CN107407184B - Mixing arrangement, exhaust pipe and exhaust system - Google Patents

Mixing arrangement, exhaust pipe and exhaust system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107407184B
CN107407184B CN201680013368.9A CN201680013368A CN107407184B CN 107407184 B CN107407184 B CN 107407184B CN 201680013368 A CN201680013368 A CN 201680013368A CN 107407184 B CN107407184 B CN 107407184B
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
mixing
exhaust
midfeather
section
mixing tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CN201680013368.9A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN107407184A (en
Inventor
T·因克兰
Y·罗加德
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tenneco GmbH
Original Assignee
Tenneco GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tenneco GmbH filed Critical Tenneco GmbH
Publication of CN107407184A publication Critical patent/CN107407184A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN107407184B publication Critical patent/CN107407184B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2892—Exhaust flow directors or the like, e.g. upstream of catalytic device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/21—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing liquids into gaseous media
    • B01F23/213—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing liquids into gaseous media by spraying or atomising of the liquids
    • B01F23/2132—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing liquids into gaseous media by spraying or atomising of the liquids using nozzles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/314—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit
    • B01F25/3141—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit with additional mixing means other than injector mixers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
    • B01F25/4317—Profiled elements, e.g. profiled blades, bars, pillars, columns or chevrons
    • B01F25/43171—Profiled blades, wings, wedges, i.e. plate-like element having one side or part thicker than the other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
    • B01F25/43197—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor characterised by the mounting of the baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/431971—Mounted on the wall
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F2025/93—Arrangements, nature or configuration of flow guiding elements
    • B01F2025/931—Flow guiding elements surrounding feed openings, e.g. jet nozzles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/20—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a flow director or deflector
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
    • F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Abstract

Mixing arrangement (1) in the exhaust pipe (4.1,4.2) that the present invention relates to a kind of for being integrated into internal combustion engine and for mixing exhaust stream T.The mixing arrangement (1) includes shell (2) and mixing tube (5).The shell (2) include to main flow direction H guiding exhaust tube wall (2.1) and at least partly limit the shell (2) overcurrent cross section Qs midfeather (3).The mixing tube (5) includes the nozzle (5.1) to be integrated to additive in the region of first end E1, and the nozzle (5.1) is placed in the region of the second end E2 in midfeather (3).The opening area (5.2) with overcurrent cross section Qp is equipped at least between the nozzle (5.1) and midfeather (3), wherein midfeather (3) and mixing tube (5) divide housing 135 into inflow segment (2.2) and outflow section (2.3).Directly it can pass through the opening area (5.2) from inflow segment (2.2) at least 90% exhaust that outflow section (2.3) guides.One wedge-shape diversion element (6) is arranged on the downstream of the mixing tube (5), and the diversion member (6) includes the water conservancy diversion nose (6.1) for extending beyond the tube wall (2.1) and/or the midfeather (3).Exhaust stream T is divided into Liang Ge local flow T1, T2 by the diversion member (6), wherein local flow T1, and T2 is in reversed eddy flow relative to main flow direction H.

