CN107313092A - It is a kind of to prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface - Google Patents
It is a kind of to prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN107313092A CN107313092A CN201610270581.XA CN201610270581A CN107313092A CN 107313092 A CN107313092 A CN 107313092A CN 201610270581 A CN201610270581 A CN 201610270581A CN 107313092 A CN107313092 A CN 107313092A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
- C25D9/02—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with organic materials
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/28—Materials for coating prostheses
- A61L27/34—Macromolecular materials
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/54—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/56—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method for being prepared on medical metal surface and having Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule, the invention belongs to technical field of biological materials.The electrolyte that DOPA amine monomers, conductive high polymer monomer and electronegative medicine are made into by the present invention is accessed in three-electrode electro Chemical system, using the medical metal material with microsphere template array as working electrode, the microsphere template for obtaining the compound parcel of dopamine, conducting polymer and medicine is deposited on medical metal surface, finally the coated medical metal material of surface recombination micro-capsule will be made after the microballoon all dissolving.The present invention realizes that medical metal material surface is modified, and prepares the conductive composite microcapsule of a layer function on its surface, the composite microcapsule can not only by electric signal Drug controlled release and by electric signal can direct regulation and control stem cell break up;Medicine irritation is mutually cooperateed with physical stimulation, the dependence and its side effect to medicine has both been reduced, the self-bone grafting ability of medical metal is also improved.
Description
Technical field
It is combined the invention belongs to technical field of biological materials, more particularly to a kind of prepared on medical metal surface with Electro-stimulate response
The method of micro-capsule.
Background technology
Because the Cranial defect that many reasons are caused is clinically very common, and the Bone Defect Repari of large area and heavy burden Bone Defect Repari are clinical
The problem for the treatment of is often faced.Medical metal material is main heavy burden bone renovating material, and it is the gold that a class is used as biomaterial
Category or alloy, medical metal material is a class bio-inert material, with higher mechanical strength and anti-fatigue performance, with good
Good biomechanical property and the physical property of correlation, but the bioactivity of medical metal material is its in needs
The performance indications of raising.
The mankind have been enter into the epoch with high demand to organism, it would be highly desirable to develop more active biomaterials suitable for implant site.
Current bio-medical material is combined to multiple material, the direction of performance complement is developed.Process for modifying surface is in biomaterial
Using the surface quality for effectively increasing medical metal material, the implantation effect of implant is improved.Therefore, it is modified using surface
To improve the development trend that the performance of medical metal material would is that medical metal material from now on.
All the time, the self-bone grafting scarce capacity of medical metal implantation support is one of clinical urgent problem to be solved at this stage.Mesh
Before, the research for solving this problem is concentrated mainly on imparting implantation one layer of medicament controlled-release coating with self-bone grafting ability of rack surface,
Drug degradation polysaccharide coatings are such as loaded with, its medicine is discharged as polysaccharide is degraded.But, this traditional insoluble drug release body
There are many limitations, such as can not accurately control to release drug dose, and medicine easily loses activity in vivo in system.
Compared with conventional medicament delivery systme, respond (such as light, electricity, magnetic) by outside stimulus to control medicine when specific
Between, ad-hoc location discharge the given dose drug molecule pre-set, using the timing of medicine, fixed point, quantitative control release,
Have become the new trend of organizational project and insoluble drug release development.Current most of medicine-releasing systems can only realize steady release, strictly
Saying is a kind of drug sustained release system and is not controlled drug delivery system truly, and drug sustained release system can not typically realize agent
The change of amount, therefore real control can not be realized.
It is furthermore pointed out that although drug therapy is an indispensable part in tissue repair, but side effects of pharmaceutical drugs
The problem of being also a worth worry.Such as cancer therapy drug can not only kill cancer cell, while may also be to tumour surrounding normal
Cell damage, and the resistance to the action of a drug.Single physical treatment (such as electricity treatment) can avoid the influence of drug side-effect, but
It is that its therapeutic effect is slower.
The content of the invention
The present invention is answered in order to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, providing a kind of prepared on medical metal surface with Electro-stimulate response
The method for closing micro-capsule.The present invention is realized to be modified to medical metal material surface, the conductive medicine of a layer function is prepared on its surface micro-
Capsule, the composite microcapsule can not only by electric signal Drug controlled release and by electric signal can direct regulation and control stem cell break up.
