CN107376639B - 一种危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,包括:(1)在焚烧危险废物产生的高温烟气中首先分别喷入脱酸剂和脱硝剂,实现SNCR脱硝和脱酸的协同处理;(2)将温度500℃‑550℃的烟气区间中的颗粒物降至20mg/m3以下,去除烟气中具有催化促进二噁英生成的过渡金属颗粒物;(3)过滤后的烟气温度降为400‑300℃;(4)在烟气温度300℃‑200℃区间设置SCR催化剂和二噁英分解催化剂,进一步降低氮氧化物和二噁英的含量;(5)对200℃‑180℃温度区间的烟气脱硫和除尘,控制烟气中的二氧化硫和烟尘浓度低于超低排放限值。该方法通过对烟气按不同温度段进行处理,使烟气得到了彻底净化,使烟气中的二氧化硫和烟尘浓度达到了超低排放限值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于对危险废物焚烧烟气净化处理的方法,属于危险废物处置技术领域。
背景技术
焚烧是危险废物处理的重要途径,对危险废物焚烧过程产生的烟气处理就成了必须解决的问题。尽管《危险废物焚烧污染控制标准》(GB18484-2001)细化规定了危废焚烧的各污染物的排放限值,危险废物处置工程技术导则》(HJ2042-2014)细化了各污染物的排放控制措施,但对于燃烧废气中通常的颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物的控制指标不高,特别是氮氧化物的控制技术相关内容不充分。
燃烧烟气中氮氧化物的去除主要采用SCR(选择性催化还原)和SNCR(选择性非催化还原)两种工艺。SCR使用催化剂,反应温度比SNCR低,建设成本和运行成本比SNCR高。SNCR脱硝技术不使用催化剂,在850~1100℃的温度范围内,将含氨基的还原剂(如氨水,尿素溶液等)喷入炉内,将烟气中的NOx还原脱除,生成氮气和水的清洁脱硝技术。
随着环境保护压力的不断增强,废气排放污染物排放标准逐渐由行业排放标准、综合排放标准、地方排放标准逐渐过渡统一到以区域大气环境质量标准为前提的更严格标准,如燃煤电厂超低排放标准以及特别排放限值等标准的严厉要求。
相对的,《危险废物焚烧污染控制标准》(GB18484-2001)及修改稿的征求意见数值相对较宽松,与《危险废物焚烧污染控制标准》对应的《危险废物处置工程技术导则》(HJ2042-2014)也未细化相应的废气净化技术参数和污染物排放限值要求。可以预见,标准的修改将会向更加严格的方向变化。
适应区域大气环境质量,进一步减低危险废物焚烧烟气中污染物排放将成为危废焚烧企业工艺设备选择的首要考虑因素之一。
现有危险废物焚烧后烟气净化技术比较单一,不能使烟气中的各种有害物质(NOx、二氧化硫和烟尘等)浓度降低达到近零排放或超低限值(如燃煤电厂超低排放:烟尘、二氧化硫和氮氧化物的浓度分别为10、35、50mg/m3)要求。
发明内容
本发明针对现有危险废物焚烧后烟气净化技术存在的不足,提出一种能耗低、效率高,净化效果好的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法。
本发明的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,是:
(1)在焚烧危险废物产生的二次高温烟气中喷入脱酸剂和脱硝剂,实现SNCR脱硝和脱酸的协同处理;
所述步骤(1)中脱酸剂为低于320目的固态颗粒。
所述步骤(1)中脱酸剂采用石灰石。
所述步骤(1)中脱硝剂采用液态氨水、尿素或其它含氮化合物溶液。
所述步骤(1)中脱酸剂(石灰石)喷入量为烟气中氯化氢对应理论值的2倍,脱硝剂的喷入量为烟气中NOx理论值的1.03-1.05倍。
(2)将温度500℃-550℃的烟气区间中的颗粒物降至20mg/m3以下,去除烟气中的颗粒物,特别是具有催化促进二噁英生成的过渡金属颗粒物;喷入脱硫剂(消石灰),使碱性脱硫剂过量,超过烟气中二氧化硫含量,防止二噁英的生成;
所述脱硫剂喷入量为烟气中二氧化硫对应理论值的1.1-1.2倍。
(3)使过滤后的烟气温度降为400-300℃;
所述步骤(3)中过滤后的烟气是通过换热器回收热量使温度降至400-300℃。
(4)在烟气温度300℃-200℃区间设置SCR催化剂和二噁英分解催化剂,进一步降低氮氧化物和二噁英的含量;
(5)对200℃-180℃温度区间的烟气脱硫和除尘,控制烟气中的二氧化硫和烟尘浓度低于超低排放限值。所述脱硫剂为小苏打。
所述步骤(5)中对180-120℃的烟气采用换热器回收热量。
本发明通具有以下特点:
1.本发明通过对烟气按不同温度段进行处理,使烟气得到了彻底净化,使制烟气中的二氧化硫和烟尘浓度达到了超低排放限值。
2.本发明采用二级脱硝、脱硫、过滤和脱酸等多重组合工艺,确保了危废焚烧烟气的净化。
3.本发明采用干法脱硫工艺,避免了湿法脱硫产生的雾沫夹带现象,防止了烟气排放中的盐雾产生。同时也可避免因防止烟气烟囱出口温度低产生水雾凝并而加热烟气的复杂工艺与高耗能成本。
附图说明
图1是本发明危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1给出了本发明危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法的流程,具体过程如下所述。
(1)在焚烧单元对危险废物焚烧,烟气进入二燃室,在二燃室的出口处采用复合喷嘴对排出的高达1100℃的高温烟气中按烟气排放出口NOx和氯化氢的含量定量喷入脱酸剂(石灰石)与脱硝剂(如氨水、尿素或其它含氮化合物),实现烟气的SNCR脱硝和脱酸的协同处理。固态脱酸剂为320目以下。
脱酸剂(石灰石)用量为烟气中氯化氢对应理论值的2倍,脱硝剂的用量为烟气中NOx理论值的1.03-1.05倍。实际运行量可由自控系统自动控制。
(2)在焚烧危险废物的辅助锅炉出口增设精密陶瓷过滤器,对辅助锅炉排出的烟气过滤,将500-550℃的高温烟气中的颗粒物降至20mg/m3以下,去除烟气中具有催化促进二噁英生成的过渡金属颗粒物。同时喷入脱硫剂(消石灰),喷入量为烟气中二氧化硫对应理论值的1.1-1.2倍,使碱性脱硫剂过量,防止二噁英的生成。
(3)过滤后的500-550℃烟气经换热器回收热量,使烟气温度降至400-300℃。
(4)在烟气温度300-200℃区间设置SCR催化剂和二噁英分解催化剂,进一步降低系统氮氧化物和二噁英的含量,使烟气排放达到今后更严格标准的限值要求。
SCR催化剂可采用常用的V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2系列,TiO2作为主要载体、V2O5为主要活性成分。
(5)在烟气温度200-180℃的区间设置半干法精脱硫反应器以及精密布袋除尘器,进行半干法精脱硫和精密除尘,控制烟气中的二氧化硫和烟尘浓度低于超低排放限值。半干法精脱硫反应器中采用小苏打为脱硫剂。
(6)对180-120℃的烟气采用换热器回收热量,再排放。
Claims (8)
1.一种危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:
(1)在焚烧危险废物产生的二次高温烟气中喷入脱酸剂和脱硝剂,实现SNCR脱硝和脱酸的协同处理;
(2)将温度500℃-550℃的烟气区间中的颗粒物降至20mg/m3以下,去除烟气中具有催化促进二噁英生成的过渡金属颗粒物;喷入碱性脱硫剂,使碱性脱硫剂过量,超过烟气中二氧化硫含量,防止二噁英的生成;
(3)使过滤后的烟气温度降为400-300℃;
(4)在烟气温度300℃-200℃区间设置SCR催化剂和二噁英分解催化剂,进一步降低氮氧化物和二噁英的含量;
(5)对200℃-180℃温度区间的烟气脱硫和除尘,控制烟气中的二氧化硫和烟尘浓度低于超低排放限值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述步骤(1)中脱酸剂为低于320目的固态颗粒。
3.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述步骤(1)中脱酸剂采用石灰石。
4.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述步骤(1)中脱硝剂采用液态氨水、尿素或其它含氮化合物溶液。
5.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述步骤(1)中脱酸剂喷入量为烟气中氯化氢对应理论值的2倍,脱硝剂的喷入量为烟气中NOx理论值的1.03-1.05倍。
6.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述脱硫剂喷入量为烟气中二氧化硫对应理论值的1.1-1.2倍。
7.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述步骤(3)中过滤后的烟气是通过换热器回收热量使温度降至400-300℃。
8.根据权利要求1所述的危险废物焚烧烟气净化方法,其特征是:所述步骤(5)中对180-120℃的烟气采用换热器回收热量。
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