CN107480884B - 一种多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,针对多闸坝平原河流生物栖息地特征,以鱼类越冬期生境需求为基础,所述方法具体包含:首先对研究区域鱼类资源现状进行调查,确定生态流量计算的备选鱼类,然后采用层次分析方法进一步筛选目标鱼类;针对筛选出的目标鱼类通过室内水温响应实验及历史资料收集,建立目标鱼类越冬期对水温的定量响应曲线;根据河流温度垂直分布特征,结合目标物种越冬场生境需求确定保证目标鱼类安全越冬的生态水位,采用水量平衡公式计算维持生态水位所需流量。该发明可指导多闸坝平原河流生态修复及保护,对流域水资源规划及配置具有重要的理论与实践意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水利技术领域,尤其涉及一种多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法。
背景技术
河流是地球生命的支持系统,是物质传递和能量流动的重要通道。河流蕴藏着丰富的水资源和水能资源,拦河闸坝是人类开发利用河流资源的重要的方式之一。为了满足社会经济发展需要,人类在河流上修建了大量的闸坝工程。闸坝运行在带来巨大社会经济效益的同时,改变了河流原有的物质场和能量场,直接影响生源要素在河流中的生物地球化学行为,进而改变河流生态系统的物种组成、栖息地分布以及相应的生态功能。修复受损河流生态系统,对保障社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义,已经成为水资源开发利用中迫切需要解决的问题。生态流量是保证河流生态功能的最基本要素,也是近年来国际水利科学界广泛关注的热点,建立了包括水文学法、水力学法、栖息地法、综合法及组合分析法等生态流量推求方法。但是,针对多闸坝平原河流生态流量的确定尚缺乏较为完善的计算方法。
多闸坝平原河流管理已经从资源利用进入生态修复阶段,生态流量推求作为生态修复的重要手段还处于初步研究阶段,推求方法多采用水文法或水力学法,以生物生境需求为基础的多闸坝平原河流生态流量推求方法相对较少。尤其在冬季多闸坝平原河流流速很小甚至为零,现有的河流生态流量计算理论与方法很难适用。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明围绕多闸坝平原河流鱼类越冬场的保护,针对该类型河流冬季可能出现的流速很小甚至为零生态流量推求困难的问题,提供一种多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法。
技术方案:本发明所述的多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,包括:
(1)对研究区域开展鱼类资源现状调查,然后采用层次分析方法筛选目标鱼类;
(2)针对筛选出的目标鱼类,通过室内胁迫实验及历史资料收集,建立目标鱼类对水温T的定量响应关系曲线f1(T);
(3)建立研究区域的垂直水温T与水位H之间的变化关系式f2(H);
(4)基于水量动态平衡原则,建立研究区域所需水量Wi与水域面积Ai、月蒸发水量Ei和月降雨量Pi之间的水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi);
(5)根据目标鱼类对水温的响应关系曲线f1(T)确定目标鱼类越冬所需最低水温Tmin,然后依据Tmin采用关系式f2(H)得出可以保证鱼类安全越冬的生态水位Heco,再根据生态水位Heco采用水力学模型计算研究区域水域面积Aeco,最后根据水域面积Aeco采用水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)计算当月保持生态水位所需水量Weco,再将所需水量Weco除以时间即得到所需生态流量。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)具体包括:
(1-1)鱼类资源现状调查:鱼类资源现状调查不仅要掌握鱼类的种群数量,还要测定鱼类群体的结构生态状况,掌握渔业利用情况,研究鱼类种群和数量变动规律,以判断资源现状及其变化趋势。依据研究区域鱼类资源现状及历史资料,确定多闸坝平原河流生态流量计算备选鱼类。
(1-2)目标物种筛选:根据鱼类生物学特性制定筛选原则,对备选鱼类运用层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算各备选种类的排序权值,筛选研究区域对生境要求具有代表性的目标物种。
进一步的,所述步骤(3)中的水位T与水位H之间的变化关系式f2(H)具体为:
式中,m为月份,Tb为月平均水底水温,单位℃;T0为月平均表层水温,单位℃;TH为水深H处的月平均水温,单位℃。
进一步的,所述步骤(4)中的水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)具体为:
Wi=f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)==Ai(Ei-Pi)
式中,Wi为当年i月的所需水量;Ai为水域面积;Ei为月蒸发水量;Pi为月降雨量。
进一步的,所述步骤(5)中
研究区域水域面积Aeco的计算式为:
其中,A0表示平均水域面积,表示水域面积随水位的变化率。
进一步的,所述步骤(5)中当月保持生态水位所需水量Weco的计算式为:
Weco=Aeco(Ei-Pi)。
有益效果:本发明与现有技术相比,其显著优点是:
(1)多闸坝平原河流冬季流速很小甚至为零,栖息地特征对流量变化不敏感,采用栖息地空间特性与流量响应关系推求生态流量传统栖息地法很难适用,因此,以鱼类生境需求为基础的多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量的推求存在困难。采用水量平衡法计算有效解决上述问题。
(2)结合多闸坝平原河流栖息地特性,水量平衡法计算出的生态流量结果在同样满足目标物种生境需求情况下量值较小,尤其在冬季枯水期可以有效减缓水资源调度压力,提高可达性。
附图说明
图1是本发明的一个实施例的流程示意图;
图2是各月表层水温和河底水温示意图;
图3是各月水温随水深的变量示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,本实施例的多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)对研究区域开展鱼类资源现状调查,然后采用层次分析方法筛选目标鱼类。
该步骤具体包括:
(1-1)鱼类资源现状调查:鱼类资源现状调查不仅要掌握鱼类的种群数量,还要测定鱼类群体的结构生态状况,掌握渔业利用情况,研究鱼类种群和数量变动规律,以判断资源现状及其变化趋势。依据研究区域鱼类资源现状及历史资料,确定多闸坝平原河流生态流量计算备选鱼类。
具体采集鱼类标本时,原则上要采集调查水域的全部种类。对于常见鱼类和经济鱼类,主要从当地的渔业捕捞中获得;对于非捕捞水体、非经济鱼类或者稀有和珍贵鱼类,则需要通过专门的采捕而获得;还可以通过当地水产市场、餐馆和休闲垂钓等途径补充采集。同时收集历史鱼类资源调查数据,最终选取渔获物中出现一定次数以上鱼类作为目标鱼类的备选对象。
(1-2)目标物种筛选:根据鱼类生物学特性制定筛选原则,对备选鱼类运用层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算各备选种类的排序权值,筛选研究区域对生境要求具有代表性的目标物种。
对研究区域备选鱼类从产卵环境和摄食环境等方面进行筛选研究,运用层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算各备选鱼类的排序权值,最后筛选研究区域对生境要求具有代表性的目标鱼类为鳊鱼。鳊鱼,淡水鱼种之一,是“长春鳊”“三角鲂”“团头鲂(注:即武昌鱼)”等的统称,鲤科,鳊亚科。鳊鱼是典型的草食性鱼类,其食物组成的季节变化基本与湖中水生植物的季节性盛衰相一致,位于营养级中层。同时,鳊鱼产卵时要求一定的流水环境,对生境要求相对较高。
(2)针对筛选出的目标鱼类,通过室内胁迫实验及历史资料收集,建立目标鱼类对水温T的定量响应关系曲线f1(T)。
鱼类经过夏秋季节的索饵,大都长得身体肥壮,有的体内贮积大量脂肪。每年入秋以后,天气转冷,水温随之下降,同时河道流量逐渐减少,水位下降,透明度增大,饵料减少,此时在不同深度、不同环境中觅食的主要经济鱼类,逐渐受气候等各种内外因素变化的影响进入深水区越冬。当表层水温10℃左右时,鱼类都纷纷进入越冬场,由于越冬场深水处的水温相比表层水温高而恒定(越冬场底层水温较表层高0.5℃-1℃),越冬场水深一般10米以上,最深的达25-30米。因此,水温是鱼类越冬的关键环境因子。室内胁迫实验表明,当温度低于5℃或高于35℃时鳊鱼将死亡,因此可得到目标物种鳊鱼对水温T的定量响应关系曲线f1(T)。
(3)建立研究区域的垂直水温T与水位H之间的变化关系式f2(H)。
其中,f2(H)采用东勘院水温与水位的垂直分布关系公式,具体为:
式中,m为月份,Tb为月平均水底水温,单位℃;T0为月平均表层水温,单位℃;TH为水深H处的月平均水温,单位℃。采用研究区域气象站的气象资料,查河底水温和表层水温T0沿纬度的分布曲线,可得某典型多闸坝平原河流关键断面的月平均河底水温Tb与水面表层水温T0(图2)。水位H处月平均水温TH垂直分布见图3。
(4)基于水量动态平衡原则,建立研究区域所需水量Wi与月水域面积Ai、月蒸发水量Ei和月降雨量Pi之间的水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi),具体为:Wi=f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)==Ai(Ei-Pi)式中,Wi为当年i月的所需水量。
其推导过程为:对于研究区域水量平衡计算不考虑区间的取水工程,采用公式如下:
ΔW=P+Rin-Rf-E+ΔWg
