CN107340533A - 3The proportional detector output amplitude compensation method of He Central spectrometers and device - Google Patents
3The proportional detector output amplitude compensation method of He Central spectrometers and device Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明具体涉及到一种3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿方法及装置。解决了现有技术中正比探测器输出幅度与原电离位置有关，使正比探测器测量精度降低的问题。补偿装置包括测量罐、放射源、支架、正比探测器、U型槽、半导体探测器、时幅转换器和Eagle‑2000谱仪；正比探测器设置在U型槽内，放射源设置在U型槽上方，并与U型槽固定连接，半导体探测器设置在U型槽下方，U型槽侧壁上下面正对放射源的位置分别设置有准直孔，正比探测器、U型槽、放射源、半导体探测器均位于测量罐体内，时幅转换器分别与正比探测器和半导体探测器连接，Eagle‑2000谱仪与正比探测器连接。本发明可以有效提高正比探测器测量精度，从而提高3He夹心谱仪能量分辨率。
The invention specifically relates to a method and device for compensating the output amplitude of a proportional detector of a 3 He sandwich spectrometer. It solves the problem in the prior art that the output amplitude of the proportional detector is related to the original ionization position, which reduces the measurement accuracy of the proportional detector. The compensation device includes a measuring tank, a radioactive source, a bracket, a proportional detector, a U-shaped trough, a semiconductor detector, a time-amplitude converter and an Eagle-2000 spectrometer; the proportional detector is set in the U-shaped trough, and the radioactive source is set in a U-shaped The top of the groove is fixedly connected with the U-shaped groove, the semiconductor detector is arranged under the U-shaped groove, and the upper and lower sides of the U-shaped groove are respectively provided with collimation holes at the position facing the radiation source, which is proportional to the detector, U-shaped groove, and radiation source. Both the source and the semiconductor detector are located in the measurement tank, the time-amplitude converter is connected to the proportional detector and the semiconductor detector respectively, and the Eagle‑2000 spectrometer is connected to the proportional detector. The invention can effectively improve the measurement precision of the proportional detector, thereby improving the energy resolution of the 3 He sandwich spectrometer.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于中子能谱测量技术领域，具体涉及到一种3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿方法及装置。The invention belongs to the technical field of neutron energy spectrum measurement, and in particular relates to a method and a device for compensating the output amplitude of a proportional detector of a 3 He sandwich spectrometer.
背景技术Background technique
3He快中子夹心谱仪探测器芯体采用正比探测器和两个对置的半导体探测器，正比探测器中充3He气体，具体结构如图1所示。3He与中子发生如公式(1)的n-p核反应，核反应产物(带电重离子)首先在正比探测器中沉积能量，最终分别进入两个半导体探测器并被探测，The detector core of the 3 He fast neutron sandwich spectrometer uses a proportional detector and two opposite semiconductor detectors, and the proportional detector is filled with 3 He gas. The specific structure is shown in Figure 1. 3 He and neutrons undergo an np nuclear reaction as in formula (1), and the nuclear reaction product (charged heavy ion) first deposits energy in the proportional detector, and finally enters the two semiconductor detectors and is detected.
3He+n→p+T+0.765MeV(1) 3 He+n→p+T+0.765MeV(1)
当三个探测器同时产生脉冲信号输出时(即为一次符合事件)，才可被记录为一次有效的n-p核反应。通过测量中子与3He发生n-p反应的符合事件，可有效甄别中子散射、探测器壁效应等非符合事件的影响。When the three detectors simultaneously generate pulse signal output (that is, a coincidence event), it can be recorded as an effective np nuclear reaction. By measuring the coincidence events of np reaction between neutrons and 3 He, the influence of non-coincidence events such as neutron scattering and detector wall effect can be effectively screened.
3He快中子夹心谱仪所采用的正比探测器截面为矩形，尺寸为23mm×21mm×11mm，是中子与3He反应的区域，也是核反应后粒子能量沉积的探测器，理论上正比探测器输出幅度与原电离产生的位置无关，但由于矩形正比探测器电场分布均匀性较差、电子漂移过程中被气体复合等因素，造成正比探测器输出幅度与原电离位置有一定关系，从而使正比探测器能量测量精度降低。实验测量证实正比探测器实际输出幅度与原电离距阳极丝距离有关，对能量测量准确性有一定影响，有必要对其加以校正。The proportional detector used in the 3 He fast neutron sandwich spectrometer has a rectangular cross-section and a size of 23mm×21mm×11mm. It is the area where neutrons react with 3 He, and it is also the detector for the energy deposition of particles after nuclear reactions. Theoretically, proportional detection The output amplitude of the detector has nothing to do with the position of the original ionization, but due to the poor uniformity of the electric field distribution of the rectangular proportional detector and the recombination of the electrons by the gas during the drift process, the output amplitude of the proportional detector has a certain relationship with the original ionization position, so that Proportional detector energy measurement accuracy decreases. Experimental measurements have confirmed that the actual output amplitude of the proportional detector is related to the distance from the original ion to the anode wire, which has a certain impact on the accuracy of energy measurement, and it is necessary to correct it.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为解决现有技术中正比探测器输出幅度与原电离位置有关，使正比探测器测量精度降低的问题，本发明提供了一种对正比探测器输出幅度修正，提高3He夹心谱仪正比探测器能量测量精度的方法及装置。In order to solve the problem in the prior art that the output amplitude of the proportional detector is related to the original ionization position, which reduces the measurement accuracy of the proportional detector, the present invention provides a correction of the output amplitude of the proportional detector to improve the proportional detector of the 3 He sandwich spectrometer Method and device for energy measurement accuracy.
