CN107439179A - The screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling and the container seedling obtained using it - Google Patents
The screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling and the container seedling obtained using it Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The present invention discloses the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for a kind of cultivation of container seedling and the container seedling obtained using it, it is related to cultivation of container seedling technical field, the technical problem that the nutritional factors condition of suitable different tree species and can not obtaining stablizes high-quality container seedling can be obtained without unified method in the prior art to improve.The screening technique of nutritional factors, comprises the following steps needed for the cultivation of inventive container seedling：Container seedling is cultivated under Different Nutrition key element condition；Measure the component content of the phenotypic growth parameter value of container seedling, biomass and nutrient pool；Calculate the membership values of phenotype growth parameter(s) value, biomass and nutrient pool component content respectively using Subordinate Function, screening obtains the condition of nutritional factors needed for corresponding cultivation of container seedling.Screening technique of the present invention breaches the key technology that big size containers seedling is cultivated, and theoretical foundation can be provided for the breeding method of big size containers seedling, while can provide premise and guarantee for the efficient construction of rare tree artificial forest.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to cultivation of container seedling technical field, in particular to nutritional factors needed for a kind of cultivation of container seedling
Screening technique and the container seedling that obtains using it.
Background technology
Rare tree species resources reserve is put into national strategy plan, and the cultivation for strengthening precious timber is to alleviate and solve as early as possible
The important channel of China's precious timber shortage.
At present, domestic and international widely used container seedling forestation, particularly rare tree, because afforestation seedling growth at initial stage is built
It is relatively slow, can not be with weed competition, raw container seedling forestation effect is poor within 1 year, and Tending cost is higher, therefore for the precious tree of construction
The artificial forest of kind is, it is necessary to using big specification (2-3 lifes) container seedling forestation.But in the prior art, the big raw container seedling of specification
Cultivating techniques are immature, lack the scientific and reasonable means and method for obtaining and stablizing high-quality container seedling.In addition, for variety classes
Rare tree, the nutritional factors condition for being adapted to corresponding seeds can be also obtained without unified method, therefore how to provide one
The screening technique of nutritional factors and application needed for kind cultivation of container seedling, will to filter out the nutrition of suitable variety classes rare tree
Plain condition, and obtain and stablize high-quality container seedling, turn into the technical problem that those skilled in the art are badly in need of solving.
In view of this, it is special to propose the present invention.
The content of the invention
First purpose of the present invention is the screening technique for providing nutritional factors needed for a kind of cultivation of container seedling, to improve
It can obtain being adapted to the nutritional factors condition and can not obtaining of different tree species to stablize without unified method in the prior art high-quality
The technical problem of container seedling.
Second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of nutritional factors condition for applying screening technique of the present invention to select training
Obtained container seedling is educated, the nutritional factors condition that the container seedling is filtered out with the present invention cultivates to obtain, and not only phenotypic growth is preferable,
And nutrient pool is relatively abundant, is high-quality big size containers seedling.
In order to realize the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, spy uses following technical scheme：
The present invention provides a kind of screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling, comprises the following steps：In different battalion
Support and cultivate container seedling under key element condition；Measure the component content of the phenotypic growth parameter value of container seedling, biomass and nutrient pool；Adopt
Calculate the membership values of phenotype growth parameter(s) value, biomass and nutrient pool component content respectively with Subordinate Function, screening obtains pair
Answer the condition of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling of the present invention, Different Nutrition key element condition
Including Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling of the present invention, phenotypic growth parameter includes
Height of seedling and ground diameter.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling of the present invention, the component content of nutrient pool
N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations including container seedling.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of inventive container seedling, N accumulations=N concentration × biology
Amount, P accumulations=P concentration × biomass.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling of the present invention, the calculation formula of membership values
For：Membership values=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin) × 100%；Wherein, X be sample single desired value, XminFor in the desired value
Minimum value, XmaxFor the maximum in the desired value.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling of the present invention, the calculation formula of membership values
For：Membership values=[1- (X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)] × 100%；Wherein, X be sample single desired value, XminFor the index
Minimum value in value, XmaxFor the maximum in the desired value.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling of the present invention, the screening technique also wraps
The step of including the average value for the membership values for calculating height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations.
Further, the present invention provides a kind of screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling, comprises the following steps：
Annual seedling is transplanted in container and cultivated, different nutritional factors conditions is set, obtains container seedling sample；Measure container seedling
Height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and the P accumulations of sample；Seedling is calculated using Subordinate Function respectively
Height, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, the membership values of N accumulations and P accumulations；Same nutritional factors condition is calculated respectively
Lower height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, the average value of the membership values of N accumulations and P accumulations, screening obtain correspondingly
The condition of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling.