其中,ΔW表示某段时间内研究河段水量的变化;P表示降雨量;Rin表示区间入流量;Rf表示区间出流量;ΔWg表示地下水交换变化量。对于一个特定区域全年的区域流量一般变化不大,即ΔW≈0,地下水交换是一个动态平衡的过程,可以认为ΔWg≈0,则区域内水量损耗为水面蒸发量。根据以上分析,可以将上述公式改写为:
Wi=Ai(Ei-Pi)
(5)根据目标鱼类对水温的响应关系曲线f1(T)确定目标鱼类越冬所需最低水温Tmin,然后依据Tmin采用关系式f2(H)得出可以保证鱼类安全越冬的生态水位Heco,再根据生态水位Heco采用水力学模型计算研究区域水域面积Aeco,最后根据水域面积Aeco采用水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)计算当月保持生态水位所需水量Weco,再将所需水量Weco除以时间即得到所需生态流量。
例如,对于鳊鱼,根据定量响应关系曲线f1(T)可以得知目标物种越冬场所需求的最低水温Tmin为5℃,根据Tmin=5℃采用关系式f2(H)确定越冬场所需求的12月最低水位eco为15m,再根据最低水位Heco=15m采用水力学模型计算得到研究区域水域面积Aeco,计算得到水域面积Aeco为39.7km2,最后根据区域水域面积Aeco带入水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi),获取各月蒸发量和降水量,计算得到12月维持当前河流栖息地状态所需最小流量Weco=Aeco(Ei-Pi),i=12,12月有31天,所以除以31*12*3600(s),最后流量单位为m3/s。
在水量平衡计算时,考虑最不利情况(只考虑蒸发损失),蒸发量采用计算时段月平均值(表1),最终冬季四个月的平均需求最小流量为。
表1中国某典型多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量计算结果
以上所揭露的仅为本发明一种较佳实施例而已,不能以此来限定本发明之权利范围,因此依本发明权利要求所作的等同变化,仍属本发明所涵盖的范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,其特征在于该方法包括:
(1)对研究区域开展鱼类资源现状调查,然后采用层次分析方法筛选目标鱼类;
(2)针对筛选出的目标鱼类,通过室内胁迫实验及历史资料收集,建立目标鱼类对水温T的定量响应关系曲线f1(T);
(3)建立研究区域的垂直水温T与水位H之间的变化关系式f2(H),具体为:
式中,m为月份,Tb为月平均水底水温,单位℃;T0为月平均表层水温,单位℃;TH为水深H处的月平均水温,单位℃;
(4)基于水量动态平衡原则,建立研究区域所需水量Wi与水域面积Ai、月蒸发水量Ei和月降雨量Pi之间的水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)
(5)根据目标鱼类对水温的响应关系曲线f1(T)确定目标鱼类越冬所需最低水温Tmin,然后依据Tmin采用关系式f2(H)得出可以保证鱼类安全越冬的生态水位Heco,再根据生态水位Heco采用水力学模型计算研究区域水域面积Aeco,计算式为:最后根据水域面积Aeco采用水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)计算当月保持生态水位所需水量Weco,再将所需水量Weco除以时间即得到所需生态流量,其中,A0表示平均水域面积,表示水域面积随水位的变化率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)具体包括:
(1-1)鱼类资源现状调查:依据研究区域鱼类资源现状及历史资料,确定多闸坝平原河流生态流量计算备选鱼类;
(1-2)目标物种筛选:根据鱼类生物学特性制定筛选原则,对备选鱼类运用层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算各备选种类的排序权值,筛选研究区域对生态环境要求具有代表性的目标物种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(4)中的水量平衡关系式f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)具体为:
Wi=f3(Ai,Ei,Pi)=Ai(Ei-Pi)
式中,Wi为当年i月的所需水量;Ai为i月水域面积;Ei为i月蒸发水量;Pi为i月降雨量。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多闸坝平原河流冬季生态流量推求方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(5)中当月保持生态水位所需水量Weco的计算式为:
Weco=Aeco(Ei-Pi)。
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