Under the conditions of same treatment, medicine irritation is mutually cooperateed with physical stimulation, the dependence and its side effect to medicine has both been reduced,
Also Bone Defect Repari is effectively accelerated.
The present invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
It is a kind of to prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface, comprise the following steps:
A, medical metal material surface formed microsphere template array it is standby;
B, DOPA amine monomers, conductive high polymer monomer and electronegative medicine prepared to form electrolyte, the dopamine list
The concentration of body is 1~20mmol/L, and the conductive high polymer monomer concentration is 0.1~0.5mol/L, the electronegative medicine
Concentration is 1~10mmol/L;
C, by step B electrolyte access three-electrode electro Chemical system in, the working electrode, reference electrode with to electrode
Current loop is constituted, wherein, using the medical metal material with microsphere template as working electrode, deposited on medical metal material
Obtain the microsphere template of the compound parcel of dopamine, conducting polymer and medicine;
D, the obtained medical metal materials of step C are soaked in organic solvent, treat that the microballoon on medical metal material surface is whole
After dissolving, the coated medical metal material of surface micro-capsule is made, the micro-capsule is combined by dopamine, conducting polymer and medicine
Formed.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, the step A is specially:By medical metal
After material is cleaned by ultrasonic with acetone and distilled water successively, microspheres solution is added dropwise on medical metal material surface, surface is made after drying
Form the medical metal material of microsphere template array.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, with microsphere template in the step C
Medical metal material is working electrode, and working electrode is connected with electrochemical workstation, in the oxidation that voltage range is 0.8~2V
Under the conditions of deposit 0.5~2 hour, be made dopamine, conducting polymer and medicine composite coating parcel microsphere template.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, described microballoon is polystyrene microsphere or two
Silicon oxide microsphere.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule of the present invention coating medical metal material, described conductive high polymer monomer is pyrroles,
Any of aniline, acetylene and thiophene.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, the described medicine with negative electricity is mould
Any of element, nifedipine, dexamethasone, N'-Dimethylguanylguanidine hydrochloride and isoniazid.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, described medical metal material is titanium, titanium is closed
Any of gold, cobalt alloy, nickel alloy, stainless steel and magnesium alloy.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, described is titanium, titanium alloy, cobalt to electrode
Any of alloy, nickel alloy, stainless steel and platinum.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, described reference electrode is saturation calomel electricity
It is any in pole, hydrogen electrode, Ag/AgCl electrodes and Hg/HgO electrodes.
In the preparation method of composite microcapsule coating medical metal material of the present invention, described organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, first
It is any in benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, vinegar butyl ester and ethylbenzene.
The innovative point of the present invention is:
1. the composite microcapsule that the present invention is prepared on medical metal surface has um porous structure in configuration aspects, it can not only carry
The load capacity of high medicine and the microenvironment that extracellular matrix can be similar to for the raising of internal cell, are conducive to cell to breed and break up.
2. the present invention is using dopamine as pharmaceutical carrier, conducting polymer master is doped to simultaneously with medicine under the conditions of electrochemical oxidation
Composite microcapsule is formed in chain and is attached to medical metal material surface;Dopamine (DA) is main in adhesion protein because its structure has concurrently
Composition L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and a small amount of lysine residue, are proved to superpower Adhesion property, and
Dopamine contain a large amount of active function groups can be realized while pharmaceutical carrier is made it is well attached in microsphere template surface.Meanwhile,
Dopamine (DA) formation poly-dopamine (PDA) process is simple, dopamine can easily be dissolved in aqueous oxygen aoxidize after
And trigger from poly- cross-linking reaction, it can form the poly-dopamine composite bed of close attachment in a kind of substantially any solid material surface;
Poly-dopamine (PDA) has good biocompatibility, it is possible to achieve medical metal material surface is modified, and improves material surface
Hydrophily, so as to be conducive to sticking for cell, can improve the biocompatibility to osteocyte;Poly-dopamine (PDA) surface
Containing a large amount of catechols and amino isoreactivity group, the fixation of medicine is also beneficial to;In addition, poly-dopamine (PDA) is for calcium
Ion has stronger active force to realize the calcification of material surface, so as to promote Bone Defect Repari to treat.
