CN107409862A - 一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法 - Google Patents
一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107409862A CN107409862A CN201710251512.9A CN201710251512A CN107409862A CN 107409862 A CN107409862 A CN 107409862A CN 201710251512 A CN201710251512 A CN 201710251512A CN 107409862 A CN107409862 A CN 107409862A
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Abstract
本发明公开了防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，属于农作物病虫害防治技术领域。为了解决花椒幼苗易感根腐病而导致品质及产量下降的问题，本发明提供了一种防治花椒根腐病的方法，包括土壤消毒、幼苗增抗以及病株处理的步骤，提高了花椒幼苗的抗病害的能力，同时对病株及时处理，大大的降低了花椒根腐病的感染范围，使得发病的花椒幼苗在短时间内恢复，大大的提高了花椒的产量与品质。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农作物病虫害防治技术领域，具体是一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法。
背景技术
花椒属芸香科花椒属植物，是我国栽培历史悠久的食用调味、香料、油料及药材等多用途经济树种，在陕西、甘肃、四川、云南、贵州、河北、河南、湖北、湖南、安徽等省栽培面积较大，产量高。但由于栽培管理原始粗放，椒树生长衰弱，致使病虫害种类多且危害严重，花椒产量大幅下降。目前根腐病是影响花椒产业化的主要障碍之一，在四川汉源花椒产区、陇南各县花椒产区、云南昭通花椒产区、青海循化花椒产区均有发生，造成大批成年椒树死亡，严重影响花椒产量和品质。
花椒根腐病一般由病原体从植物根部的创伤口入侵而引发，其症状表现为根系腐烂，有异臭味，根皮与木质部易脱离，木质部呈黑色，地上部分叶片失绿，果实较小，严重时全株枯死，是花椒主产区的一种普遍而严重的病害。
目前防治花椒根腐病主要采取药剂防治，防治方法主要采用药剂灌根或药剂拌毒土施于根部或药剂喷雾。但是由于花椒树发生根腐病在初期不表现症状，目前又缺乏快速有效的检测技术，即使用分子技术可以快速检测花椒根腐病，但成本十分昂贵。如中国专利申请号为2014105894960公开了一种“防治花椒根腐病的方法”该方法打破了用药剂治疗的常规手段，采用砧木培育、确定成年花椒树感染根腐病后，把培育好的野生花椒袋苗种于发生根腐病的成年花椒树主干旁、靠接、包扎等步骤实现了花椒根腐病的防治，但是只是适用于发病的成年树，而不适用于花椒幼苗，据研究发现，与成年椒树相比花椒幼苗极易受到根腐病的危害。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有花椒根腐病防治方法的不足或缺陷，提供一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法。
为实现本发明的目的，本发明提供了一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，包括以下步骤：
①土壤消毒：播种前40天，对花椒种植土壤整地开沟，沟宽5-10cm,沟深8-10cm,然后将电气石碎成粒径为2-4cm的小石子，装入纱布袋中，每个纱布袋装入重量控制在1.5-2kg，将纱布袋放入沟中，每两个纱布袋之间距离控制在25-30cm,然后覆一层5-10cm的土，每隔8-10天用80-100℃的杀菌水浇透沙布袋，播种前2天，取出纱布袋，土壤耙细整平，备用：
②幼苗增抗处理：将长至3-5cm的幼苗用增抗药液浸泡2-3天，放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层5-10cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌15-20ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌10-15ml,待幼苗长至15-20cm，进行移栽；
