organic planting system, if the organic fertilizer cannot be obtained, commercial organic fertilizer is purchased in the market, but the organic fertilizer needs to be evaluated by an organic certification authority, and the organic fertilizer needs to meet the standard requirements of NY 525-2012.
Preferably, in order to fully exert the fertility of the organic fertilizer in the step (4), the organic fertilizer is applied by mechanically ditching and strip-applying at a position which is 5-10 cm away from the corn row, and the application depth is about 10 cm.
Preferably, the covering in the step (5) is the full-amount uniform covering of the green manure straws.
Preferably, the water holding capacity of the field in the jointing stage and the tasseling stage in the corn growth process in the step (6) is kept to be 70-80%.
Preferably, the selection standard of the cleaning and warehousing in the step (7) is that the moisture content of grains is lower than 13% of safe moisture content, and the grains are stored under ventilation condition, otherwise, the mold is bred.
3. Advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method realizes the matching use of the no-tillage technology and the leguminous green manure planting, changes the traditional application mode of turning over and pressing the green manure into soil into surface covering, can reduce the disturbance to the soil as much as possible while providing nitrogen for crops, and maintains the soil fertility for a longer time;
(2) the method can control the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil by reducing the application amount of the exogenous organic fertilizer, maintain the soil fertility, and particularly has obvious improvement effect on soil organic matters, soil nitrogen content and soil microorganism activity;
(3) according to the method, the leguminous green manure is planted in the idle winter stage from 9 months to 4 months in the next year, and the method is matched with a no-tillage technology, so that the green manure straw coverage plays roles in water retention, entropy retention and weed growth inhibition, and the huge labor investment of manual weeding in the organic agricultural production process is reduced;
(4) the invention takes the leguminous green manure straws as the cover crops, can provide habitat for natural enemies of pests, and effectively reduces the occurrence of the pests;
(5) the invention improves the traditional application mode of the organic fertilizer in the organic agricultural production process, changes the broadcast application into strip application, improves the utilization rate of the organic fertilizer, reduces the input amount of the organic fertilizer by about 1/2, saves the input cost of enterprises, reduces the agricultural non-point source pollution and has economic and environmental benefits.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
The technical mode related to the invention has been fully verified by field tests for 3 years in four villages base of Jiangyang agroecological Limited company in the Yangxi province of Jiangyang. The physicochemical properties of the soil layer (0-20 cm) are shown in Table 1. Four treatments of no-tillage and no-seed green manure (ZT), no-tillage and no-seed green manure (ZG), conventional farming and no-seed green manure (CT) and conventional farming and seed green manure (CG) are designed, three treatments are set for each treatment, 12 cells are formed in total, and the specification of each cell is 4m multiplied by 6 m.
TABLE 1 physical and chemical indexes of soil plough layer (0-20 cm)
Adopting a crop rotation mode of green manure (leguminous)/corn in winter, sowing the vetch in the bottom of 9 months every year in three years of 2013-2016, wherein the sowing amount is 6kg per mu, cutting the vetch in the middle of 4 months in the next year, then dibbling the corn, and planting 100 corns in each cell. And (5) carrying out artificial final singling when the jade is about 40cm long. The method comprises the steps of carrying out no-tillage and no-planting green manure (ZT) and no-tillage and no-planting green manure (ZG) treatment by adopting mechanical ditching and strip application of organic fertilizers, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizers is 6t/ha per year, the application depth is about 10cm, while the application amount of the organic fertilizers is 15t/ha per year, carrying out tillage after the CT treatment of the applied organic fertilizers, carrying out CG treatment of mixed tillage of the green fertilizers and the organic fertilizers, and the tillage depth is about 15-20 cm. In the growth process of the corn, management is completely carried out according to an organic mode, artificial weeding is carried out, and pesticides with biological sources, plant sources and mineral sources are sprayed for pest control.
(1) Returning fresh weight of Arrowse
TABLE 2 field-returning fresh weight of differently processed Arrowse peas
Note: different lower case letters after the same column of data indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
As shown in table 2, the total amount of returned green manure was somewhat increased between ZG treatment in the second and third years compared to CG treatment, but the difference was not significant.
