CN107380473A - A kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system and unmanned plane - Google Patents
A kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system and unmanned plane Download PDFInfo
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- CN107380473A CN107380473A CN201710843850.1A CN201710843850A CN107380473A CN 107380473 A CN107380473 A CN 107380473A CN 201710843850 A CN201710843850 A CN 201710843850A CN 107380473 A CN107380473 A CN 107380473A
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- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009514 concussion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D47/00—Equipment not otherwise provided for
- B64D47/08—Arrangements of cameras
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U10/00—Type of UAV
- B64U10/10—Rotorcrafts
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system and unmanned plane, belong to unmanned plane field, vertical stable clouds terrace system includes head fixing device, head shock mitigation system and instrument fixing device;Head shock mitigation system is articulated with first connecting rod and enables clouds terrace system to realize that yaw angle adjusts, first connecting rod is hinged with second connecting rod enables clouds terrace system to realize rolling angle adjustment, and instrument fixing device is hinged with second connecting rod enables clouds terrace system to realize that luffing angle adjusts;Head shock mitigation system includes terminal pad and multiple damping frames, damping frame are connected by cradling piece with terminal pad, and damping frame is uniformly distributed in the week side of boss of terminal pad along annular.Unmanned plane is using above-mentioned vertical stable clouds terrace system.This system can be perceived to carrying the EO-1 hyperion instruments weight above it at work, and realization is exempted to set, exempts to manipulate automatically, allow EO-1 hyperion instrument to reach the vertical purpose photographed over the ground.With the characteristics of in light weight, control accuracy is high, strong applicability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to unmanned plane field, in particular to a kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system and unmanned plane.
Background technology
Unmanned plane is obtained in every field and is widely applied at present.Plurality of devices can be carried on unmanned plane, is come real
Existing different effect, equipment are mostly to be fixed on by clouds terrace system on unmanned plane.
Clouds terrace system is particularly important system.Equipment is, for example, video camera, or hyperspectral imager.
Hyperspectral imager when being worked on unmanned plane, it is necessary to a relatively stable reliable working environment, but nobody
Machine is in flight course, because the effect of unstable air-flow in the vibrations of unmanned plane itself, air, and unmanned plane precision etc. are asked
Topic, causes hyperspectral imager to be under a more unstable environment and works so that hyperspectral imager can not be well
Work, it is impossible to obtain the data of high quality.
The content of the invention
The invention provides a kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system and unmanned plane, it is intended to solves in the prior art vertically stable cloud
Above mentioned problem existing for platform system.
What the embodiment of the present invention was realized in:
A kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system, including head fixing device, head shock mitigation system and instrument fixing device;It is described
Head shock mitigation system is articulated with first connecting rod and enables clouds terrace system to realize that yaw angle adjusts, the first connecting rod and second
Rod hinge connection enables clouds terrace system to realize rolling angle adjustment, and the instrument fixing device is hinged with second connecting rod causes cloud
Platform system can realize that luffing angle adjusts;The head shock mitigation system includes terminal pad and multiple damping frames, the damping frame
It is connected by cradling piece with terminal pad, the damping frame is uniformly distributed in the week side of boss of the terminal pad along annular.
Preferably, the damping frame is U-shape structure, and shock-absorbing ball, the axis of the shock-absorbing ball are provided with the inside of damping frame
It is parallel with the axis of terminal pad;The head fixing device includes being arranged at the head fixing hole of damping arch.
Preferably, the cradling piece, which is obliquely installed, causes the outboard end of cradling piece to be higher than its medial extremity;The damping frame bag
Include opposed two blocks of side plates and connect the bottom plate of two side plates, the side plate is set parallel to terminal pad, and the bottom plate is vertical
Set in terminal pad;Perforation is offered on the bottom plate, the cradling piece is through the perforation and connects the shock-absorbing ball.
Preferably, the bottom of the shock-absorbing ball is fixed on underlying side plate, and the outboard end of the cradling piece has
Connection ring, the connection ring are connected to the top of the shock-absorbing ball.
Preferably, the damping frame is made of metal, and the shock-absorbing ball is made of rubber;The damping frame has 8.
Preferably, the side plate is triangular structure, and side plate is larger close to one end of bottom plate, and the head fixing hole is set
In on side plate above, being provided with two head fixing holes on same side plate, and two head fixed hole positions are in branch
The surface of hack lever.