③病株处理:发现幼苗病株时，将整株挖出，用清水冲净根部，刮除病部,用紫外灯消毒15-20min，再用消毒液浸泡10-15min，并涂抹凡士林，同时将质量浓度为25％辣根素、硫酸亚铁与质量浓度为15％的乙醇溶液按重量比2:1:5混合均匀喷洒病株的种植穴，每天喷洒一次，连续喷洒五天，然后将处理后的病株移入种植穴，继续栽培；
进一步，步骤①所述的杀菌水，按重量份数是将10-15份薄荷提取物、5-9份马钱子叶浸出液、10-15份芦荟提取液和30-40份无菌水混合均匀即可。
进一步，步骤②所述的增抗药液，按重量份数是将3-5份碳酸钙、5-10份虎皮草浸出液、4-7份五色梅浸出液、2-4份脯氨酸、1-3份柠檬酸铁、1-4份低聚糖素、3-5份腐殖酸、1-3份棉杆纤维素、2-3份氯化钠、2-4份硼酸、1.5-3.5份亚硒酸钠、1.5-4份大蒜素、0.5-1.5份皂角素，6-9份质量浓度为15％乙醇、30-50份无菌水混合均匀即得。
本发明的有益效果在于：
1、本发明的花椒幼苗根腐病的防治方法通过土壤消毒、使得连作花椒土壤中的细菌、真菌和放线菌量大大减少，与传统化学药剂消毒相比，本发明的土壤消毒法无任何化学药剂及重金属离子的残留。
2、通过幼苗增抗处理，提高了花椒幼苗的抗病害的能力，能够将花椒幼苗的根腐病发病率降至零，同时对病株及时处理，大大的降低了花椒根腐病的感染范围，使得发病的花椒幼苗在短时间内恢复，大大的提高了花椒的产量与品质，经试验测得，采用本发明的防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，使得花椒幼苗的根腐病发病率仅为5.56％与施用现有技术的药剂相比，根腐病的发病率降低了22.22％。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例来进一步描述本发明，应该理解的是，这些实施例仅用于例证的目的，绝不限于本发明。
实施例1
一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，包括以下步骤：
①土壤消毒：播种前40天，对花椒种植土壤整地开沟，沟宽5cm,沟深8cm,然后将电气石碎成粒径为2cm的小石子，装入纱布袋中，每个纱布袋装入重量控制在1.5kg，将纱布袋放入沟中，每两个纱布袋之间距离控制在25cm,然后覆一层5cm的土，每隔8天用80℃的杀菌水浇透沙布袋，播种前2天，取出纱布袋，土壤耙细整平，备用：所述的杀菌水，按重量份数是将10份薄荷提取物、5份马钱子叶浸出液、10份芦荟提取液和30份无菌水混合均匀即可。
②幼苗增抗处理：将长至3-5cm的幼苗用增抗药液浸泡2天，放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层5cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌15ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌10ml,待幼苗长至15cm，进行移栽；所述的增抗药液，按重量份数是将3份碳酸钙、5份虎皮草浸出液、4份五色梅浸出液、2份脯氨酸、1份柠檬酸铁、1份低聚糖素、3份腐殖酸、1份棉杆纤维素、2份氯化钠、2份硼酸、1.5份亚硒酸钠、1.5份大蒜素、0.5份皂角素，6份质量浓度为15％乙醇、30份无菌水混合均匀即得。
③病株处理:发现幼苗病株时，将整株挖出，用清水冲净根部，刮除病部,用紫外灯消毒15min，再用消毒液浸泡10min，并涂抹凡士林，同时将质量浓度为25％辣根素、硫酸亚铁与质量浓度为15％的乙醇溶液按重量比2:1:5混合均匀喷洒病株的种植穴，每天喷洒一次，连续喷洒五天，然后将处理后的病株移入种植穴，继续栽培；
实施例2
一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，包括以下步骤：
①土壤消毒：播种前40天，对花椒种植土壤整地开沟，沟宽10cm,沟深10cm,然后将电气石碎成粒径为4cm的小石子，装入纱布袋中，每个纱布袋装入重量控制在2kg，将纱布袋放入沟中，每两个纱布袋之间距离控制在30cm,然后覆一层10cm的土，每隔10天用90℃的杀菌水浇透沙布袋，播种前2天，取出纱布袋，土壤耙细整平，备用；所述的杀菌水，按重量份数是将15份薄荷提取物、9份马钱子叶浸出液、15份芦荟提取液和40份无菌水混合均匀即可；