Meanwhile the present invention provides a kind of container seedling, the container seedling is using nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of said vesse seedling
The nutritional factors condition that screening technique filters out cultivates to obtain.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention are：
(1) screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of inventive container seedling is by rationally setting different nutrients to want bar
Part, after the container seedling obtained to plantation carries out detection index of correlation, evaluated using membership values index, so as to be trained
Educate the nutritional factors condition of high-quality container seedling.The screening technique is scientific and reasonable, can be provided to cultivate different types of container seedling
The screening technique of unified nutritional factors condition, stablize high-quality container seedling so as to be advantageous to obtain.Container seedling is production of forestry
A kind of middle important nursery stock type, cultivation of the nutrient loading for container seedling is key problem.Screening technique of the present invention breaches
The key technology that big size containers seedling is cultivated, can provide theoretical foundation for the breeding method of big size containers seedling, while can
Premise and guarantee are provided for the efficient construction of rare tree artificial forest.
(2) obtained under the conditions of the nutritional factors that the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for application container seedling cultivation of the present invention is selected
Container seedling, not only phenotypic growth is preferable, and nutrient pool is relatively abundant, is high-quality big size containers seedling, is advantageously implemented preciousness
The big size containers seedling afforestation project of seeds, also provides effective way for rare tree resources reserve.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly of technical scheme, below by the required accompanying drawing used in specific embodiment
Simply illustrate.
Fig. 1 is influence of the Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity to different tree species container seedling biomass of individual tree；
Fig. 2 is Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Influences of the P to different tree species container seedling biomass of individual tree；
Fig. 3 is influence of the Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity to different tree species container seedling individual plant N accumulations；
Fig. 4 is influence of the Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity to different tree species container seedling individual plant P accumulations；
Fig. 5 is Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Influences of the P to different tree species container seedling individual plant N accumulations；
Fig. 6 is Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Influences of the P to different tree species container seedling individual plant P accumulations.
Embodiment
Embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with embodiment and embodiment, but this area skill
Art personnel will be understood that following embodiments and embodiment are merely to illustrate the present invention, and be not construed as the model of the limitation present invention
Enclose.Unreceipted actual conditions person in embodiment, the condition suggested according to normal condition or manufacturer are carried out.Agents useful for same or instrument
The unreceipted production firm person of device, it is the conventional products that can be obtained by commercially available purchase.
In order to realize the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, spy uses following technical scheme：
According to an aspect of the present invention, embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of sieve of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling
Choosing method, comprise the following steps：Container seedling is cultivated under Different Nutrition key element condition；Measure the phenotypic growth parameter of container seedling
The component content of value, biomass and nutrient pool；Calculate phenotype growth parameter(s) value, biomass and nutrient respectively using Subordinate Function
The membership values of bin contents content, screening obtain the condition of nutritional factors needed for corresponding cultivation of container seedling.
The screening technique of nutritional factors is by rationally setting difference needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides
Nutrient want condition, after carrying out detection index of correlation to the obtained container seedling of plantation, evaluated using membership values index, from
And it can obtain cultivating the nutritional factors condition of high-quality container seedling.The screening technique is scientific and reasonable, can be to cultivate variety classes
Container seedling the screening technique of unified nutritional factors condition is provided, stablize high-quality container seedling so as to be advantageous to obtain.Container
Seedling is a kind of important nursery stock type in production of forestry, and cultivation of the nutrient loading for container seedling is key problem.Present invention sieve
Choosing method breaches the key technology that big size containers seedling is cultivated, can be provided for the breeding method of big size containers seedling theory according to
According to, while premise and guarantee can be provided for the efficient construction of rare tree artificial forest.
Container seedling is the nursery stock using various cultivation containers.Nursery stock is of different sizes, then the specification of container is also different.In this hair
In bright, big size containers seedling refers to using volume as 100cm3And the container of the above plants obtained nursery stock.It is for example, of the invention
In big size containers seedling is typical but the non-limiting container seedling for southerm yew, Zhejiang camphor tree or Phoebe chekiangensis.
Southerm yew (Taxuswallichiana var.mairei (Lem é etH.L é veill é) L.K.Fu et Nan
Li), Zhejiang camphor tree (CinnamomumchekiangenseSieb) and Phoebe chekiangensis (Phoebe chekiangensisC.B.Shang)
It is the rare tree that south China provinces and regions are given priority to.Southerm yew has been listed in national I grade of rare endangered plants,
Integrate medicinal, timber-used and the various value such as view and admire.Zhejiang camphor tree is the distinctive rare tree species in China, and its material is excellent, stem body
It is logical straight and tree-like attractive in appearance, it is also suitable for doing shade tree and Landscape Trees.Phoebe chekiangensis is one kind of nanmu, element so that material is excellent and
Well-known, NATURAL DISTRIBUTION is in provinces such as Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, because its is dry-shaped straight, tree body is grand and the grain of wood is fine and close, bevel
It is smooth, it can be used as the clear lumber of shade tree, landscape tree, senior building and furniture.
Alternatively, in embodiment of the present invention, the formula of seedling medium is：According to volume ratio, the husk of 40% peat+30%
+ 30% yellow mud, slow-release fertilizer of the fertilizer used for purchase from Shandong large group of Nintaus, the U.S. plant that container for plant growth is 18cm × 20cm
Bag.
Specifically, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, difference battalion
Supporting key element condition includes Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P.Nutritional factors condition needed for different tree species is different, passes through analysis
Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:The influence of growths and nutrient pool structure of the P to seeds, can be obtained for different tree species
Preferable nutritional factors condition, so as to provide scientific basis for the cultivation of big size containers seedling.Screening technique of the present invention is applied to
The container seedling of different tree species, method is simple, reliable and stable, easily implements.