Preferably, the instrument fixing device includes framework, and the framework is arcuate structure, and one end of framework is connected to
Two connecting rods, the bottom of framework are provided with connecting plate, camera fixing hole are provided with the connecting plate;The framework is hollow knot
Structure, the hole for fixed data transmission line is provided with framework.
Preferably, the first connecting rod and second connecting rod are arcuate structure, and plane is perpendicular to second residing for first connecting rod
Plane residing for connecting rod;The head shock mitigation system is fixed with first connecting rod, the first connecting rod and second connecting rod, the instrument and filled
Put and servomotor is provided between second connecting rod;The servomotor is connected with three-axis gyroscope.
Preferably, the vertical stable clouds terrace system also includes damping self-locking module, short-distance transport locking module, aerial phase
Machine insurance module and overtemperature protection module.
A kind of unmanned plane, using above-mentioned vertical stable clouds terrace system, including body, the vertical stable clouds terrace system leads to
Cross the lower section that head fixing device is connected to body.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:The vertical stable clouds terrace system that the present invention is obtained by above-mentioned design, main application
Carried in by hyperspectral imager on rotor wing unmanned aerial vehicle, play the transition connection between instrument and aircraft, realize instrument in the air
Work in running, play a part of damping to instrument and improve data acquisition quality.
The system can perceive to carrying the EO-1 hyperion instruments weight above it in the energized state, realize automatic
Exempt to set, exempt to manipulate, allow EO-1 hyperion instrument to reach the vertical purpose photographed over the ground.With it is in light weight, control accuracy is high, applicability
The characteristics of strong.
No matter which kind of posture aircraft does in the air, keeps instrument vertical to take pictures downwards and obtains data, because aircraft is in the sky,
If wind is big, instrument cannot keep that the quality for obtaining data vertically downward, will be influenceed.
The unmanned plane that the present invention is obtained by above-mentioned design, using above-mentioned clouds terrace system, can or it be obtained during taking photo by plane
Higher-quality data.
Brief description of the drawings
, below will be to required use in embodiment in order to illustrate more clearly of the technical scheme of embodiment of the present invention
Accompanying drawing be briefly described, it will be appreciated that the following drawings illustrate only certain embodiments of the present invention, therefore be not to be seen as
It is the restriction to scope, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can be with root
Other related accompanying drawings are obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation for the vertical stable clouds terrace system that embodiment of the present invention provides;
Fig. 2 is the schematic front view for the vertical stable clouds terrace system that embodiment of the present invention provides;
Fig. 3 is the schematic side view for the vertical stable clouds terrace system that embodiment of the present invention provides;
Fig. 4 is that the vertical stable clouds terrace system medium-height trestle bar that embodiment of the present invention provides shows with the structure that damping frame is connected
It is intended to;
Fig. 5 is that the vertical stable clouds terrace system medium-height trestle bar that embodiment of the present invention provides shows with the vertical view that damping frame is connected
It is intended to.
Icon:100- vertically stablizes clouds terrace system;110- first connecting rods;120- second connecting rods;130- terminal pads;131- subtracts
Shake frame;132- cradling pieces;133- shock-absorbing balls;134- head fixing holes;135- side plates;136- bottom plates;137- perforates;138- connections
Ring;140- frameworks;141- connecting plates;142- camera fixing holes.
Embodiment
To make the purpose, technical scheme and advantage of embodiment of the present invention clearer, implement below in conjunction with the present invention
Accompanying drawing in mode, the technical scheme in embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described reality
The mode of applying is a part of embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, ability
The every other embodiment that domain those of ordinary skill is obtained under the premise of creative work is not made, belongs to the present invention
The scope of protection.Therefore, below the detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention to providing in the accompanying drawings be not intended to limit will
The scope of the present invention of protection is sought, but is merely representative of the selected embodiment of the present invention.Based on the embodiment in the present invention,
The every other embodiment that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained under the premise of creative work is not made, belong to this
Invent the scope of protection.
In the description of the invention, it is to be understood that the term of indicating position or position relationship is based on shown in accompanying drawing
Orientation or position relationship, be for only for ease of the description present invention and simplify description, rather than instruction or imply signified element
There must be specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore be not considered as limiting the invention.
In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, term " installation ", " connected ", " connection ", " fixation " etc.