本发明解决上述问题的技术方案是：The technical scheme that the present invention solves the above problems is:
3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿方法，包括以下步骤： 3 A method for compensating the output amplitude of a proportional detector of a He sandwich spectrometer, comprising the following steps:
1)补偿系数建立1) Compensation coefficient establishment
1.1)标定测量设备建立1.1) Establishment of calibration measurement equipment
将正比探测器置于U型槽内，放射源置于U型槽上方并与U型槽固定，半导体探测器置于U型槽下方，U型槽侧壁正对放射源的位置分别设置有准直孔，U型槽侧壁上设置有刻度标识，正比探测器、U型槽、放射源、半导体探测器均位于测量罐内；Place the proportional detector in the U-shaped groove, the radiation source is placed above the U-shaped groove and fixed with the U-shaped groove, the semiconductor detector is placed below the U-shaped groove, and the side walls of the U-shaped groove are respectively provided with Collimation holes, scale marks are set on the side wall of the U-shaped groove, and the proportional detector, U-shaped groove, radioactive source, and semiconductor detector are all located in the measuring tank;
1.2)标定数据测量1.2) Calibration data measurement
在测量罐内充工作气体，移动U型槽，实现对正比探测器不同位置照射，记录照射位置、正比探测器延迟时间、正比探测器输出幅度；Fill the measuring tank with working gas, move the U-shaped groove to irradiate different positions of the proportional detector, record the irradiation position, the delay time of the proportional detector, and the output amplitude of the proportional detector;
1.3)计算补偿系数1.3) Calculate the compensation coefficient
粒子轨迹距阳极最小距离补偿方法：根据放射源在正比探测器内不同照射位置与正比探测器输出幅度，不同照射位置与正比探测器延迟时间的关系，将数据拟合成曲线，得到正比探测器延迟时间与正比探测器输出幅度的补偿系数η的关系式：Compensation method for the minimum distance between the particle track and the anode: According to the relationship between different irradiation positions of the radioactive source in the proportional detector and the output amplitude of the proportional detector, and the relationship between different irradiation positions and the delay time of the proportional detector, the data is fitted into a curve to obtain a proportional detector The relationship between the delay time and the compensation coefficient η proportional to the output amplitude of the detector:
其中：td为正比探测器延迟时间；Where: t d is the delay time of the proportional detector;
2)3He夹心谱仪正比探测器实际测量：2) 3 He sandwich spectrometer proportional detector actual measurement:
2.1)测量中子谱数据，获得正比探测器输出幅度及其相对半导体探测器输出信号的延迟时间；2.1) Measure the neutron spectrum data to obtain the output amplitude of the proportional detector and the delay time relative to the output signal of the semiconductor detector;
2.2)根据补偿系数η，对正比探测器输出幅度进行补偿：2.2) Compensate the output amplitude of the proportional detector according to the compensation coefficient η:
EG＝Em/(1-η)E G =E m /(1-η)
其中：EG为补偿后正比脉冲信号幅度；Among them: E G is the proportional pulse signal amplitude after compensation;
Em为测量脉冲信号幅度；E m is the measurement pulse signal amplitude;
η为补偿系数。η is the compensation coefficient.
上述步骤1.3)中的补偿系数也可通过粒子轨迹距阳极等效距离补偿方法获得：利用Geant4软件模拟3He夹心谱仪正比探测器内符合事件核反应产物轨迹，确定粒子轨迹距阳极丝最小距离对应的轨迹分布概率，如图14所示，根据轨迹分布概率计算出粒子轨迹距阳极最小距离对应的等效距离de，The compensation coefficient in the above step 1.3) can also be obtained by the equivalent distance compensation method from the particle trajectory to the anode: use Geant4 software to simulate the coincident event nuclear reaction product trajectory in the proportional detector of the 3 He sandwich spectrometer, and determine the corresponding minimum distance between the particle trajectory and the anode wire The trajectory distribution probability of , as shown in Figure 14, calculates the equivalent distance d e corresponding to the minimum distance between the particle trajectory and the anode according to the trajectory distribution probability,
其中：in:
de为等效距离；d e is the equivalent distance;
dmin为通过延迟时间测量得到的距阳极丝最小距离；d min is the minimum distance from the anode wire obtained by delay time measurement;
d为粒子轨迹上各点距阳极的距离；d is the distance from each point on the particle trajectory to the anode;
pd为利用Geant4软件模拟不同距离的概率；p d is the probability of using Geant4 software to simulate different distances;
根据放射源在正比探测器内不同照射位置与正比探测器输出幅度，不同照射位置与正比探测器延迟时间的关系，利用该等效距离将数据拟合成曲线，得到正比探测器延迟时间与正比探测器输出幅度的补偿系数，According to the relationship between different irradiation positions of the radioactive source in the proportional detector and the output amplitude of the proportional detector, and the relationship between different irradiation positions and the delay time of the proportional detector, the equivalent distance is used to fit the data into a curve, and the delay time of the proportional detector and the proportional detector delay time are obtained. The compensation coefficient of the detector output amplitude,
上述U型槽为铝槽。The above-mentioned U-shaped groove is an aluminum groove.