Alternatively, it is that Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is respectively 1.5kg/m that nutritional factors condition is typical but non-limiting3、 2.5kg/
m3、3.5kg/m3And 4.5kg/m3；The N of Controlled Release Fertilizer:P is respectively 1.75:1、2.25:1、2.75:1 and 3.25:1, different N:P's
In Controlled Release Fertilizer N and P nutrient content be corresponding in turn to for：170g·kg-1And 90gkg-1、160g·kg-1And 70gkg-1、
170g·kg-1And 60gkg-1And 190gkg-1And 60gkg-1。
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, phenotype life
Long parameter includes height of seedling and ground diameter.
Ground diameter is that a term of measurement position is represented in forestry survey, is commonly referred to as seedling stem at ground surface
Diameter.In the present invention, ground diameter refers to seedling stem and is located at diameter at container stromal surface.
, can be from apparent understanding Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N by determining the height of seedling of container seedling and the change of ground diameter:
Influences of the P to container seedling growth situation, so as to instruct the cultivation to different tree species container seedling to set suitable nutritional factors condition.
Alternatively, in the present invention, biomass refers to the biomass sum of the root of sample, stem and leaf three parts.It is specific to survey
Amount method is：Container seedling is divided into root, stem and leaf three parts, is respectively placed in 105 DEG C of baking ovens the 30min that finishes, then at 68 DEG C
Constant weight is dried to, determines the dry weight of three parts respectively, and biomass is calculated.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, nutrient pool
Component content include N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and the P accumulations of container seedling.
By the measure to the N concentration of container seedling, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, Controlled Release Fertilizer can be further appreciated that
Loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:The influence that P is built to the nutrient pool of different tree species container seedling, so as to know staff to difference
Carry out reasonably applying fertilizer and managing during cultivation of container seedling.
Alternatively, the N method for measurement of concentration of container seedling is：The dry weight of sample is weighed, first using H2SO4-H2O2Method is to sample
Product disappear boiling, kjeldahl apparatus measure N content, then are calculated by formula N concentration=sample N content/sample quality；Hold
The P method for measurement of concentration of device seedling is：Sample dry weight is weighed, first using H2SO4-H2O2Method disappear boiling to sample, the anti-colorimetric of molybdenum antimony
Method determines P content, then is calculated by formula P concentration=sample P content/sample quality.
Specifically, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, N accumulations
=N concentration × biomass, P accumulations=P concentration × biomass.
Alternatively, in individual plant sample root in N accumulations=individual plant sample root N concentration × individual plant sample root biomass, it is single
In strain sample stem in N accumulations=individual plant sample stem N concentration × individual plant sample stem biomass, N accumulations in individual plant sample leaf
The biomass of N concentration × individual plant sample leaf in=individual plant sample leaf, N in individual plant sample N accumulations=individual plant sample root, stem and leaf
Accumulation sum, individual plant sample N concentration=individual plant sample N accumulations/individual plant sample biomass.
Alternatively, in individual plant sample root in P accumulations=individual plant sample root P concentration × individual plant sample root biomass, it is single
In strain sample stem in P accumulations=individual plant sample stem P concentration × individual plant sample stem biomass, P accumulations in individual plant sample leaf
The biomass of P concentration × individual plant sample leaf in=individual plant sample leaf, P in individual plant sample P accumulation=individual plant sample root, stem and leaf
Accumulation sum, individual plant sample P concentration=individual plant sample P accumulation/individual plant sample biomass.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, for list
Situation of one index with seedling growth in positive relationship, the calculation formula of membership values are：Membership values=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)
× 100%；Wherein, X be sample single desired value, XminFor the minimum value in the desired value, XmaxFor in the desired value most
Big value.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, for list
Situation of one index with seedling growth in inverse relationship, the calculation formula of membership values are：Membership values=[1- (X-Xmin)/(Xmax-
Xmin)] × 100%；Wherein, X be sample single desired value, XminFor the minimum value in the desired value, XmaxFor in the desired value
Maximum.
Alternatively, in the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides, in addition to
Calculate the membership values of height of seedling under the conditions of same nutritional factors, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations
Average value the step of.
According to the Subordinate Function of fuzzy mathematics, height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulation are calculated respectively
The membership values of amount and P accumulations, then the average value of corresponding membership values is calculated respectively, average value shows more greatly corresponding nutritional factors
Under the conditions of container seedling upgrowth situation it is more excellent.
In the present invention, when calculating the average value of membership values, only calculate and phenotypic growth parameter (height of seedling and ground diameter) and biology
The membership values of the significant N concentration of correlation, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations are measured, then calculate corresponding height of seedling, ground diameter, biology
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations.
Preferably, embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling, including such as
Lower step：Annual non-woven bag is planted into container seedling go after bag to be transplanted in big size containers and cultivate, different nutrition is set
Key element condition, obtain container seedling sample；Measure height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, the N accumulations of container seedling sample
With P accumulations；Calculate height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations respectively using Subordinate Function
Membership values；Height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P are accumulated under the conditions of calculating same nutritional factors respectively
The average value of the membership values of tired amount, screening obtain the condition of nutritional factors needed for corresponding cultivation of container seedling.