Term should be interpreted broadly, for example, it may be fixedly connected or be detachably connected, or integrally;Can be that machinery connects
Connect or electrically connect;Can be joined directly together, can also be indirectly connected by intermediary, can be in two elements
The connection in portion or the interaction relationship of two elements.For the ordinary skill in the art, can be according to specific feelings
Condition understands the concrete meaning of above-mentioned term in the present invention.
In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, fisrt feature can be with or below second feature
Directly contacted including the first and second features, can also include the first and second features not be direct contact but by them it
Between other characterisation contact.Moreover, fisrt feature is on second feature, top and above to include fisrt feature special second
Directly over sign and oblique upper, or be merely representative of fisrt feature level height and be higher than second feature.Fisrt feature second feature it
Under, lower section and fisrt feature included below are immediately below second feature and obliquely downward, or be merely representative of fisrt feature level height
Less than second feature.
Embodiment.
A kind of unmanned plane is present embodiments provided, unmanned plane has body, and vertical stable head system is connected with below body
System 100.
Fig. 1-Fig. 3 is referred to, vertical stable clouds terrace system 100 includes head fixing device, head shock mitigation system and instrument
Fixing device;The head shock mitigation system is articulated with first connecting rod 110 and enables clouds terrace system to realize that yaw angle adjusts, institute
Stating first connecting rod 110 and being hinged with second connecting rod 120 enables clouds terrace system to realize rolling angle adjustment, and the instrument fixes dress
Putting to be hinged with second connecting rod 120 enables clouds terrace system to realize that luffing angle adjusts;The head shock mitigation system includes connection
Disk 130 and multiple damping frames 131, the damping frame 131 are connected by cradling piece 132 with terminal pad 130, the damping frame 131
The week side of boss of the terminal pad 130 is uniformly distributed in along annular.
Head fixing device is used for clouds terrace system being fixed on unmanned plane.Head shock mitigation system is used for reducing vibrations, rises
To cushioning effect.Instrument fixing device is used for retainer instrument, can be specifically hyperspectral imager.
In aviation, pitch is rotated around X-axis, also referred to as the angle of pitch.Yaw is rotated around Y-axis, is also yaw angle.
Roll is rotated around Z axis, is also roll angle.In the present system, head shock mitigation system and first connecting rod 110, described the are passed through
Hinged relationship between one connecting rod 110 and second connecting rod 120, the instrument fixing device and second connecting rod 120 so that EO-1 hyperion
Imager can realize the adjustment of the angle of pitch, roll angle and yaw angle.Specifically, the setting of each part is passed through so that each angle
The scope that spending to be adjusted is ± 50 °.
Terminal pad 130 is connected to the top of first connecting rod 110, and multiple damping frames 131 are connected to the sidepiece of terminal pad 130,
Pass through the setting of damping frame 131 so that unmanned plane can play a part of damping in flight course so that instrument can be stablized
Ground is connected to the bottom of clouds terrace system.
The damping frame 131 is U-shape structure, and the inner side of damping frame 131 is provided with shock-absorbing ball 133, the shock-absorbing ball 133
Axis is parallel with the axis of terminal pad 130;The head that the head fixing device includes being arranged at the top of damping frame 131 is fixed
Hole 134.
As shown in Figures 4 and 5, cradling piece 132, which is obliquely installed, causes the outboard end of cradling piece 132 to be higher than its medial extremity;Institute
Stating damping frame 131 includes opposed two blocks of side plates 135 and connects the bottom plate 136 of two side plates 135, and the side plate 135 is parallel
Set in terminal pad 130, the bottom plate 136 is set perpendicular to terminal pad 130;Perforation 137, institute are offered on the bottom plate 136
Cradling piece 132 is stated through the perforation 137 and connects the shock-absorbing ball 133.
The bottom of shock-absorbing ball 133 is fixed on underlying side plate 135, and the outboard end of the cradling piece 132, which has, to be connected
Ring 138 is connect, the connection ring 138 is connected to the top of the shock-absorbing ball 133.The damping frame 131 is made of metal, described to subtract
Shake ball 133 is made of rubber;The damping frame 131 has 8.
The side plate 135 is triangular structure, and side plate 135 is larger close to one end of bottom plate 136, the head fixing hole
134 are arranged on side plate 135 above, and two head fixing holes 134, and this two are provided with same side plate 135
Head fixing hole 134 is located at the surface of cradling piece 132.
The mode that cradling piece 132 is obliquely installed make it that the tip position of damping frame 131 is higher so that clouds terrace system can be steady
Surely it is connected to the bottom of unmanned plane.
Setting is put in the side of damping frame 131, and the opening of damping frame 131 is towards sidepiece so that two side plates 135 of damping frame 131
It is horizontally disposed, bottom plate 136 is to be vertically arranged.
Head fixing hole 134 is arranged on the side plate 135 at top so that is firm between damping frame 131 and unmanned plane
Property connection.Shock-absorbing ball 133 is arranged on the inner side of damping frame 131, and shock-absorbing ball 133 is rotary structure, the axis of shock-absorbing ball 133 and company
The axis for connecing disk 130 is consistent;
Perforation 137 is provided with the sidepiece of damping frame 131 so that cradling piece 132 can pass through perforation 137 to enter damping frame
Inside 131.In the end set connection ring 138 of cradling piece 132, the top of shock-absorbing ball 133 is connected to by connection ring 138.
Clouds terrace system is connected on body by head fixing hole 134.
Due between cradling piece 132 and damping frame 131 without being rigidly connected relation so that unmanned plane at work, unmanned plane
Vibrations pass to damping frame 131, by the cushioning effect of damping frame 131 and shock-absorbing ball 133 vibrations can significantly be offset, will not
It is transferred to instrument;The vibrations of instrument can also be absorbed by shock-absorbing ball 133 and damping frame 131, be not transferred to unmanned plane.So that
Unmanned plane and instrument can stably work, and instrument is shot or record out higher-quality data.
Head fixing device:A kind of attachment means that clouds terrace system is fixed on rotor wing unmanned aerial vehicle are provided, mainly by head
Fixing hole 134 and cradling piece 132 form, and share 8 groups of equally circular distributions, and every group has 2 in " one " word distribution (such as Fig. 5
It is shown), the structure design can effectively prevent head angle change and change in location as caused by fixed operation, prevent from finally hanging
The head centre-of gravity shift of load.
The damping frame 131 and spherical rubber shock-absorbing ball 133 of U-shaped metal material form, and are mainly used to suppression head and fix
After device shock-absorbing rebound when concussion and from EO-1 hyperion instrument work when reciprocating impact.
The instrument fixing device includes framework 140, and the framework 140 is arcuate structure, and one end of framework 140 is connected to
Second connecting rod 120, the bottom of framework 140 are provided with connecting plate 141, camera fixing hole 142 are provided with the connecting plate 141;
The framework 140 is hollow-core construction, and the hole for fixed data transmission line is provided with framework 140.
The first connecting rod 110 and second connecting rod 120 are arcuate structure, and plane residing for first connecting rod 110 is perpendicular to
Plane residing for two connecting rods 120;The head shock mitigation system and first connecting rod 110, the first connecting rod 110 and second connecting rod 120,
Servomotor is provided between the instrument fixing device and second connecting rod 120;The servomotor is connected with three axis accelerometer
Instrument.
First connecting rod 110 and second connecting rod 120 are hollow-core construction, and data line passes through the first connecting rod of hollow-core construction
110 and second connecting rod 120, and through the framework 140 of hollow-core construction, be connected on hyperspectral imager.
Data line uses 5.8G frequency ranges, and framework 140 is pitch frameworks 140, and pitch frameworks 140 are provided with 5.8G numbers
Pass and fix, the apparatus structure is designed to effectively on the premise of ensureing that instrument stabilizer is fixed, there is provided is rotated around X-axis, i.e. instrument
Device can do angle of pitch adjustment function.
Vertical stability contorting clouds terrace system is internally provided with three-axis gyroscope and 3-axis acceleration sensor, three-axis gyroscope
Inertia measurement reponse system is formed with 3-axis acceleration sensor, the control servomotor work of inertia measurement reponse system, is realized
The adjustment of the angle of pitch, yaw angle and roll angle.The variable quantity for the inertial parameter that clouds terrace system is measured in real time by sensor, adjustment
Three servomotor torque values are distributed with support arm, are each responsible for before and after head, left and right, the rotation in upper and lower three directions,
So as to realize during unmanned plane during flying moves, make to be mounted in the EO-1 hyperion instrument on unmanned plane and shoot smoothly
Picture and the data for obtaining stabilization.
The vertical stable clouds terrace system 100 also includes:Damping self-locking module;Short-distance transport locking module, aerial camera
Insurance module, play a part of protecting camera;Overtemperature protection module, plays superheat protecting function.
System has 5-24V Width funtion output interfaces, can be that a variety of hyperspectral imagers are powered, while the system has
Whether there is battery design, can be designed from aircraft power taking, built-in more set GPS extended lines, power line.With in light weight, control accuracy
The characteristics of height, strong applicability.
The system can perceive to carrying the EO-1 hyperion instruments weight above it in the energized state, realize automatic
Exempt to set, exempt to manipulate, allow EO-1 hyperion instrument to reach the vertical purpose photographed over the ground.
In the present embodiment, system dimension 305*297*232mm, convenient processing is convenient for assembly, can be with Multiple Type
Unmanned plane adaptation;
Clouds terrace system weight is 1.7kg, and the weight of the camera carried is 4.5kg;Clouds terrace system light weight, it can reduce
The energy consumption of unmanned plane, lift endurance.
Its control accuracy can reach ± 0.05 °.
Clouds terrace system designs XT30 power output interfaces, connects unmanned plane, is directly powered for camera, 24V burning voltages.It is interior
Camera GPS extended lines are put, effectively lift adaptability, improve the scope of application.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is the foregoing is only, is not intended to limit the invention, for this area
For technical staff, the present invention can have various modifications and variations.Within the spirit and principles of the invention, that is made is any
Modification, equivalent substitution, improvement etc., should be included in the scope of the protection.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of vertical stable clouds terrace system, it is characterised in that fixed including head fixing device, head shock mitigation system and instrument
Device;The head shock mitigation system is articulated with first connecting rod and enables clouds terrace system to realize that yaw angle adjusts, and described first
Connecting rod is hinged with second connecting rod enables clouds terrace system to realize rolling angle adjustment, the instrument fixing device and second connecting rod
It is be hinged to enable clouds terrace system to realize that luffing angle adjusts;The head shock mitigation system includes terminal pad and multiple damping frames,
The damping frame is connected by cradling piece with terminal pad, and the damping frame is uniformly distributed in the week side of boss of the terminal pad along annular.
2. vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the damping frame is U-shape structure, damping
Shock-absorbing ball is provided with the inside of frame, the axis of the shock-absorbing ball is parallel with the axis of terminal pad;The head fixing device bag
Include the head fixing hole for being arranged at damping arch.
3. vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the cradling piece is obliquely installed so that branch
The outboard end of hack lever is higher than its medial extremity;The damping frame includes opposed two blocks of side plates and connects the bottom plate of two side plates,
The side plate is set parallel to terminal pad, and the bottom plate is set perpendicular to terminal pad;Perforation, the branch are offered on the bottom plate
Hack lever is through the perforation and connects the shock-absorbing ball.
4. vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that position is fixed in the bottom of the shock-absorbing ball
In on the side plate of lower section, the outboard end of the cradling piece has connection ring, and the connection ring is connected to the top of the shock-absorbing ball.
5. the vertical stable clouds terrace system according to Claims 2 or 3 or 4, it is characterised in that the damping frame metal system
Into the shock-absorbing ball is made of rubber;The damping frame has 8.
6. the vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 3 or 4, it is characterised in that the side plate is triangular structure,
Side plate is larger close to one end of bottom plate, and the head fixing hole is arranged on side plate above, is set on same side plate
There are two head fixing holes, and two head fixed hole positions are in the surface of cradling piece.
7. vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the instrument fixing device includes frame
Frame, the framework are arcuate structure, and one end of framework is connected to second connecting rod, and the bottom of framework is provided with connecting plate, the company
Camera fixing hole is provided with fishplate bar;The framework is hollow-core construction, and the hole for fixed data transmission line is provided with framework.
8. vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the first connecting rod and second connecting rod are equal
For arcuate structure, plane is perpendicular to plane residing for second connecting rod residing for first connecting rod;The head shock mitigation system and first connecting rod,
Servomotor is provided between the first connecting rod and second connecting rod, the instrument fixing device and second connecting rod;It is described to watch
Taking motor connection has three-axis gyroscope.
9. vertical stable clouds terrace system according to claim 8, it is characterised in that the vertical stable clouds terrace system also wraps
Include damping self-locking module, short-distance transport locking module, aerial camera insurance module and overtemperature protection module.
A kind of 10. unmanned plane, using the vertical stable clouds terrace system described in claim any one of 1-9, it is characterised in that including
Body, the vertical stable clouds terrace system are connected to the lower section of body by head fixing device.
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