Description

Mixing arrangement, exhaust pipe and exhaust system
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of mixing dresses for being integrated into the exhaust pipe of internal combustion engine and for mixing exhaust stream T It sets.The mixing arrangement includes shell and mixing tube, the shell include to the tube wall in main flow direction H guiding exhaust with And at least partly limit the midfeather of the overcurrent cross section Qs of the shell.The mixing tube includes additive to be integrated to Nozzle in the region of first end E1, the nozzle are placed in the region of the second end E2 in midfeather.At least in institute It states and is equipped with the opening area with overcurrent cross section Qp between nozzle and midfeather, wherein midfeather is divided housing 135 into mixing tube Inflow segment and outflow section, wherein can directly pass through the aperture from inflow segment at least 90% exhaust that outflow section guides Region.
Background technique
8,033,104 B2 of US discloses a kind of exhaust pipe of connection internal combustion engine to fill for the mixing of mixing exhaust stream It sets.The device includes the midfeather which is provided with cylindrical mixing tube, and is equipped with nozzle in the end side of mixing tube.Exhaust is by opening Hole enters in mixing tube from the windward side of midfeather, and from the leeward side of midfeather and mixing is left in the side opposite with nozzle Pipe.
2010/0263359 A1 of US discloses a kind of exhaust pipe of connection internal combustion engine with the mixing for mixing exhaust stream Device.The device includes the cylindrical mixing tube with perforation and nozzle, and it is straight that exhaust pipe is blocked by way of midfeather To the perforation.Exhaust stream enters mixing tube from the perforation of windward side, and from leeward side and the side opposite with nozzle leave it is mixed Close pipe.
2015/0040537 A1 of US discloses a kind of mixing tube being integrated into exhaust pipe, and wherein mixing tube has cylinder Shape part and coupled conical section.Have in the two parts different in mixing tube to allow exhaust to flow into Recess and aperture.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to design and arrange a kind of mixing arrangement that can be improved mixed performance, there is this to mix dress The exhaust pipe set and the exhaust system with the exhaust pipe.
Above-mentioned purpose is achieved in that setting is located at the wedge-shape diversion element in the mixing tube downstream, the water conservancy diversion member Part includes the water conservancy diversion nose for extending beyond the tube wall and/or the midfeather；Exhaust stream T is divided into two by the diversion member A local flow T1, T2, wherein local flow T1, T2 are in reversed eddy flow relative to main flow direction.Here, the edge first partial stream T1 Counterclockwise deflection and the second local flow T2 deflect clockwise, make it possible to improve exhaust stream and additive Mixed effect and improve the supply stream of the downstream substrate to such as catalyst or filter.
In this regard, this may be advantageous: mixing tube has oval cross sectional shape F comprising extends along main shaft The height h and width b extended along asessory shaft, the main shaft is transverse to the main flow direction H of exhaust stream, wherein h >= 1.2b.By using broader free-stream flow region, air-flow can be enhanced in free-stream flow and inflow mixing tube.In addition to being located at centre Lesser purge hole on wall, is preferably close to the housing wall, and entire exhaust stream must be guided by mixing tube.
In addition, this may be advantageous: full between the overcurrent cross section Qs of shell and the overcurrent cross section Qp of opening area The following relationship of foot:
0.05Qs≤Qp≤0.6Qs or 0.07Qs≤Qp≤0.5Qs or 0.08Qs≤Qp≤0.45Qs.Cause This, on the one hand can satisfy minimum flow losses, on the other hand be conducive to accelerate and mixing exhaust stream.
Above-mentioned purpose can also be by using the exhaust pipe for being integrated with mixing arrangement and with the exhaust system of the exhaust pipe System is to realize.
Detailed description of the invention
Others advantage and details of the invention, are illustrated in the claims and specification and are shown in the accompanying drawings. In attached drawing:
Fig. 1 is the side view with the mixing arrangement of shedding shell 2.
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view according to A-A in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of mixing tube viewed from above.
Specific embodiment
Mixing arrangement 1 shown in FIG. 1 includes the shell 2 with tube wall 2.1 and the mixing tube 5 in the shell 2 With diversion member 6.The shell 2 is equipped with whole pipe fitting 2.4 in inlet, and is connected to by the pipe fitting 2.4 On the exhaust pipe 4.1 of exhaust system (not shown).In addition, shell 2 is connected to exhaust aftertreatment component (not further in exit region Show details) exhaust aftertreatment shell 4.2 on.
Exhaust stream T is entered in mixing arrangement 1 or shell 2 by exhaust pipe 4.1 along main flow direction H, and from shell The shell is left to flow into exhaust aftertreatment shell 4.2 in end.
It is equipped with a mixing tube 5 in the shell 2, radially protrudes out compared to main flow direction H as in shell 2.One The flow cross section Qs that a midfeather 3 is combined with mixing tube 5 with partially enclosed shell 2.Reach the windward side 3.1 of midfeather 3 And therefore the exhaust stream T of mixing tube 5 passes through the opening area 5.2 on mixing tube 5 and enters in mixing tube 5, and from mixing tube 5 End side leave mixing tube 5 (depicted herein is upward).It is equipped with a diversion member 6 in the leeward side 3.2 of midfeather 3, The exhaust stream T for flowing out the mixing tube 5 is divided into Liang Ge local flow T1, T2.
Sectional view shown in middle A-A according to fig. 2, it shows that diversion member 6 includes a water conservancy diversion nose 6.1, by gas Stream is radially directed into air flow chamber along (being from top here) and air-flow is made to generate the first game moved clockwise The second local flow T2 portion stream T1 and moved counterclockwise.Diversion member 6 by compared to exhaust stream (be here Lower area) it is used as and supplements with the baffle 6.2 that water conservancy diversion nose 6.1 is oppositely arranged.Kidney shape is formd on mixing arrangement 1 to this Flow-guiding channel.The midfeather 3 is in an entirety in lower area and the diversion member 6.
Therefore to flow to opposite Liang Ge local flow T1, T2 is entered in exhaust aftertreatment shell 4.2 exhaust stream T.
One nozzle 5.1 is arranged on the region of first end E1, with the second end with outlet end or mixing tube 5 6E2 is opposite.By the nozzle 5.1, additive is able to enter the inside of mixing tube 5 to be maintained in exhaust stream T.
According to Fig.3, mixing tube 5 has the cross section of ellipse, so that being located at the main flow direction of exhaust stream T and it Intermediate fluid inlet angle between H and mixing tube wall increases to compared to the windward side of mixing tube 5 close to 90 °.Here mixing tube 5 has Having height h and width b is the ratio of 1:4.
Component symbol inventory
1 mixing arrangement
2 shells
2.1 tube wall
2.2 inflow segment
2.3 outflow sections
2.4 pipe fitting
3 midfeathers
3.1 windward side
3.2 leeward side
4.1 exhaust pipe
4.2 exhaust pipes, exhaust aftertreatment shell
5 mixing tubes
5.1 nozzle
5.2 opening area
5.3 main shaft
5.4 asessory shaft
6 diversion members
6.1 water conservancy diversion noses
6.2 baffle
The width of b 5
E1 first end
E2 second end
The cross sectional shape of F 5
H main flow direction
The height of h 5
The overcurrent cross section of Qp 5.2
The overcurrent cross section of Qs 2
T exhaust stream
T1 partial exhaust gas stream
T2 partial exhaust gas stream

Claims (5)

1. the mixing arrangement in a kind of exhaust pipe (4.1,4.2) for being integrated into internal combustion engine and for mixing exhaust stream T (1), which includes shell (2) and mixing tube (5), and the shell (2) includes to lead in main flow direction H The tube wall (2.1) of ejectment gas and at least partly limit the shell (2) overcurrent cross section Qs midfeather (3)；It is described mixed It closes pipe (5) and is equipped with first end E1, wherein being equipped with the nozzle to spray additive in the region of the first end E1 (5.1)；The mixing tube (5) is equipped with second end E2, wherein in the region of the second end E2, the mixing tube (5) It is connected with the midfeather (3)；It is equipped at least between the nozzle (5.1) and midfeather (3) with overcurrent cross section Qp Opening area (5.2), wherein midfeather (3) and mixing tube (5) divide housing 135 into inflow segment (2.2) and outflow section (2.3), In from inflow segment (2.2) to outflow section (2.3) guide at least 90% exhaust can directly pass through the opening area (5.2), which is characterized in that
It further include the wedge-shape diversion element (6) positioned at the mixing tube (5) downstream, the diversion member (6) includes extending beyond The water conservancy diversion nose (6.1) of the tube wall (2.1) and/or the midfeather (3)；Exhaust stream T is divided by the diversion member (6) Liang Ge local flow T1, T2, wherein local flow T1, T2 are in reversed eddy flow relative to main flow direction H.
2. mixing arrangement (1) as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that: mixing tube (5) has height h and oval Cross sectional shape F, the cross sectional shape F of the ellipse extend along main shaft (5.3) and have width b, the section of the ellipse Shape F extends along asessory shaft (5.4), and the main shaft (5.3) is transverse to the main flow direction H of exhaust stream, in which:
H >=1.2b.
3. mixing arrangement (1) as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that: the overcurrent cross section Qs and opening area of shell (2) (5.2) meet following relationship between overcurrent cross section Qp:
0.05Qs≤Qp≤0.6Qs or 0.07Qs≤Qp≤0.5Qs or 0.08Qs≤Qp≤0.45Qs.
4. a kind of exhaust pipe (4.1) integrates just like mixing arrangement (1) described in aforementioned any one claim.
5. a kind of exhaust system comprising exhaust pipe (4.1) as claimed in claim 4.
CN201680013368.9A 2015-03-25 2016-03-15 Mixing arrangement, exhaust pipe and exhaust system Expired - Fee Related CN107407184B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102015104540.0A DE102015104540B3 (en) 2015-03-25 2015-03-25 mixing device
DE102015104540.0 2015-03-25
PCT/EP2016/055572 WO2016150769A1 (en) 2015-03-25 2016-03-15 Mixing device

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN107407184A CN107407184A (en) 2017-11-28
CN107407184B true CN107407184B (en) 2019-08-13

Family

ID=55079866

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201680013368.9A Expired - Fee Related CN107407184B (en) 2015-03-25 2016-03-15 Mixing arrangement, exhaust pipe and exhaust system

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20180023443A1 (en)
EP (1) EP3274569B1 (en)
CN (1) CN107407184B (en)
DE (1) DE102015104540B3 (en)
WO (1) WO2016150769A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3274569A1 (en) 2018-01-31
US20180023443A1 (en) 2018-01-25
EP3274569B1 (en) 2018-07-18
DE102015104540B3 (en) 2016-02-04
WO2016150769A1 (en) 2016-09-29
CN107407184A (en) 2017-11-28

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