The screening technique of nutritional factors is by rationally setting difference needed for the cultivation of container seedling that embodiment of the present invention provides
Nutrient want condition, detection height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations are carried out to the obtained container seedling of plantation
After accumulating figureofmerit with P, evaluated using membership values index, so as to obtain cultivating the nutritional factors bar of high-quality container seedling
Part.The screening technique is scientific and reasonable, and the screening of unified nutritional factors condition can be provided for the different types of container seedling of cultivation
Method, stablize high-quality container seedling so as to be advantageous to obtain.Container seedling is a kind of important nursery stock type, nutrient in production of forestry
The cultivation loaded for container seedling is key problem.Screening technique of the present invention breaches 2-3 and gives birth to what big size containers seedling was cultivated
Key technology, theoretical foundation can be provided for the breeding method of big size containers seedling, while can be rare tree artificial forest
Efficiently construction provides premise and guarantee.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of screening technique of the present invention, using certain rare tree as object, annual nothing is selected
Spinning cloth bag, which is planted after container seedling removes bag, to be transplanted in big specification container for plant growth, and container for plant growth is that the beautiful of 18cm × 20cm plants bag.Control
Fertilizer purchase is released from the slow-release fertilizer of Shandong large group of Nintaus, different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities and different Controlled Release Fertilizer N are set:P battalion
Key element condition is supported, plant matrix is that experiment is preceding will by Different Nutrition according to the yellow mud of+30% husk of 40% peat of volume ratio+30%
The fertilizer of plain condition fully mixes with plant matrix, is fitted into container for plant growth.Different experimental conditions respectively set 3 groups of repetitions, each
Repetition 30 is parallel, filters out the best nutritional key element condition of corresponding container seedling, concretely comprises the following steps：
The phenotypic growth parameter of each nursery stock of measurement, i.e., initial height of seedling and initial ground diameter before plantation, after planting one-year age, then
The height of seedling and ground diameter of each container seedling are determined respectively；4 plants of container seedlings are randomly choosed after having determined phenotypic growth parameter, in every group to carry out
Harvest, is divided into root, stem and leaf three parts by each strain respectively, is respectively placed in 105 DEG C of baking ovens the 30min that finishes, then dried at 68 DEG C
To constant weight, measure root in each strain, stem and leaf dry weight and calculate biomass.Each several part dry weight is weighed, using H2SO4-H2O2Method is entered
Row disappears and boiled, kjeldahl apparatus measure N content, molybdenum antimony resistance colorimetric method measure P content, calculates different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities and not respectively
With Controlled Release Fertilizer N:The N concentration of container seedling, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations under P-condition；
The membership values of height of seedling, ground diameter, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations are calculated, with different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities
Under the conditions of height of seedling membership values exemplified by, first the height of seedling under the conditions of different Controlled Release Fertilizer carrying capacity is ranked up, finds out maximum and most
Small value, then according to the calculation formula of membership values, respectively obtain the membership values of height of seedling under the conditions of different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities；Together
Reason, being subordinate to for ground diameter under the conditions of different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations is calculated respectively
Value；Height of seedling under the conditions of single Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, ground diameter, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations are finally calculated respectively
The average value of membership values, the value is bigger, and the container seedling for illustrating to plant to obtain under the conditions of corresponding Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is optimal container
Seedling, corresponding Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity as screen the nutritional factors condition needed for the obtained seeds cultivation of container seedling；
Similarly, with different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under conditions of P exemplified by the membership values of height of seedling, first to different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition
Height of seedling be ranked up, find out maximum and minimum value, different Controlled Release Fertilizers then respectively obtained according to the calculation formula of membership values
N:The membership values of height of seedling under P-condition；Similarly, different Controlled Release Fertilizer N are calculated respectively:Ground diameter, N concentration, P concentration, N under P-condition
The membership values of accumulation and P accumulations；Single Controlled Release Fertilizer N is finally calculated respectively:Height of seedling under P-condition, ground diameter, N concentration, P concentration,
The average value of the membership values of N accumulations and P accumulations, the value is bigger, illustrates corresponding Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Plantation obtains under the conditions of P
Container seedling is optimal container seedling, corresponding Controlled Release Fertilizer N:The nutrition that P as screens needed for the obtained seeds cultivation of container seedling will
Plain condition.
According to another aspect of the present invention, embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of container seedling, and the container seedling is using above-mentioned
The nutritional factors condition that the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling filters out cultivates to obtain.
Obtained under the conditions of the nutritional factors that the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for application container seedling cultivation of the present invention is selected
Container seedling, not only phenotypic growth is preferable, and nutrient pool is relatively abundant, is high-quality big size containers seedling, is advantageously implemented precious tree
The big size containers seedling afforestation project of kind, also provides effective way for rare tree resources reserve.