(2) Soil sample collection and processing
And (5) collecting soil samples after harvesting the corns in the third year. Randomly selecting 3 points in a community, collecting a soil sample of 0-20 cm by using a sampler, mixing, evenly dividing into two parts by adopting a quartering method, preserving one part in a refrigerator at 4 ℃, and naturally drying the other part. And (3) measuring the activities of soil organic matters, soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus and soil microorganisms.
(3) Difference in fertility of different treated soils
TABLE 3 difference in soil fertility for different treatments
Note: different lower case letters after the same row of data indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
As shown in Table 3, after 3 years of field experiments, when no-tillage and green manure technologies are matched for use and the organic fertilizer is applied in a strip mode (ZG treatment), the organic matter content, total nitrogen content and soil microbial activity of the soil respectively reach 14.07g/kg, 1.01g/kg and 67.21mg of fluorescein/kg dry soil/h, and the organic fertilizer, the total nitrogen content and the soil microbial activity are respectively increased by 16.96%, 16.09% and 26.45% compared with the organic agriculture habitual operation mode (CT treatment).
(4) Heavy metal content of different treated soil
As shown in table 4: through field tests for 3 years, the contents of Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni in the organic agriculture habitual fertilizing amount (CT and CG treatment) are obviously increased, and a certain degree of environmental risk is caused.
TABLE 4 heavy metal content of different treated soils
Note: different lower case letters after the same row of data indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in an organic corn production system is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing: planting leguminous green manure in a winter fallow season, selecting seeds in the sun for 4-5 h at noon in sunny days before sowing, and then selecting seeds by using saline water with the mass concentration of 5%; uniformly broadcasting leguminous seeds according to the sowing quantity of 6-8 kg per mu and cultivating;
(2) and (4) mowing: when the cultivated legumes obtain a large biomass, the biomass ranges from about 15000kg/ha to 22500 kg/ha; cutting the leguminous plants in the same place, and continuously retaining the roots of the leguminous plants in the soil;
(3) planting: selecting a close planting resistant corn variety with moderate growth period, loose bracts, insect resistance and high lodging resistance, and then dibbling the corn variety;
(4) organic fertilizer application: when the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is less than or equal to 1.5 percent, the organic fertilizer is applied to the soil for corn planting according to 500kg per mu; when the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the organic fertilizer is applied to the soil for corn planting according to 300kg per mu;
the organic fertilizer in the step (4) is preferably selected from livestock manure for organic cultivation or crop straws of an organic planting system, if the organic fertilizer cannot be obtained, commercial organic fertilizer is purchased in the market, but the organic fertilizer needs to be evaluated by an organic certification authority, and the organic fertilizer needs to meet the standard requirements of NY 525-2012;
in the step (4), in order to fully exert the fertility of the organic fertilizer, mechanical ditching and strip application are adopted at the position with the distance of about 5-10 cm between the organic fertilizer and the corn line, and the fertilizing depth is about 10 cm;
(5) green manure coverage: after the organic fertilizer obtained in the step (4) is applied, uniformly covering the leguminous plants cut in the step (2) on the bare ground between the corn planting lines;
(6) field management: carrying out artificial final singling when the corn grows to 3-5 leaf stages; meanwhile, in the corn growth process, management is completely carried out in an organic mode;
(7) harvesting: after the corn grows for 4 +/-0.5 months, the corn is harvested after the corn is completely mature, and the harvested clusters are aired, threshed, cleaned and warehoused.
2. The method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in the organic corn production system according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the idle season of the winter in the step (1) is 9 months to 10 months of the year.
3. The method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in the organic corn production system according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the leguminous plants in the step (1) are arrow-tongue peas, broad beans or mung beans and the like.
4. The method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in organic corn production system according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the dibbling corn variety in the step (3) is specifically sown in a row of 60cm × 40cm or 50cm × 50cm manner, the sowing depth is 4 cm-6 cm, and 2-3 seeds are sown in each row.
5. The method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in the organic corn production system according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (5) uniformly covering the whole amount of the green manure straws.
6. The method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in organic corn production system according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (4) keeping the field water holding capacity at 70-80% in the jointing stage and the emasculation stage in the corn growth process in the step (6).
7. The method for maintaining soil fertility and controlling soil heavy metal content in organic corn production system according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (4) selecting the cleaning and warehousing in the step (7) according to the standard that the grain moisture content is lower than 13% of safe moisture content, and storing under the ventilation condition, otherwise, breeding mould.
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