3. the composite microcapsule that the present invention is prepared on medical metal surface has Electro-stimulate response ability;Due to being used in the present invention
Conducting polymer there is redox characteristic, by taking polypyrrole as an example:Polypyrrole is alternately to be arranged with carbon-carbon single bond and carbon-carbon double bond
The five-ring heterocycles molecule of the conjugated structure of row, conjugated polymer has a stronger conductive tendency, thus have to external electric signal compared with
Good response;The present invention prepares polypyrrole using pyrrole monomer by electrochemical polymerization mode, can be with by the adjustment of preparation parameter
Prepare the different function polypyrrole material of properity.According to the redox characteristic of polypyrrole:In electrochemical oxidation condition
Under, it is electrical that polypyrrole main chain positively charged needs electronegative drug molecule doping to neutralize its;And under the conditions of electrochemical reduction, gather
Pyrroles's main chain is not charged, so electronegative drug molecule will be discharged.It therefore, it can by controlling the big of recovery voltage
The dosage of small next accurate Drug controlled release.
4. the composite microcapsule that the present invention is prepared on medical metal surface is because conductive containing conducting polymer, when to micro-
When capsule applies voltage, electric signal can be delivered to the cell sticked on micro-capsule by micro-capsule, finally by electric signal regulating cell
Differentiation, reaches and further improves therapeutic effect with drug therapy synergy.
Compared to prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
Medical metal material surface is modified 1. the present invention is realized, the biocompatibility of medical metal material is improved, especially overcomes
The self-bone grafting scarce capacity that existing medical metal implantation support is present, so as to improve the performance of medical metal material.
2. reach that Drug controlled release, raising utilization ratio of drug, reduction body are long-term the invention provides a kind of new medicine-releasing system
The drug resistance triggered in high drug concentration;The composite microcapsule coating medical metal material that the present invention is prepared is sharp over the course for the treatment of
The purpose that Drug controlled release is reached by adjusting voltage can be realized with the redox characteristic of conducting polymer.
3. the composite microcapsule that the present invention is prepared is coated with medical metal material under the conditions of same treatment by medicine irritation and physical stimulation
Mutually collaboration, had both reduced the dependence and its side effect to medicine, and the exclusive advantage of physical treatment had also been played, so that effectively
Accelerate Bone Defect Repari.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 for preparation method of the present invention step A in medical metal material surface microsphere template array scanning Electronic Speculum schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 dopamines made from the step C of preparation method of the present invention, conducting polymer and the composite microcapsule coating of medicine formation
Microsphere template ESEM schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 for preparation method of the present invention step D in using organic solvent removing microsphere template after obtain dopamine, conductive polymer
The ESEM schematic diagram on the composite microcapsule coating medical metal material surface of son and medicine formation.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
Embodiment 1:
A kind of to prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface, it is comprised the following steps that:
A, by medical titanium after over cleaning, its surface be added dropwise polystyrene microsphere solution, dry after in medical metal material table
Face formed polystyrene microsphere template, will through the above way obtained medical titanium it is standby;
B, DOPA amine monomers, pyrrole monomer and dexamethasone be configured to electrolyte:First by DOPA amine monomers and dexamethasone
Mixing, after it fully reacts, adds pyrrole monomer.In the electrolyte, DOPA amine monomers are 1mmol/L, Bi Kadan
Body 0.1mol/L, the concentration of dexamethasone is 1mmol/L.
C, the electrolyte that B is walked is put into three-electrode electro Chemical system electrolytic cell:Medical titanium with polystyrene microsphere template
For working electrode, platinum plate is that saturated calomel electrode is reference electrode to electrode.Deposited in the case where voltage is 0.8V oxidizing condition
0.5 hour, obtained on medical titanium surface by the polystyrene microsphere template of the compound parcel of dopamine, polypyrrole and dexamethasone.