With reference to specific embodiment, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
The screening technique of nutritional factors, comprises the following steps needed for southerm yew cultivation of container seedling：
Height of seedling and the basically identical annual southerm yew nursery stock of ground diameter are selected, measure average height of seedling is 42.9cm, flat
Equal ground diameter is 4.34mm；
1 year raw nursery stock transplanting is put in planting container, nutritional factors condition is distinguished for Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity in planting container
For 1.5kg/m3、2.5kg/m3、3.5kg/m3And 4.5kg/m3；The N of Controlled Release Fertilizer:P is respectively 1.75:1、2.25:1、2.75:1 He
3.25:1, every group of difference N:In P Controlled Release Fertilizer N and P nutrient content be corresponding in turn to for：170g·kg-1And 90gkg-1、
160g·kg-1And 70gkg-1、170g·kg-1And 60gkg-1And 190gkg-1And 60gkg-1, each condition does 3
Repeat, each to repeat kind of 30 seedlings, plantation obtains container seedling after 1 year；
The height of seedling and ground diameter of container seedling are determined respectively, are then randomly choosed 4 plants of container seedlings in each group and are harvested, are determined
Biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations；
Under the conditions of 4 groups of difference Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities, first height of seedling is ranked up, finds out maximum and minimum value, then
The membership values of height of seedling in 4 groups are calculated according to membership values calculation formula, similarly, it is dense to calculate ground diameter, biomass, N in 4 groups respectively
The membership values of degree, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations；Under the conditions of every group of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, height of seedling, ground diameter, biology are calculated
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, finally gives 4 cell means, maximum of which
Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity condition corresponding to average value is needed for the optimal southerm yew container seedling filtered out in 4 groups of conditions
Nutritional factors condition, the obtained container seedling cultivated under the conditions of being somebody's turn to do is high-quality big size containers seedling；
Similarly, in 4 groups of difference Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition, first height of seedling is ranked up, finds out maximum and minimum value, so
The membership values of height of seedling in 4 groups are calculated according to membership values calculation formula afterwards, similarly, calculate ground diameter, biomass, N in 4 groups respectively
Concentration, P concentration, the membership values of N accumulations and P accumulations；In every group of Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition, height of seedling, ground diameter, biology are calculated
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, finally gives 4 cell means, maximum of which
Controlled Release Fertilizer N corresponding to average value:P-condition is battalion needed for the optimal southerm yew container seedling filtered out in 4 groups of conditions
Key element condition is supported, the obtained container seedling cultivated under the conditions of being somebody's turn to do is high-quality big size containers seedling.
Embodiment 2
The screening technique of nutritional factors, comprises the following steps needed for the camphor tree cultivation of container seedling of Zhejiang：
Height of seedling and the basically identical annual Zhejiang camphor tree nursery stock of ground diameter are selected, measure average height of seedling is 31.0cm, fifty-fifty
Footpath is 4.58mm；
1 year raw nursery stock transplanting is put in planting container, nutritional factors condition is distinguished for Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity in planting container
For 1.5kg/m3、2.5kg/m3、3.5kg/m3And 4.5kg/m3；The N of Controlled Release Fertilizer:P is respectively 1.75:1、2.25:1、2.75:1 He
3.25:1, every group of difference N:In P Controlled Release Fertilizer N and P nutrient content be corresponding in turn to for：170g·kg-1And 90gkg-1、
160g·kg-1And 70gkg-1、170g·kg-1And 60gkg-1And 190gkg-1And 60gkg-1, each condition does 3
Repeat, each to repeat kind of 30 seedlings, plantation obtains container seedling after 1 year；
The height of seedling and ground diameter of container seedling are determined respectively, 4 plants of container seedlings are then randomly choosed in each repetition is harvested,
Determine biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations；
Under the conditions of 4 groups of difference Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities, first height of seedling is ranked up, finds out maximum and minimum value, then
The membership values of height of seedling in 4 groups are calculated according to membership values calculation formula, similarly, it is dense to calculate ground diameter, biomass, N in 4 groups respectively
The membership values of degree, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations；Under the conditions of every group of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, height of seedling, ground diameter, biology are calculated
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, finally gives 4 cell means, maximum of which
Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity condition corresponding to average value is nutrition needed for the optimal Zhejiang camphor tree container seedling filtered out in 4 groups of conditions
Key element condition, the obtained container seedling cultivated under the conditions of being somebody's turn to do is high-quality big size containers seedling；
Similarly, in 4 groups of difference Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition, first height of seedling is ranked up, finds out maximum and minimum value, so
The membership values of height of seedling in 4 groups are calculated according to membership values calculation formula afterwards, similarly, calculate ground diameter, biomass, N in 4 groups respectively
Concentration, P concentration, the membership values of N accumulations and P accumulations；In every group of Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition, height of seedling, ground diameter, biology are calculated
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, finally gives 4 cell means, maximum of which
Controlled Release Fertilizer N corresponding to average value:P-condition is nutrition needed for the optimal Zhejiang camphor tree container seedling filtered out in 4 groups of conditions will
Plain condition, the obtained container seedling cultivated under the conditions of being somebody's turn to do is high-quality big size containers seedling.