②幼苗增抗处理：将长至5cm的幼苗用增抗药液浸泡3天，放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层10cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌20ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌15ml,待幼苗长至20cm，进行移栽；所述的增抗药液，按重量份数是将5份碳酸钙、10份虎皮草浸出液、7份五色梅浸出液、4份脯氨酸、3份柠檬酸铁、4份低聚糖素、5份腐殖酸、3份棉杆纤维素、3份氯化钠、4份硼酸、3.5份亚硒酸钠、4份大蒜素、1.5份皂角素，9份质量浓度为15％乙醇、50份无菌水混合均匀即得；
③病株处理:发现幼苗病株时，将整株挖出，用清水冲净根部，刮除病部,用紫外灯消毒20min，再用消毒液浸泡15min，并涂抹凡士林，同时将质量浓度为25％辣根素、硫酸亚铁与质量浓度为15％的乙醇溶液按重量比2:1:5混合均匀喷洒病株的种植穴，每天喷洒一次，连续喷洒五天，然后将处理后的病株移入种植穴，继续栽培；
实施例3
一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，包括以下步骤：
①土壤消毒：播种前40天，对花椒种植土壤整地开沟，沟宽7cm,沟深9cm,然后将电气石碎成粒径为3cm的小石子，装入纱布袋中，每个纱布袋装入重量控制在1.8kg，将纱布袋放入沟中，每两个纱布袋之间距离控制在28cm,然后覆一层7cm的土，每隔9天用100℃的杀菌水浇透沙布袋，播种前2天，取出纱布袋，土壤耙细整平，备用：所述的杀菌水，按重量份数是将12份薄荷提取物、7份马钱子叶浸出液、12份芦荟提取液和35份无菌水混合均匀即可。
②幼苗增抗处理：将长至4cm的幼苗用增抗药液浸泡2.5天，放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层7cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌17ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌12ml,待幼苗长至18cm，进行移栽；所述的增抗药液，按重量份数是将4份碳酸钙、8份虎皮草浸出液、5份五色梅浸出液、3份脯氨酸、2份柠檬酸铁、2份低聚糖素、4份腐殖酸、2份棉杆纤维素、2.5份氯化钠、3份硼酸、2.5份亚硒酸钠、3.5份大蒜素、1份皂角素，8份质量浓度为15％乙醇、40份无菌水混合均匀即得；
③病株处理:发现幼苗病株时，将整株挖出，用清水冲净根部，刮除病部,用紫外灯消毒18min，再用消毒液浸泡12min，并涂抹凡士林，同时将质量浓度为25％辣根素、硫酸亚铁与质量浓度为15％的乙醇溶液按重量比2:1:5混合均匀喷洒病株的种植穴，每天喷洒一次，连续喷洒五天，然后将处理后的病株移入种植穴，继续栽培；
试验例1
本发明的土壤消毒方法对土壤中的有害菌的效果
试验地设在甘肃省陇南市武都区花椒种植基地，土壤选为花椒连作地,海拔1800m,地势平坦,土壤肥力中上等并均匀一致。
试验设7个处理,随机区组排列,编号为1-6，3次重复,每小区长2m,宽1.5m,小区面积3m2，1-5号区成分别采用多菌灵、根腐病速克、百菌清、精品甲托、浓度5％石灰水对小区土壤进行喷洒，6号区采用本发明实施例3步骤①所述的土壤消毒法进行消毒，7号为对照区不进行任何处理，每个区消毒后第2天随机对土壤取样进行真菌、细菌、放线菌和线虫平均量的测定。
测定结果如表1所示
表1
由表1可知，与应用常规的药剂对土壤进行消毒相比，应用本发明实施例3的土壤消毒法对于土壤中的真菌、细菌和放线菌杀菌作用显著。
试验例2
本发明的防治方法对花椒幼苗根腐病的影响
试验地设在甘肃省陇南市武都区花椒种植基地，海拔1800m,地势平坦,土壤肥力中上等并均匀一致。试验对象为：一年生的花椒苗。
试验小区长为5m，宽为2m.小区面积为10m2。种植规格：每个小区种植36株椒苗。重复间的走道有75cm宽，相邻小区间的走道有50cm宽。小区试验设置A/B/C/D4个处理组：
A组根腐净可湿性粉剂250倍液浸泡幼苗2.5天放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层7cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次根腐净可湿性粉剂250倍液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌17ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次根腐净可湿性粉剂250倍液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌12ml,第30天观测花椒根腐病的发病数量计算发病率。
B组50％福美双可湿性粉剂250倍液，浸泡幼苗2.5天放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层7cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次50％福美双可湿性粉剂250倍液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌17ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次50％福美双可湿性粉剂250倍液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌12ml,第30天观测花椒根腐病的发病数量计算发病率。
C组实施例3步骤②所述的幼苗增抗处理方法，第30天观测花椒根腐病的发病数量计算发病率。
D组对照组，不进行任何处理。
测定结果见表2
| 组别 | 花椒根腐病病株 | 花椒根腐病的发病率 |
| A | 10 | 27.78％ |
| B | 11 | 30.56％ |
| C | 2 | 5.56％ |
| D | 22 | 61.11％ |
由表2可知，与对照处理相比，A、B、C三个处理组均对花椒根腐病有防治作用，但是与A、B、组相比，本发明实施例3采用的幼苗处理方法使得花椒幼苗的根腐病发病率仅为5.56％，与施用现有技术的药剂相比，根腐病的发病率分别降低了22.22％和25％，具有显著的防治效果。
Claims (2)
1.一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
①土壤消毒：播种前40天，对花椒种植土壤整地开沟，沟宽5-10cm,沟深8-10cm,然后将电气石碎成粒径为2-4cm的小石子，装入纱布袋中，每个纱布袋装入重量控制在1.5-2kg，将纱布袋放入沟中，每两个纱布袋之间距离控制在25-30cm,然后覆一层5-10cm的土，每隔8-10天用80-100℃的杀菌水浇透沙布袋，播种前2天，取出纱布袋，土壤耙细整平，备用；所述的杀菌水，按重量份数是将10-15份薄荷提取物、5-9份马钱子叶浸出液、10-15份芦荟提取液和30-40份无菌水混合均匀即可；
②幼苗增抗处理：将长至3-5cm的幼苗用增抗药液浸泡2-3天，放入幼苗种植穴里，然后回填一层5-10cm的细土，进行定植，定植后从第4开始至第10天，每隔3天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌15-20ml，从定植第15天开始至定植20天，每隔2天浇灌一次增抗药液，按株浇灌，每株浇灌10-15ml,待幼苗长至15-20cm，进行移栽；所述的增抗药液，按重量份数是将3-5份碳酸钙、5-10份虎皮草浸出液、4-7份五色梅浸出液、2-4份脯氨酸、1-3份柠檬酸铁、1-4份低聚糖素、3-5份腐殖酸、1-3份棉杆纤维素、2-3份氯化钠、2-4份硼酸、1.5-3.5份亚硒酸钠、1.5-4份大蒜素、0.5-1.5份皂角素，6-9份质量浓度为15％乙醇、30-50份无菌水混合均匀即得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种防治花椒幼苗根腐病的方法，其特征在于：包括步骤③病株处理:发现幼苗病株时，将整株挖出，用清水冲净根部，刮除病部,用紫外灯消毒15-20min，再用消毒液浸泡10-15min，并涂抹凡士林，同时将质量浓度为25％辣根素、硫酸亚铁与质量浓度为15％的乙醇溶液按重量比2:1:5混合均匀喷洒病株的种植穴，每天喷洒一次，连续喷洒五天，然后将处理后的病株移入种植穴，继续栽培。
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