D, it will obtain medical titanium after C step depositions and be soaked in tetrahydrofuran, after after its surface polystyrene microsphere all dissolving
The medical titanium of composite microcapsule is formed by dopamine, polypyrrole and dexamethasone to surface.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of to prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface, it is comprised the following steps that:
A, by medical titanium alloy after over cleaning, its surface be added dropwise polystyrene microsphere solution, dry after in medical metal material
Expect surface formed polystyrene microsphere template, will through the above way obtained medical titanium alloy it is standby;
B, DOPA amine monomers, thiophene monomer and chondroitin sulfate be configured to electrolyte:It is first that DOPA amine monomers and sulfuric acid is soft
Ossein is mixed, and after it fully reacts, adds thiophene monomer.In the electrolyte, dopamine monomer concentration be 20mmol/L,
The concentration of thiophene is 0.5mol/L, and the concentration of dexamethasone is 10mmol/L.
C, the electrolyte that B is walked is put into three-electrode electro Chemical system electrolytic cell:Medical titanium with polystyrene microsphere template
Alloy is working electrode, and platinum plate is that saturated calomel electrode is reference electrode to electrode.In voltage under 2V oxidizing condition
Deposition 2 hours, obtains micro- by the polystyrene of the compound parcel of dopamine, polythiophene and chondroitin sulfate on medical titanium alloy surface
Ball template.
D, it will obtain medical titanium alloy after C step depositions and be soaked in dichloromethane, and treat that its surface polystyrene microsphere will all dissolve
The medical titanium alloy that surface is formed composite microcapsule by dopamine, polythiophene and chondroitin sulfate is obtained afterwards.
Embodiment:3:
A kind of to prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface, it is comprised the following steps that:
A, by medical stainless steel after over cleaning, its surface be added dropwise polystyrene microsphere solution, dry after in medical stainless steel
Surface formed polystyrene microsphere template, will through the above way obtained medical stainless steel it is standby;
B, DOPA amine monomers, ethane monomer and penicillin is configured to electrolyte:First DOPA amine monomers are mixed with penicillin,
After it fully reacts, ethane monomer is added.In the electrolyte, dopamine monomer concentration is 10mmol/L, ethane monomer
Concentration be 0.3mol/L, the concentration of penicillin is 5mmol/L.
C, the electrolyte that B is walked is put into three-electrode electro Chemical system electrolytic cell:With polystyrene microsphere template it is medical not
Rust steel is working electrode, and platinum plate is that saturated calomel electrode is reference electrode to electrode.In voltage under 1.5V oxidizing condition
Deposition 1 hour, is obtained on medical stainless steel surface by the polystyrene microsphere mould of the compound parcel of dopamine, polyacetylene and penicillin
Plate.
D, it will obtain medical stainless steel after C step depositions and be soaked in toluene, after after its surface polystyrene microsphere all dissolving
The medical stainless steel of composite microcapsule is formed by dopamine, polyacetylene and penicillin to surface.
Embodiment 4:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the conductive high polymer monomer used in example 1 by pyrroles
Change aniline into.
Embodiment 5:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the conductive high polymer monomer used in example 1 by pyrroles
Change acetylene into.
Embodiment 6:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the conductive high polymer monomer used in example 1 by pyrroles
Change thiophene into.
Embodiment 7:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the medical metal material used in example 1 by medical titanium
Change medical titanium alloy into.
Embodiment 8:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the medical metal material used in example 1 by medical titanium
Change medical stainless steel into.
Embodiment 9:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the medical metal material used in example 1 by medical titanium
Change medical magnesium alloy into.
Embodiment 10:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the electronegative medicine used in example 1 by ground plug rice
Pine changes penicillin into.
Embodiment 11:
The operation of the present embodiment is substantially the same manner as Example 1, simply by the electronegative medicine used in example 1 by ground plug rice
Pine changes chondroitin sulfate into.
The above-described embodiments merely illustrate the principles and effects of the present invention, not for the limitation present invention.It is any to be familiar with this skill
The personage of art all can carry out modifications and changes under the spirit and scope without prejudice to the present invention to above-described embodiment.Therefore, such as
Those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from disclosed spirit with completed under technological thought all etc.