3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿装置，包括测量罐、放射源、支架、正比探测器、U型槽、半导体探测器、时幅转换器和Eagle-2000谱仪；正比探测器设置在U型槽内，放射源设置在U型槽上方，并通过支架与U型槽固定连接，半导体探测器设置在U型槽下方，U型槽侧壁上下面正对放射源的位置分别设置有准直孔，U型槽侧壁上设置有刻度标识，正比探测器、U型槽、放射源、半导体探测器均位于测量罐体内，时幅转换器分别与正比探测器和半导体探测器连接，Eagle-2000谱仪与正比探测器连接。 3 He sandwich spectrometer proportional detector output amplitude compensation device, including measuring tank, radioactive source, bracket, proportional detector, U-shaped groove, semiconductor detector, time-amplitude converter and Eagle-2000 spectrometer; the proportional detector is set at In the U-shaped groove, the radiation source is arranged above the U-shaped groove, and is fixedly connected to the U-shaped groove through a bracket. The semiconductor detector is arranged under the U-shaped groove. The collimation hole, the scale mark is set on the side wall of the U-shaped groove, the proportional detector, the U-shaped groove, the radioactive source, and the semiconductor detector are all located in the measuring tank, and the time-amplitude converter is respectively connected with the proportional detector and the semiconductor detector. The Eagle-2000 spectrometer is connected with a proportional detector.
本发明的优点为：The advantages of the present invention are:
1.本发明通过建立专用测量装置预先测量出正比探测器输出延迟、幅度与原电离距阳极距离的数据，获得正比探测器幅度补偿关系及参数。在实际能谱测量中通过测量系统符合事件中正比探测器延迟时间，对3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿，可以有效提高正比探测器测量精度，从而提高3He夹心谱仪能量分辨率。1. The present invention obtains the amplitude compensation relationship and parameters of the proportional detector by establishing a special measuring device to pre-measure the data of the proportional detector output delay, the amplitude and the distance from the original ion distance to the anode. In the actual energy spectrum measurement, by measuring the delay time of the proportional detector in the coincidence event of the system, and compensating the output amplitude of the proportional detector of the 3 He sandwich spectrometer, the measurement accuracy of the proportional detector can be effectively improved, thereby improving the energy resolution of the 3 He sandwich spectrometer .
2.本发明通过测量正比探测器相对于半导体探测器的相对延迟时间，确定核反应带电粒子距正比探测器阳极最小距离，通过Geant4软件模拟3He夹心谱仪符合事件中带电粒子距阳极最小距离与带电粒子轨迹分布规律，建立了正比探测器延迟时间与距阳极等效距离间关系，得到的粒子轨迹距阳极等效距离补偿方法可进一步提高补偿效果。2. The present invention determines the minimum distance from the anode of the proportional detector to the charged particle of the nuclear reaction by measuring the relative delay time of the proportional detector relative to the semiconductor detector, and simulates the minimum distance and the minimum distance from the anode to the charged particle from the anode in the He sandwich spectrometer coincidence event by Geant4 software According to the distribution law of charged particle trajectories, the relationship between the delay time of the proportional detector and the equivalent distance from the anode is established, and the compensation method for the equivalent distance from the particle trajectory to the anode can further improve the compensation effect.
3.利用西安脉冲堆热柱热中子源开展了验证工作，结果表明利用该方法对西安脉冲堆热柱热中子能谱数据加以修正，热中子峰半高宽由140keV降至70keV左右(见图13)，从而效提高热中子分辨率，证明了该方法可以有效提高正比探测器能量测量精度。3. The verification work was carried out by using the thermal neutron source of the Xi'an pulsed reactor thermal column. The results show that the thermal neutron peak width at half maximum is reduced from 140keV to about 70keV by using this method to correct the thermal neutron energy spectrum data of the Xi'an pulsed reactor thermal column (see Fig. 13), thereby effectively improving the resolution of thermal neutrons, and proving that this method can effectively improve the energy measurement accuracy of the proportional detector.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明3He快中子夹心谱仪原理图；Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of He fast neutron sandwich spectrometer of the present invention;
图2为本发明装置结构侧视图；Fig. 2 is a side view of the device structure of the present invention;
图3为本发明装置结构俯视图；Fig. 3 is a top view of the device structure of the present invention;
图4为本发明U型槽刻度标识示意图；Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a U-shaped groove scale mark of the present invention;
图5为本发明测量系统电子学组成图；Fig. 5 is the composition diagram of the electronics of the measurement system of the present invention;
图6为本发明成形时间对输出信号差异影响的关系图；Fig. 6 is a relation diagram of the influence of shaping time on output signal difference in the present invention;
图7为本发明输出幅度与原电离位置关系图；Fig. 7 is the relationship diagram between the output amplitude and the original ionization position of the present invention;
图8为本发明正比探测器延迟时间与原电离位置关系图；Fig. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the delay time of the proportional detector and the original ionization position of the present invention;
图9为本发明采用粒子轨迹距阳极最小距离补偿方法正比探测器延迟时间与幅度补偿关系图；Fig. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the delay time of the proportional detector and the amplitude compensation using the compensation method for the minimum distance between the particle trajectory and the anode in the present invention;
图10为本发明探测器内粒子轨迹示意图；Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of particle trajectories in the detector of the present invention;
图11为本发明符合事件轨迹分布概率图；Fig. 11 is a distribution probability diagram of event trajectories according to the present invention;
图12为本发明实施例热中子测量电子学系统图；Fig. 12 is a system diagram of thermal neutron measurement electronics in an embodiment of the present invention;
图13为本发明符合热中子谱图；Fig. 13 is that the present invention accords with the thermal neutron spectrogram;
图14为符合事件最小距离分布。Figure 14 shows the minimum distance distribution of coincident events.