Embodiment 3
The screening technique of nutritional factors, comprises the following steps needed for Phoebe chekiangensis cultivation of container seedling：
Height of seedling and the basically identical annual Phoebe chekiangensis nursery stock of ground diameter are selected, measure average height of seedling is 34.0cm, fifty-fifty
Footpath is 4.73mm；
1 year raw nursery stock transplanting is put in planting container, nutritional factors condition is distinguished for Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity in planting container
For 1.5kg/m3、2.5kg/m3、3.5kg/m3And 4.5kg/m3；The N of Controlled Release Fertilizer:P is respectively 1.75:1、2.25:1、2.75:1 He
3.25:1, every group of difference N:In P Controlled Release Fertilizer N and P nutrient content be corresponding in turn to for：170g·kg-1And 90gkg-1、
160g·kg-1And 70gkg-1、170g·kg-1And 60gkg-1And 190gkg-1And 60gkg-1, each condition does 3
Repeat, each to repeat kind of 30 seedlings, plantation obtains container seedling after 1 year；
The height of seedling and ground diameter of container seedling are determined respectively, 4 plants of container seedlings are then randomly choosed in each repetition is harvested,
Determine biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations；
Under the conditions of 4 groups of difference Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities, first height of seedling is ranked up, finds out maximum and minimum value, then
The membership values of height of seedling in 4 groups are calculated according to membership values calculation formula, similarly, it is dense to calculate ground diameter, general material quantity, N in 4 groups respectively
The membership values of degree, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations；Under the conditions of every group of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, height of seedling, ground diameter, biology are calculated
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, finally gives 4 cell means, maximum of which
Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity condition corresponding to average value is nutrition needed for the optimal Phoebe chekiangensis container seedling filtered out in 4 groups of conditions
Key element condition, the obtained container seedling cultivated under the conditions of being somebody's turn to do is high-quality big size containers seedling；
Similarly, in 4 groups of difference Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition, first height of seedling is ranked up, finds out maximum and minimum value, so
The membership values of height of seedling in 4 groups are calculated according to membership values calculation formula afterwards, similarly, calculate ground diameter, biomass, N in 4 groups respectively
Concentration, P concentration, the membership values of N accumulations and P accumulations；In every group of Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Under P-condition, height of seedling, ground diameter, biology are calculated
The average value of the membership values of amount, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations, finally gives 4 cell means, maximum of which
Controlled Release Fertilizer N corresponding to average value:P-condition is nutrition needed for the optimal Phoebe chekiangensis container seedling filtered out in 4 groups of conditions will
Plain condition, the obtained container seedling cultivated under the conditions of being somebody's turn to do is high-quality big size containers seedling.
Experimental design
Test site is located at Zhejiang Province Qingyuan County experimental forest, height above sea level 510m, 27 ° of 38'48 " N, 119 ° of 01'25 " E, category
In subtropical monsoon climate, year 17.6 DEG C, annual precipitation 1721.3mm, frost-free period 245d of samming.Educate in its provincial protection nursery
Auto spraying facility is provided with seedling steel structure greenhouse, greenhouse performance of ventilating is good, while also effectively can prevent rainwater from penetrating into, and canopy is high
2.2m, top cover are covered with the sunshade net of 50% light transmittance.
Matrix is transplanted as the yellow mud of+30% husk of 40% peat+30% by volume, container for plant growth is 18cm × 20cm's
Bag, slow-release fertilizer of the tested fertilizer for purchase from large group of Nintaus of Shandong Province are planted by U.S.；Will according to Different Nutrition key element condition before experiment
Corresponding fertilizer fully mixes with plant matrix.
Planting container after seedling is distinguished according to embodiment 1, embodiment 2 and embodiment 3, for the container seedling of harvest, every plant of appearance
Device seedling is all divided into root, stem and leaf three parts, is respectively placed in 105 DEG C of baking ovens the 30min that finishes, then is dried to constant weight at 68 DEG C,
The dry weight of three parts is determined respectively, and biomass is calculated.
The N method for measurement of concentration of container seedling is：Sample weighing dry weight is taken, first using H2SO4-H2O2Method disappears to sample
Boil, kjeldahl apparatus measure N content, then by formula N concentration=sample N contents/sample quality, N concentration is calculated；Hold
The P method for measurement of concentration of device seedling is：Sample weighing dry weight is taken, first using H2SO4-H2O2Method disappear boiling to sample, the anti-ratio of molybdenum antimony
Color method determines P content, then by formula P concentration=sample P content/sample quality, P concentration is calculated；
According to formula N accumulations=N concentration × biomass, P accumulations=P concentration × biomass, N products are calculated respectively
Tired amount and P accumulations.
Interpretation of result
First, Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Influences of the P to different vessels seedling height of seedling and ground diameter
Different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities for the height of seedling of container seedling in embodiment 1-3 and the influence of ground diameter as shown in table 1, no
With Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P is for the height of seedling of container seedling in embodiment 1-3 and the influence of ground diameter as shown in table 2.
Influence of the different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities of table 1 to container seedling height of seedling and ground diameter
The different Controlled Release Fertilizer N of table 2:Influences of the P to container seedling height of seedling and ground diameter
As can be seen from Table 1, the height of seedling of embodiment 1-3 three kinds of container seedlings and ground diameter are shown with Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity
Increase first raise the trend reduced again, be 3.5kg/m in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity3When reach maximum, except the ground diameter of Phoebe chekiangensis
Other treatment groups are all remarkably higher than outside.Phoebe chekiangensis ground diameter is in loading capacity 2.5kg/m3、3.5kg/m3And 4.5kg/m3Between difference not
Significantly, show Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity in 2.5kg/m3When met Collar diameter growth demand.