Modifications and changes are imitated, should be covered by the claim of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of prepare the method with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule on medical metal surface, it is characterised in that including following step
Suddenly:
A, medical metal material surface formed microsphere template array it is standby;
B, DOPA amine monomers, conductive high polymer monomer and electronegative medicine prepared to form electrolyte, the DOPA amine monomers
Concentration be 1~20mmol/L, the conductive high polymer monomer concentration be 0.1~0.5mol/L, the electronegative medicine it is dense
Spend for 1~10mmol/L;
C, by step B electrolyte access three-electrode electro Chemical system in, wherein, working electrode with to electrode constitute electric current return
Road, working electrode and reference electrode constitute voltage circuit, using the medical metal material with microsphere template as working electrode, in doctor
The microsphere template of the compound parcel of dopamine, conducting polymer and medicine is obtained with deposition on metal material;
D, the obtained medical metal materials of step C are soaked in organic solvent, treat that the microballoon on medical metal material surface is all molten
Xie Hou, is made the coated medical metal material of surface micro-capsule, the micro-capsule is by dopamine, conducting polymer and medicine complex
Into.
2. it is according to claim 1 it is a kind of medical metal surface prepare with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule method, its
It is characterised by, the step A is specially:After medical metal material is cleaned by ultrasonic with acetone and distilled water successively, in medical gold
Belong to material surface and microspheres solution is added dropwise, the medical metal material that surface forms microsphere template array is made after drying.
3. it is according to claim 1 it is a kind of medical metal surface prepare with Electro-stimulate response composite microcapsule method, its
It is characterised by, is 0.8~2V in voltage range using the medical metal material with microsphere template as working electrode in the step C
Oxidizing condition under deposit 0.5~2 hour, dopamine, the microsphere template of the compound parcel of conducting polymer and medicine is made.
It is micro- that 4. one kind according to any one of claim 1 to 3 in the preparation of medical metal surface there is Electro-stimulate response to be combined
The method of capsule, it is characterised in that described microballoon is polystyrene microsphere or silicon dioxide microsphere.
It is micro- that 5. one kind according to any one of claim 1 to 3 in the preparation of medical metal surface there is Electro-stimulate response to be combined
The method of capsule, it is characterised in that described conductive high polymer monomer is any of pyrroles, aniline, acetylene and thiophene.
It is micro- that 6. one kind according to any one of claim 1 to 3 in the preparation of medical metal surface there is Electro-stimulate response to be combined
The method of capsule, it is characterised in that the described medicine with negative electricity is penicillin, nifedipine, dexamethasone, N'-Dimethylguanylguanidine
Any of hydrochloride and isoniazid.
It is micro- that 7. one kind according to any one of claim 1 to 3 in the preparation of medical metal surface there is Electro-stimulate response to be combined
The method of capsule, it is characterised in that described medical metal material is titanium, titanium alloy, cobalt alloy, nickel alloy, stainless steel and magnesium
Any of alloy.
It is micro- that 8. one kind according to any one of claim 1 to 3 in the preparation of medical metal surface there is Electro-stimulate response to be combined
The method of capsule, it is characterised in that described is times in titanium, titanium alloy, cobalt alloy, nickel alloy, stainless steel and platinum to electrode
It is a kind of.
It is micro- that 9. one kind according to any one of claim 1 to 3 in the preparation of medical metal surface there is Electro-stimulate response to be combined
The method of capsule, it is characterised in that described reference electrode is saturated calomel electrode, hydrogen electrode, Ag/AgCl electrodes and Hg/HgO
It is any in electrode.
10. a kind of prepared on medical metal surface according to any one of claim 1 to 3 is combined with Electro-stimulate response
The method of micro-capsule, it is characterised in that described organic solvent be tetrahydrofuran, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane, vinegar butyl ester and
It is any in ethylbenzene.
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CN108103428A (en) * | 2017-11-14 | 2018-06-01 | 上海交通大学 | A kind of surface treatment method of medical metal material |
CN110201296A (en) * | 2019-05-20 | 2019-09-06 | 北京化工大学 | A kind of conducting polymer microneedle patch and preparation method thereof for controlled drug release |
CN114250485A (en) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-03-29 | 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 | Nickel-molybdenum-iron hydrogen evolution electrode with ordered porous structure, preparation method and application |
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