附图标记：11-半导体探测器，12-正比探测器；Reference signs: 11-semiconductor detector, 12-proportional detector;
1-测量罐，2-放射源，3-支架，4-正比探测器阳极，5-正比探测器，6-U型槽，7-半导体探测器。1-measurement tank, 2-radiation source, 3-support, 4-proportional detector anode, 5-proportional detector, 6-U-shaped groove, 7-semiconductor detector.
具体实施方式detailed description
以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明的内容作进一步的详细描述：Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment content of the present invention is described in further detail:
因正比探测器中原电离距阳极的距离会影响正比探测器输出幅度，本发明通过设置补偿装置，预先测量出正比探测器中原电离位置、正比探测器延迟时间和正比探测器输出幅度,建立正比探测器延迟时间与输出幅度的补偿关系。在实际能谱测量中可通过测量得到正比探测器延迟时间，分析出原电离的大致位置及幅度修正量，从而对正比探测器输出幅度加以修正，提高能量测量精度。Because the distance between the primary ionization distance of the proportional detector and the anode will affect the output amplitude of the proportional detector, the present invention pre-measures the primary ionization position of the proportional detector, the delay time of the proportional detector and the output amplitude of the proportional detector by setting a compensation device, and establishes a proportional detection The compensation relationship between the delay time of the device and the output amplitude. In the actual energy spectrum measurement, the delay time of the proportional detector can be obtained by measuring, and the approximate position and amplitude correction amount of the original ionization can be analyzed, so as to correct the output amplitude of the proportional detector and improve the energy measurement accuracy.
3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿装置包括测量罐1、放射源2、支架3、正比探测器5、U型槽6、半导体探测器7、时幅转换器和Eagle-2000谱仪；正比探测器5设置在U型槽6内，放射源2设置在U型槽6上方，并通过支架3与U型槽6固定连接，半导体探测器7设置在U型槽6下方，U型槽6侧壁上下面正对放射源2的位置分别设置有准直孔，U型槽6侧壁上设置有刻度标识，正比探测器5、U型槽6、放射源2、半导体探测器7均位于测量罐1体内，时幅转换器分别与正比探测器5和半导体探测器7连接，Eagle-2000谱仪与正比探测器5连接。 3 He sandwich spectrometer proportional detector output amplitude compensation device includes measuring tank 1, radioactive source 2, bracket 3, proportional detector 5, U-shaped groove 6, semiconductor detector 7, time-amplitude converter and Eagle-2000 spectrometer; The proportional detector 5 is arranged in the U-shaped groove 6, the radiation source 2 is arranged above the U-shaped groove 6, and is fixedly connected with the U-shaped groove 6 through the bracket 3, and the semiconductor detector 7 is arranged under the U-shaped groove 6, and the U-shaped groove The upper and lower sides of the 6 side walls are respectively provided with collimating holes at the positions facing the radiation source 2, and the side walls of the U-shaped groove 6 are provided with scale marks, and the proportional detector 5, the U-shaped groove 6, the radiation source 2, and the semiconductor detector 7 are all aligned. Located inside the measurement tank 1 , the time-amplitude converter is connected to the proportional detector 5 and the semiconductor detector 7 respectively, and the Eagle-2000 spectrometer is connected to the proportional detector 5 .
3He夹心谱仪正比探测器输出幅度补偿方法，包括以下步骤： 3 A method for compensating the output amplitude of a proportional detector of a He sandwich spectrometer, comprising the following steps:
1)补偿系数建立1) Compensation coefficient establishment
1.1)标定测量设备建立1.1) Establishment of calibration measurement equipment
如图2所示，由测量罐1、正比探测器5、半导体探测器7及一枚241Am放射源组成标定设备，利用241Am的5.486MeVα粒子开展正比探测器能量沉积与输出幅度关系的测量。将正比探测器5置于U型槽6内，放射源α粒子置于U型槽6上方，半导体探测器7置于U型槽6下方，U型槽6侧壁正对放射源α粒子的位置分别设置有直径0.5mm准直孔；α粒子置于准直孔正上方距U型槽6侧壁表面20～30mm，并通过支架3与U型槽6固定连接，U型槽6侧壁上设置有刻度标识，正比探测器5、U型槽6、放射源2、半导体探测器7均位于测量罐1内，由测量罐1提供所需的工作环境，U型槽为铝槽。As shown in Figure 2, the calibration equipment consists of a measuring tank 1, a proportional detector 5, a semiconductor detector 7 and a 241 Am radioactive source, and the relationship between energy deposition and output amplitude of the proportional detector is measured by using 241 Am 5.486MeVα particles . The proportional detector 5 is placed in the U-shaped groove 6, the radiation source α particles are placed above the U-shaped groove 6, the semiconductor detector 7 is placed below the U-shaped groove 6, and the side wall of the U-shaped groove 6 is facing the side wall of the radiation source α particles. Alignment holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm are provided at the positions respectively; the α particles are placed directly above the alignment holes and are 20 to 30 mm away from the side wall surface of the U-shaped groove 6, and are fixedly connected to the U-shaped groove 6 through the bracket 3, and the side walls of the U-shaped groove 6 There is a scale mark on the top, the proportional detector 5, the U-shaped groove 6, the radioactive source 2, and the semiconductor detector 7 are all located in the measuring tank 1, and the measuring tank 1 provides the required working environment, and the U-shaped groove is an aluminum groove.
如图3、图4所示，α粒子穿过两准直孔打到半导体探测器7上，U型槽6上刻度可以确定α粒子在正比探测器5中的照射位置，由于α粒子从不同位置入射时在正比探测器5内射程相同，故在正比探测器5内沉积的能量相同。通过测量α粒子从不同位置入射时正比探测器输出幅度，可以比较正比探测器5不同位置能量响应差异。将正比探测器及半导体探测器脉冲信号经过恒比定时电路后，输入时幅转换器可测量出正比探测器信号相对于半导体的延迟时间(即正比探测器延迟时间)。As shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, the α particles pass through two collimating holes and hit the semiconductor detector 7, and the scale on the U-shaped groove 6 can determine the irradiation position of the α particles in the proportional detector 5, because the α particles come from different When the position is incident, the range in the proportional detector 5 is the same, so the energy deposited in the proportional detector 5 is the same. By measuring the output amplitude of the proportional detector when α particles are incident from different positions, the energy response difference at different positions of the proportional detector 5 can be compared. After passing the pulse signal of the proportional detector and the semiconductor detector through the constant ratio timing circuit, the input time-amplitude converter can measure the delay time of the proportional detector signal relative to the semiconductor (that is, the delay time of the proportional detector).
测量电子学系统如图5所示，两套Eagle-2000谱仪分别测量正比探测器输出幅度及正比探测器相对半导体探测器的信号延迟谱，用996定标器监测半导体探测器7工作状态，利用551定时单道的50％后沿恒比定时输出功能实现正比探测器5及半导体探测器7脉冲信号恒比定时，避免了因信号幅度差异造成的时间游动问题，提高了正比探测器延迟时间测量的准确性。The measurement electronics system is shown in Figure 5. Two sets of Eagle-2000 spectrometers respectively measure the output amplitude of the proportional detector and the signal delay spectrum of the proportional detector relative to the semiconductor detector, and use a 996 scaler to monitor the working status of the semiconductor detector 7. Using the 50% trailing edge constant ratio timing output function of the 551 timing single channel to realize the constant ratio timing of the pulse signals of the proportional detector 5 and the semiconductor detector 7, avoiding the time wandering problem caused by the difference in signal amplitude, and improving the delay of the proportional detector Accuracy of time measurement.
1.2)标定数据测量1.2) Calibration data measurement
在测量罐1内充工作气体，移动U型槽6，实现对正比探测器5不同位置照射，记录照射位置、正比探测器延迟时间、正比探测器输出幅度。由于3He气体较为昂贵，采用4He气体代替3He气体开展该项测试。Fill the measuring tank 1 with working gas, move the U-shaped groove 6 to realize irradiation on different positions of the proportional detector 5, record the irradiation position, the delay time of the proportional detector, and the output amplitude of the proportional detector. Since 3 He gas is more expensive, 4 He gas was used instead of 3 He gas to carry out this test.
正比探测器放大器成形时间：首先测量放大器成形时间对输出幅度的影响。成形时间设置分别为0.5μs、1μs、2μs、3μ、6μs，测量阳极丝径向0mm位置上输出幅度最大相对差定义为Δ，如式(6)所示，其中V10、V0分别为α粒子由径向0mm与径向10mm准直孔入射时正比探测器输出幅度，Proportional Detector Amplifier Shaping Time: First measure the effect of amplifier shaping time on the output amplitude. The forming time is set to 0.5 μs, 1 μs, 2 μs, 3 μs, 6 μs respectively, and the maximum relative difference of the output amplitude at the position of 0 mm in the radial direction of the measured anode wire is defined as Δ, as shown in formula (6), where V 10 and V 0 are respectively α The output amplitude of the detector is proportional to the incidence of particles from the radial 0mm and radial 10mm collimation holes,
图6为输出幅度最大相对差与主放大器成形时间的关系，可看出主放大器成形时间选择2μs较合理。Figure 6 shows the relationship between the maximum relative difference of the output amplitude and the shaping time of the main amplifier. It can be seen that the shaping time of the main amplifier is 2μs is more reasonable.
原电离位置与输出幅度及延迟时间关系测量：设置主放大器成形时间为2μs，在正比探测器5轴向0mm、4mm、8mm位置处，开展正比探测器输出幅度、正比探测器延迟时间随距阳极丝轴向距离变化的测量。输出幅度与原电离位置关系如图7所示，正比探测器延迟时间与阳极丝距离关系如图8所示。由图7可见正比探测器输出幅度随距阳极丝径向距离增大逐渐降低。在轴向位置较小时输出幅度差异不明显，由于正比探测器5端效应的影响，在轴向位置较大时(靠近正比探测器阴极箱侧壁)，输出幅度会比轴向位置较小时略有降低，但远小于径向距离造成的输出幅度差异。为此可以使用各径向位置平均值表示输出幅度与距阳极丝径向距离的关系。由图8可看出正比探测器5输出信号延迟基本只与原电离距阳极丝径向距离有关，与阳极丝轴向距离关系不大。因此，可以根据延迟时间对正比探测器输出幅度进行修正。Measurement of the relationship between the original ionization position and the output amplitude and delay time: set the main amplifier forming time to 2 μs, and carry out the output amplitude of the proportional detector and the delay time of the proportional detector at the positions of 0mm, 4mm, and 8mm on the 5-axis of the proportional detector with the distance from the anode Measurement of the change in axial distance of the wire. The relationship between the output amplitude and the original ionization position is shown in Figure 7, and the relationship between the delay time of the proportional detector and the distance from the anode wire is shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from Figure 7 that the output amplitude of the proportional detector decreases gradually with the increase of the radial distance from the anode wire. When the axial position is small, the difference in output amplitude is not obvious. Due to the influence of the 5-terminal effect of the proportional detector, when the axial position is large (close to the side wall of the cathode box of the proportional detector), the output amplitude will be slightly smaller than when the axial position is small. There is a reduction, but much less than the difference in output amplitude due to radial distance. For this purpose, the mean values of the individual radial positions can be used to represent the output amplitude as a function of the radial distance from the anode wire. It can be seen from Figure 8 that the output signal delay of the proportional detector 5 is basically only related to the radial distance from the original ion distance to the anode wire, and has little to do with the axial distance from the anode wire. Therefore, the output amplitude of the proportional detector can be corrected according to the delay time.
通过测量正比探测器5相对于半导体探测器7的延迟时间，确定原电离发生的位置。根据所测定的正比探测器5不同位置实际能量响应及正比探测器延迟时间，建立正比探测器延迟时间与信号幅度补偿的关系。By measuring the delay time of the proportional detector 5 relative to the semiconductor detector 7, the position where the primary ionization occurs is determined. According to the measured actual energy responses at different positions of the proportional detector 5 and the delay time of the proportional detector, the relationship between the delay time of the proportional detector and the signal amplitude compensation is established.
1.3)补偿系数计算1.3) Compensation coefficient calculation
补偿系数可通过粒子轨迹距阳极最小距离补偿方法或粒子轨迹距阳极等效距离补偿方法得到；The compensation coefficient can be obtained by the compensation method of the minimum distance from the particle trajectory to the anode or the compensation method of the equivalent distance from the particle trajectory to the anode;
1.3.1)粒子轨迹距阳极最小距离补偿方法：1.3.1) Compensation method for the minimum distance between the particle track and the anode:
根据测得的正比探测器5内不同照射位置与正比探测器输出幅度及正比探测器输出信号延迟时间的数据，可建立正比探测器延迟时间与信号幅度补偿的关系，将数据拟合成曲线，并得到正比探测器延迟时间与正比探测器输出幅度补偿系数η的关系式：According to the measured data of different irradiation positions in the proportional detector 5, the output amplitude of the proportional detector and the delay time of the output signal of the proportional detector, the relationship between the delay time of the proportional detector and the signal amplitude compensation can be established, and the data can be fitted into a curve, And obtain the relational expression of proportional detector delay time and proportional detector output amplitude compensation coefficient η:
其中：td为正比探测器延迟时间；Where: t d is the delay time of the proportional detector;
1.3.2)粒子轨迹距阳极等效距离补偿方法：1.3.2) Compensation method for equivalent distance between particle trajectory and anode:
在实际中子能谱测量过程中，符合事件的核反应产物在3He气体中的轨迹大都比较随机，与研究背景实验中的α粒子轨迹都是垂直于阳极丝不同，如图9所示，α粒子轨迹到阳极丝垂直距离为l，利用3He快中子夹心谱仪测量中子时，正比探测器延迟时间对应的是轨迹距阳极丝最小距离dmin，用最小距离代表符合事件核反应产物轨迹与实际情况还有较大差异。为此直接利用能量响应与正比探测器延迟时间关系推算粒子位置，进而对正比探测器输出幅度进行补偿效果必然欠佳。In the actual neutron spectrum measurement process, the trajectories of the nuclear reaction products that coincide with the event are mostly random in 3 He gas, which is different from the α particle trajectories in the background experiment that are perpendicular to the anode wire, as shown in Figure 9, α The vertical distance from the particle trajectory to the anode filament is l. When using 3 He fast neutron sandwich spectrometer to measure neutrons, the delay time of the proportional detector corresponds to the minimum distance d min from the trajectory to the anode filament, and the minimum distance represents the coincident event nuclear reaction product trajectory There is still a big difference with the actual situation. Therefore, directly using the relationship between the energy response and the delay time of the proportional detector to calculate the particle position, and then to compensate the output amplitude of the proportional detector must not be effective.
由于正比探测器延迟时间与粒子轨迹距正比探测器阳极4最小距离相关，利用Geant4软件可以模拟正比探测器5内符合事件核反应产物，确定粒子轨迹距阳极丝最小距离对应的轨迹分布概率，如图10所示，由图可看出距阳极丝最小距离较小时，轨迹分布概率曲线较宽，随着距阳极丝最小距离增大，分布曲线明显变窄。如图14所示，根据轨迹分布概率可以计算出每种概率下对应的等效距离，计算方法如式(3)，其中de为等效距离，dmin为通过延迟时间测量得到的距阳极丝最小距离，d为距阳极丝距离，pd为利用Geant4软件计算得到的距阳极丝距离为d的概率，Since the delay time of the proportional detector is related to the minimum distance between the particle trajectory and the anode 4 of the proportional detector, Geant4 software can be used to simulate the coincident event nuclear reaction product in the proportional detector 5, and determine the trajectory distribution probability corresponding to the minimum distance between the particle trajectory and the anode wire, as shown in the figure As shown in Figure 10, it can be seen from the figure that when the minimum distance from the anode wire is small, the trajectory distribution probability curve is wider, and as the minimum distance from the anode wire increases, the distribution curve narrows significantly. As shown in Figure 14, the equivalent distance corresponding to each probability can be calculated according to the trajectory distribution probability. The calculation method is as shown in formula (3), where d e is the equivalent distance, and d min is the distance from the anode obtained by delay time measurement. The minimum distance between wires, d is the distance from the anode wire, p d is the probability that the distance from the anode wire is d calculated by Geant4 software,
由于刻度α粒子上各点距离阳极距离也不相同，因此对刻度α粒子也需做同样的等效距离处理，如公式(4)所示：Since the distance from each point on the scale α particles to the anode is not the same, the same equivalent distance treatment needs to be done for the scale α particles, as shown in formula (4):
其中：le为α粒子运动路径等效距离，Among them: l e is the equivalent distance of the movement path of α particles,
N为α粒子运动路径等分数，N is the equal fraction of the movement path of α particles,
l为α粒子运动路径距阳极丝最小距离，l is the minimum distance between the movement path of α particles and the anode wire,
H为正比探测器5半厚度；H is the half-thickness of proportional detector 5;
利用(3)标定得到的信号补偿关系及(4)式得到的等效距离关系，对测量数据进行处理，完成正比探测器5数据信号幅度补偿。利用Geant4软件模拟出符合事件中核反应产物轨迹分布概率，计算出不同延迟时间所对应的等效距离，并提出基于等效距离开展幅度补偿的方法，拟合出相应的补偿公式。幅度补偿公式是同α粒子运动路径距正比探测器阳极4最小距离向关联的，将其与刻度射线等效距离相关联得式，这样就可通过原电离位置为桥梁，建立正比探测器输出信号幅度补偿与延迟时间关系。利用该等效距离重新将数据拟合成曲线，得到正比探测器延迟时间与输出信号幅度的补偿系数，Using the signal compensation relationship obtained from calibration in (3) and the equivalent distance relationship obtained in formula (4), the measurement data is processed to complete the data signal amplitude compensation of the proportional detector 5 . Geant4 software was used to simulate the distribution probability of nuclear reaction product trajectories in coincident events, and the equivalent distances corresponding to different delay times were calculated, and a method of amplitude compensation based on equivalent distances was proposed, and the corresponding compensation formulas were fitted. The amplitude compensation formula is related to the minimum distance between the α particle motion path and the proportional detector anode 4, which is related to the equivalent distance of the calibration ray, so that the original ionization position can be used as a bridge to establish the proportional detector output signal Amplitude compensation versus delay time. Using the equivalent distance to re-fit the data into a curve, the compensation coefficient proportional to the detector delay time and the output signal amplitude is obtained,
2)3He夹心谱仪正比探测器实际测量，对正比探测器输出幅度进行补偿；2) The 3 He sandwich spectrometer is actually measured by the proportional detector, and the output amplitude of the proportional detector is compensated;
2.1)利用3He夹心谱仪测量中子场能谱，测量中子谱数据，通过符合系统采集数据并判断符合事件，获得符合事件中正比探测器输出幅度及其相对半导体探测器7信号的延迟时间；2.1) Use the 3 He sandwich spectrometer to measure the neutron field energy spectrum, measure the neutron spectrum data, collect data through the coincidence system and judge the coincidence event, and obtain the output amplitude of the proportional detector and the delay relative to the signal of the semiconductor detector 7 in the coincidence event time;
2.2)根据补偿系数，对正比探测器输出幅度进行补偿：2.2) Compensate the output amplitude of the proportional detector according to the compensation coefficient:
EG＝Em/(1-η) (7)E G ＝E m /(1-η) (7)
其中：in:
EG为补偿后正比脉冲信号幅度；E G is the amplitude of the proportional pulse signal after compensation;
Em为测量脉冲信号幅度；E m is the measurement pulse signal amplitude;
η为补偿系数。η is the compensation coefficient.
3)正比探测器幅度补偿验证3) Proportional detector amplitude compensation verification
为了证实利用延迟时间校正正比探测器输出幅度方法的可行性，利用西安脉冲堆热柱开展能量补偿验证工作。西安脉冲堆热柱可产生慢化良好的热中子场，出口束斑直径35mm，束斑内热中子束流均匀，可覆盖整个3He快中子夹心谱仪灵敏区。谱仪系统测量符合事件能量应为热中子与3He反应能765keV。In order to verify the feasibility of the method of correcting the output amplitude of the proportional detector by using the delay time, the energy compensation verification work was carried out by using the hot column of the Xi'an pulse reactor. Xi'an Pulse Reactor thermal column can produce a well-moderated thermal neutron field, the exit beam spot diameter is 35mm, and the thermal neutron beam flow in the beam spot is uniform, which can cover the entire sensitive area of 3 He fast neutron sandwich spectrometer. The energy of the coincidence event measured by the spectrometer system should be 765keV for the reaction energy of thermal neutrons and 3 He.
图12为探测器电子学系统图，每路放大器脉冲信号输出被分为两路，一路经延迟放大进入线性门，另一路进入551定时单道，产生脉冲后延50％恒比定时信号，用于线性门开门。这样由线性门输出的信号具有恒比定时前沿。利用419信号发生器产生信号校准正比探测器5相对延迟时间，使其与基础研究实验中的测量方法一致。利用三通道数字符合系统采集脉冲信号幅度与定时信息，将551定时单道阈值设置高于AD过阈点电压，可实现三通道数字符合系统对信号恒比定时。图11为示波器获取的符合信号，可看出三路脉冲信号都经过恒比电路处理具有恒比前沿。图12为半导体探测器7测量核反应产物能谱，能谱中有高能质子(574keV)、与低能氚(191keV)两个独立峰。图13为利用脉冲信号幅度与时间信息，经过符合甄别软件获得的热中子能谱，由图可看出利用两种方法对正比探测器输出幅度进行修正后，测量热中子峰明显变窄、峰值变高。尤其是利用等效距离方法进行修正后，峰形高能沿明显变陡，峰值较未校正时提高30％、峰半高宽降低50％左右。说明利用该方法对正比探测器输出幅度补偿，可有效提高正比探测器测量能量准确性。Figure 12 is a diagram of the detector electronics system. The pulse signal output of each amplifier is divided into two channels. One channel is delayed and amplified and enters the linear gate. Open the door on the linear door. Thus the signal output by the linear gate has a constant ratio timing leading edge. The 419 signal generator is used to generate a signal to calibrate the relative delay time of the proportional detector 5, so that it is consistent with the measurement method in the basic research experiment. The three-channel digital coincidence system is used to collect pulse signal amplitude and timing information, and the 551 timing single-channel threshold is set higher than the AD threshold voltage, which can realize the constant ratio timing of the signal by the three-channel digital coincidence system. Figure 11 is the coincidence signal obtained by the oscilloscope. It can be seen that the three pulse signals have been processed by the constant ratio circuit and have a constant ratio leading edge. Fig. 12 is the energy spectrum of the nuclear reaction product measured by the semiconductor detector 7, in which there are two independent peaks of high-energy protons (574keV) and low-energy tritium (191keV). Figure 13 shows the thermal neutron energy spectrum obtained by coincidence screening software using the pulse signal amplitude and time information. It can be seen from the figure that after the two methods are used to correct the output amplitude of the proportional detector, the measured thermal neutron peak is obviously narrowed , the peak becomes higher. Especially after correction by using the equivalent distance method, the peak shape height and energy edge become significantly steeper, the peak value increases by 30%, and the half-height width of the peak decreases by about 50% compared with the uncorrected state. It shows that using this method to compensate the output amplitude of the proportional detector can effectively improve the accuracy of the measured energy of the proportional detector.
通过实验测量证明了3He正比探测器输出能量响应与原电离与阳极距离有一定关系。利用241Amα粒子源精细测量了正比探测器在主放大器成形时间为2μs条件下，原电离距阳极距离、脉冲信号输出幅度、正比探测器与半导体探测器信号的延迟时间等参数相互关系；利用Geant4软件模拟了符合时间与轨迹分布概率，提出了等效距离正比探测器输出幅度修正方法。利用该方法对西安脉冲堆热柱热中子能谱数据加以修正，可有效提高热中子分辨率，该方法可以有效提高正比探测器能量测量精度。The experimental measurement proves that the output energy response of the 3 He proportional detector has a certain relationship with the distance between the primary ionization and the anode. Using the 241Amα particle source, the relationship between the parameters such as the distance between the original ion and the anode, the output amplitude of the pulse signal, and the delay time between the proportional detector and the semiconductor detector signal was measured carefully under the condition that the main amplifier forming time of the proportional detector is 2 μs; using Geant4 software The matching time and trajectory distribution probability are simulated, and a correction method of equivalent distance proportional detector output amplitude is proposed. Using this method to correct the thermal neutron energy spectrum data of Xi'an pulsed reactor thermal column can effectively improve the resolution of thermal neutrons, and this method can effectively improve the energy measurement accuracy of proportional detectors.
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