As can be seen from Table 2, the height of seedling of embodiment 1-3 three kinds of container seedlings and ground diameter are in different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P condition
Lower difference is not notable, and the height of seedling and Collar diameter growth of different tree species are relatively stable.
2nd, Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Influences of the P to different vessels seedling biomass
In addition, to different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities and different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Each seeds individual plant holds in embodiment 1-3 under conditions of P
The biomass of device seedling compares, as a result as depicted in figs. 1 and 2.
As seen from Figure 1, the biomass of individual tree of three kinds of seeds container seedlings loads graded effect to Controlled Release Fertilizer in embodiment 1-3
Significantly, it is first to increase to reduce again with the increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, biomass is 3.5kg/m in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity3Shi Jun
Reach peak, and be significantly higher than other Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity treatment groups.
As seen from Figure 2, in embodiment 1-3 the biomass of individual tree of three kinds of seeds container seedlings to Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P reacts not
Sensitivity, in different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Difference is not notable between P treatment groups.
3rd, Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Influences of the P to different vessels seedling nutrient pool
In order to study influence of the Different Nutrition key element condition to different tree species container seedling nutrient pool, embodiment 1-3 is determined
In in different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities and different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Corresponding container seedling N concentration and P concentration under P-condition, as a result such as the He of table 3
Shown in table 4.
Influence of the different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities of table 3 to container seedling N concentration and P concentration
As can be seen from Table 3, Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity significantly affect three kinds of seeds container seedling individual plants in embodiment 1-3 N it is dense
Degree and P concentration.Three kinds of seeds container seedling N concentration raise, the southern red bean in embodiment 1 with the increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity
China fir N concentration is 2.5kg/m in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity3When be significantly higher than 1.5kg/m3Processing, as Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is further added by,
Its N concentration increases unobvious.Zhejiang camphor tree N concentration in embodiment 2 is 3.5kg/m in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity3Up to maximum, it is
12.22mg/g, it is significantly higher than the processing of relatively low Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, is 4.5kg/m with Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity3Difference is not notable.
Phoebe chekiangensis N concentration is first significantly raised with the increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and significantly reduced again in embodiment 3, is in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity
3.5kg/m3When it is maximum, be 13.12mg/g.Phoebe chekiangensis P concentration in southerm yew and embodiment 3 in embodiment 1 with
The increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is first raised and reduced again, and Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is 3.5kg/m3When southerm yew P concentration it is maximum, with
Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is 2.5kg/m3Processing difference unobvious, Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity are 2.5kg/m3When Phoebe chekiangensis concentration it is maximum, show
Work is more than other processing, and Zhejiang camphor tree concentration gradually reduces, Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity with the increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity in embodiment 2
For 1.5kg/m3When highest, but be 2.5kg/m with Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity3The difference of processing is not notable.
The different Controlled Release Fertilizer N of table 4:Influences of the P to container seedling N concentration and P concentration
As can be seen from Table 4, Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P significantly affects three kinds of seeds container seedling individual plant N concentration and P concentration.Embodiment
The N concentration of southerm yew container seedling is in Controlled Release Fertilizer N in 1:P=3.25:Highest when 1, up to 12.19mg/g, it is significantly higher than controlled release
Fertile N:P=1.75:N concentration when 1, and it is in Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P=2.25:1~3.25:Difference is not notable in the range of 1.Implement
Zhejiang camphor tree container seedling N concentration is also manifested in Controlled Release Fertilizer N in example 2:P=3.25:Highest when 1, up to 12.01mg/g, be significantly higher than compared with
The processing of low ratio, but with Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P=2.75:Difference is not notable between 1 processing.Phoebe chekiangensis container seedling N in embodiment 3
Concentration is with Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P increase is first raised and reduced again, Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P=2.75:It is significantly higher than other processing when 1.Difference control
Release fertile N:Under P-condition, the container seedling of three kinds of seeds in embodiment 1-3 is with Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P increase and first increase and reduce again,
Zhejiang camphor tree P concentration is in relatively low Controlled Release Fertilizer N:It is relatively stable under P, and Phoebe chekiangensis P change in concentration is larger with the conditions of.Phoebe chekiangensis compared with
Southerm yew and Zhejiang camphor tree are to Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P changes are sensitive.
In addition, to different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities and different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:Each seeds container seedling in embodiment 1-3 under conditions of P
N accumulations and P accumulations compare in individual plant, as a result as seen in figures 3-6.
Three kinds of seeds container seedling individual plant N in embodiment 1-3 are significantly affected by Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity it can be seen from Fig. 3 and Fig. 4
Accumulation and P accumulations.Three kinds of seeds container seedling individual plant N accumulations show first to raise again with the increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity
The trend of reduction, in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity 3.5kg/m3When highest, and be significantly higher than other processing.Three kinds of seeds container seedlings are single
Strain P accumulations also show first to raise the trend reduced again with the increase of Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity, Phoebe chekiangensis container seedling individual plant P accumulation
Amount is in Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity 2.5kg/m3When highest, southerm yew and Zhejiang camphor tree container seedling individual plant P accumulations are then in controlled release
Fertile loading capacity 3.5kg/m3When highest.
From Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P accumulates to three kinds of seeds container seedling individual plant N accumulations in embodiment 1-3 and P
It is relatively small that tired amount influences difference.Between Zhejiang camphor tree individual plant N accumulations in southerm yew and embodiment 2 in embodiment 1
Difference is not notable between P accumulations, and the Phoebe chekiangensis N accumulations and P accumulations in embodiment 3 are in different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P bars
Difference is notable under part, and with Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P increase first increases to be reduced again, in Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P=2.75:When 1 content compared with
It is high.
4th, the selection result of nutritional factors condition
According to fuzzy mathematics membership values choosing principles, condition corresponding to membership values processing in the top is preferable battalion
Support key element condition.With reference to said determination result and correlation analysis, calculate respectively in embodiment 1-3 different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities and
Different Controlled Release Fertilizer N:The height of seedling of seeds container seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P products under P treatment conditions
The membership values of tired amount, and calculate height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulation under the conditions of alignment processing
The average value of the membership values of amount, as a result as shown in table 5-10.(note：For southerm yew, because P concentration and P accumulations are equal
It is not notable with the correlation of seedling growth index (such as height of seedling or ground diameter), therefore P concentration and the membership values of P accumulations are not involved in
Evaluation.)
The membership values of each index of southerm yew container seedling under the conditions of the different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities of table 5
The different Controlled Release Fertilizer N of table 6:The membership values of each index of southerm yew container seedling under P-condition
From table 5-6, the nutritional factors condition suitable for southerm yew filtered out is that Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is
3.5kg/m3, Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P is 2.25:1.
The membership values of each index of Zhejiang camphor tree container seedling under the conditions of the different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities of table 7
The different Controlled Release Fertilizer N of table 8:The membership values of each index of Zhejiang camphor tree container seedling under P-condition
From table 7-8, the nutritional factors condition suitable for Zhejiang camphor tree filtered out is that Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is 3.5kg/
m3, Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P is 2.75:1.
The membership values of each index of Phoebe chekiangensis container seedling under the conditions of the different Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacities of table 9
The different Controlled Release Fertilizer N of table 10:The membership values of each index of Phoebe chekiangensis container seedling under P-condition
From table 9-10, the nutritional factors condition suitable for Phoebe chekiangensis filtered out is that Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity is 3.5kg/
m3, Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P is 2.75:1.
Although illustrate and describing the present invention with specific embodiment, but will be appreciated that without departing substantially from the present invention's
In the case of spirit and scope, many other change and modification can be made.It is, therefore, intended that in the following claims
Including belonging to all such changes and modifications in the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for a kind of cultivation of container seedling, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Container seedling is cultivated under Different Nutrition key element condition；
Measure the component content of the phenotypic growth parameter value of container seedling, biomass and nutrient pool；
Calculate the membership values of phenotype growth parameter(s) value, biomass and nutrient pool component content respectively using Subordinate Function, screen
Obtain the condition of nutritional factors needed for corresponding cultivation of container seedling.
2. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling according to claim 1, it is characterised in that Different Nutrition
Key element condition includes Controlled Release Fertilizer loading capacity and Controlled Release Fertilizer N:P.
3. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling according to claim 2, it is characterised in that phenotypic growth
Parameter includes height of seedling and ground diameter.
4. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling according to claim 3, it is characterised in that nutrient pool
Component content includes N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and the P accumulations of container seedling.
5. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling according to claim 4, it is characterised in that N accumulations
=N concentration × biomass, P accumulations=P concentration × biomass.
6. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling according to claim 4, it is characterised in that
The calculation formula of membership values is：Membership values=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin) × 100%；Wherein, X is the single finger of sample
Scale value, XminFor the minimum value in the desired value, XmaxFor the maximum in the desired value.
7. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for cultivation of container seedling according to claim 4, it is characterised in that membership values
Calculation formula is：Membership values=[1- (X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)] × 100%；Wherein, X be sample single desired value, Xmin
For the minimum value in the desired value, XmaxFor the maximum in the desired value.
8. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for the cultivation of container seedling according to claim 6 or 7, it is characterised in that described
The membership values that screening technique also includes calculating height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations are averaged
The step of value.
9. the screening technique of nutritional factors needed for a kind of cultivation of container seedling, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Annual seedling is transplanted in container and cultivated, different nutritional factors conditions is set, obtains container seedling sample；
Measure height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and the P accumulations of container seedling sample；
Calculate being subordinate to for height of seedling, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations respectively using Subordinate Function
Value；
Height of seedling under the conditions of same nutritional factors, ground diameter, biomass, N concentration, P concentration, N accumulations and P accumulations are calculated respectively
The average value of membership values, screening obtain the condition of nutritional factors needed for corresponding cultivation of container seedling.
10. a kind of container seedling, it is characterised in that the container seedling is using the cultivation of container seedling described in claim any one of 1-9
The nutritional factors condition that the screening technique of required nutritional factors filters out cultivates to obtain.
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Application publication date: 20171208 |
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| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |