CN107306891B - Method for raising calf - Google Patents
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- CN107306891B CN107306891B CN201710675358.8A CN201710675358A CN107306891B CN 107306891 B CN107306891 B CN 107306891B CN 201710675358 A CN201710675358 A CN 201710675358A CN 107306891 B CN107306891 B CN 107306891B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
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- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 210000003022 colostrum Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000021277 colostrum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 23
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 238000003975 animal breeding Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
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Images
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of animal breeding, in particular to a method for breeding calves, which comprises the following steps: 1) inducing the newborn calf to suck by using a nipple stimulant before the newborn calf sucks the colostrum for the first time, and then allowing the newborn calf to eat the colostrum; 2) and feeding the ruminants of adult calves before the calves eat the feed for the first time. The method can effectively reduce calf diarrhea incidence, improve calf survival rate, shorten feeding period, and stimulate rumen development.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of animal breeding, in particular to a method for breeding calves.
Background
Calf is the backup foundation of the whole cattle group, and has very important significance in the aspects of breeding, reproduction, production, variety improvement, cultivation benefit exertion and the like. How to obtain the maximum return with the minimum putting is a commonly pursued target of a large number of raisers, however, at present, the raising management of calves still has many problems, which seriously hinders the normal development of the cattle raising industry and influences the economic benefit of the cattle raisers.
After the calf is born, the calf is separated from the relatively constant and stable environment of the mother body and has weak constitution, and the calf needs to face the challenges of the external environment, the maternal antibody, the immune function and the digestive function. After the calf is born, work such as mucus removal, umbilical cord breaking, colostrum feeding and the like needs to be done. The calf colostrum diarrhea and the feed period diarrhea caused by the first feed intake are main reasons of early death of the calves, and no good method for solving the problems exists at present.
In view of the above, the present invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
A first object of the present invention is to provide a method for raising calves, which solves the above-mentioned problems.
In order to achieve the above purpose of the present invention, the following technical solutions are adopted:
a method for raising calf comprises the following steps:
1) inducing the newborn calf to suck by using a nipple stimulant before the newborn calf sucks the colostrum for the first time, and then allowing the newborn calf to eat the colostrum;
2) and feeding the ruminants of adult calves before the calves eat the feed for the first time.
Calf colostrum diarrhea and feed period diarrhea caused by first feeding feed at weaning are main reasons for early death of calves. Cattle are ruminants with large, regained stomach, consisting of four chambers, the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum (as shown in figure 1). The mucosa of the first three stomachs has no glands and does not secrete gastric juice, and the three stomachs are called as forestomach; among them, the rumen and reticulo-gastric are closely related, so they are called reticulo-rumen (reticulo-rumen). Only the abomasum is lined with glandular epithelium, and is the stomach with the actual gastric glands. In adult ruminants, the rumen plays an important role in digestion.
When the cattle eats the feed, the feed is swallowed into the rumen, chewed and swallowed back through the thin chewing of the ruminants when the cattle is at rest, and then the feed is moved into the reticulum. The anterior part of the omasum is communicated with the reticulum, and the posterior part of the omasum is connected with the abomasum, and the main functions are to keep the coarse part of the food to be continuously ground and convey the thinner part into the abomasum for digestion and absorption.
The rumen of newborn calf accounts for only 25% of the total reabsorption volume. The volume of the reticulum, the valvular and the abomasum accounts for about 5%, 10% and 60% respectively. Along with the growth of calves, the proportion of the volume of the tumor reticulum is rapidly increased. The rumen volume of adult cattle accounts for about 70% of the total volume of the stomach, while the volume of the eustomach accounts for only about 8%. The calf has no rumination activity at 1 week of age, and starts to ruminate after 1 week of age. Before no ruminating activity, calves are mainly digested by the true stomach.
The esophageal sulcus of newborn calves is incompletely closed, the esophageal sulcus reflex function is often incomplete, and colostrum enters rumen, reticulum and omasum, so that diarrhea is caused. The sucking action reflexively causes the two lips of the esophageal duct to close into a tube, forming a direct path for milk to the abomasum. This reflex activity gradually diminishes to disappear with increasing age after weaning. When the calf eats colostrum for the first time, milk should enter abomasum for digestion and absorption, and the primary calf esophageal sulcus is incompletely closed, so that the esophageal sulcus reflection function is often incomplete, and colostrum enters rumen, reticulum and omasum, so that diarrhea is caused, which is a main reason for early death of the primary calf.
Aiming at the problem, the invention induces the newborn calf to suck by using the nipple simulant before the newborn calf sucks the colostrum for the first time, and then the newborn calf feeds the colostrum, thereby effectively stimulating the esophageal reflex function and greatly reducing the occurrence probability of colostrum diarrhea.
Feed-period diarrhea is also an important problem which is troubled for cattle raisers for a long time, and when the calf eats the feed for the first time, the diarrhea is generated because the microbial population in the stomach (mainly the rumen) of the calf is not formed yet and the dry feed is difficult to ferment effectively.
The invention utilizes the ruminants of adult cows to feed calves, and because the ruminants contain a large amount of beneficial microbial floras, the establishment of microbial floras in the stomachs of the calves can be greatly accelerated, thereby effectively reducing the occurrence of diarrhea in the feed period.
Alternatively, the method for raising calves as described above, wherein in step 1), the nipple analogue comprises a finger or a nipple.
The nipple has no nipple eyes.
The finger is convenient to use, no extra preparation is needed, and the method is very suitable for popularization and application.
Alternatively, the method for raising calves as described above, wherein the teat simulants are washed and sterilized before use.
Since the newborn calf is very weak in constitution and cannot produce antibodies by itself, and the immune system is not developed well, it is very necessary to wash and sterilize the teat simulants which need to be taken in.
Optionally, in the feeding method for calves, in step 1), the number of times of inducing the newborn calves to suck the nipple mimics is 2-3, the sucking time is 15-30 s each time, and the sucking interval is 1-2 min each time.
The reasonable setting of the sucking times and intervals can promote the esophageal duct reflex function more effectively.
Alternatively, the method for feeding calves as described above, wherein in step 1), the newborn calves are allowed to feed colostrum after the last nipple analogue sucking.
Alternatively, the method for raising calves as described above, wherein in step 2), the feed comprises grass and fresh hay.
Alternatively, in the method for feeding calves as described above, in the step 2), the calves are 7 days old when the feed is fed.
Optionally, in the feeding method for calves as described above, in step 2), the ruminants are fed to the calves 1 time respectively in the morning, at the noon and at the evening of the day.
Optionally, in the feeding method for calves as described above, in step 2), the feeding amount of the ruminants per time is: the diameter of the ruminant material mass is 8 cm-12 cm.
Alternatively, the method for feeding calves as described above, wherein the calves are fed with the feed after the last feeding of the ruminants.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the invention induces the newborn calf to suck by using the nipple simulant, has simple and easy operation and low technical threshold. The operation can reflectively cause the two lips of the esophageal duct to be closed into a tube shape to form a direct channel for leading milk to the abomasum, so that the colostrum can enter the omasum for digestion and absorption without rumen fermentation, and more than 90 percent of colostrum diarrhea is avoided. After the treatment, the survival rate of the calves can be greatly improved.
2) The invention uses the adult cattle ruminants to help the calves to quickly form beneficial digestive flora, thereby shortening the calf opening time, reducing the diarrhea probability of the diarrhea in the feed period and further improving the survival rate of the calves.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the stomach structure of an adult bovine;
FIG. 2 is a comparison of rumen weights of an experimental group and a control group in Experimental example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a comparison of the thickness of rumen wall in the experimental group and the control group in Experimental example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a comparison of the lengths of rumen villi in the experimental group and the control group in Experimental example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The method for feeding the calves comprises the following steps:
1) inducing the newborn calf to suck by using a nipple stimulant before the newborn calf sucks the colostrum for the first time, and then allowing the newborn calf to eat the colostrum;
2) and feeding the ruminants of adult calves before the calves eat the feed for the first time.
The calf breeding method provided by the invention is suitable for various dairy cows, beef cattle, working cattle or dual-purpose cattle; wherein the cow comprises Holstein-Fliryssen, Jersey, Elxia, Ralsberg, etc.; beef cattle include Charoll, Limozan, Piegermate, Haford, Belgium blue cattle, etc.; working cattle including chinese yellow cattle and the like; the cattle used concurrently include Simmental cattle, Brachypodium brachypomum, etc.
Preferably, in the method for feeding calves as described above, in step 1), the nipple dummy includes a finger or a nipple.
The finger is convenient to use, no extra preparation is needed, and the method is very suitable for popularization and application.
The nipple can be made of latex, rubber or silica gel.
Preferably, the method for raising calves as described above, wherein the teat analogue is washed and sterilized before use.
Since the newborn calf is very weak in constitution and cannot produce antibodies by itself, and the immune system is not developed well, it is very necessary to wash and sterilize the teat simulants which need to be taken in.
Preferably, in the method for feeding calves, in the step 1), the number of times of inducing the newborn calves to suck the nipple mimics is 2-3, the sucking time is 15-30 s each time, and the sucking interval is 1-2 min each time.
Proper setting of the number and interval of suckling can more effectively promote the esophageal duct to close completely.
Preferably, the method for feeding calves as described above, wherein in step 1), the newborn calves are fed colostrums after the nipple simulants are sucked for the last time.
Typically, the first colostrum should be fed immediately after the calves are born and start to breathe normally, so that the calves obtain sufficient antibodies after birth. The time for sucking the nipple analogue and the interval time between the last sucking of the nipple analogue and the formal feeding are comprehensively considered from the aspects of preventing the calf from diarrhea and enhancing the immunity of the calf, and the immunity of the calf is not obviously influenced in the interval time, so that the aim of optimally stimulating the opening of the rumen and the valvular stomach duct can be fulfilled.
Preferably, in the method for feeding calves as described above, in step 2), the feed is green grass or fresh hay.
Preferably, in the method for feeding calves as described above, in the step 2), the calves are 7 days old when the feed is fed.
Feeding and teaching a 7-day-old calf after the calf is opened: several grains of feed can be grabbed and put into a milk barrel which has drunk milk or put into hands for attracting food.
Preferably, the feed can also promote weaning of calves in a mode of combining milk, a starter and fresh hay. The adding proportion of the feed is increased day by day, the appetite and feces of calves are observed during daily feeding, if dyspepsia is caused by over-rapid feeding, the feed can be automatically recovered after 1 day of stopping feeding once the indigestion is found. Before weaning, the tumor and stomach development is not complete, the degradation capability of hay is limited, but hay can help build a microbial system, so the collocation can help calves to wean most quickly.
Preferably, in the feeding method of calves, in the step 2), the ruminants are fed to the calves for 2-4 times, and each time, the interval is 3-6 hours.
Preferably, in the method for feeding calves as described above, in step 2), the ruminant is fed in an amount per time of: the diameter of the ruminant material mass is 8 cm-12 cm.
The ruminant material ball is manually drawn out when the adult cattle ruminates.
Preferably, the method for feeding calves as described above, the calves are fed with the feed after the last feeding of the ruminants.
Example 1
A method for raising calf comprises the following steps:
1) before sucking the primary calf, using cleaned and disinfected fingers to induce the primary calf to suck, wherein the number of times of sucking the fingers is 2, the sucking time is 30s each time, and the interval of sucking each time is 2 min; after the fingers of the newborn calf suck the fingers for the last time, the newborn calf is fed with colostrum;
2) feeding the ruminants of adult calves before the calves grow to 7 days old;
and manually pulling out the material group in the mouth when the calf cow ruminates. Feeding the ruminants of the calves for 1 time respectively in the morning, the noon and the evening of the day of the first feed, wherein the diameter of the fed ruminants is 8-12 cm; the calf is allowed to eat the feed after the last time of feeding the ruminant. Feeding the feed in a mode of combining milk, the starter and fresh hay, wherein the feeding amount of the feed is 0.1-0.4 kg per day at the age of 4-21 days; feeding the feed in an amount of 0.4-0.6 kg per day at the age of 22-35 days; feeding amount is 0.6-0.8 kg per day at the age of 36-45 days; the feeding amount is 0.8-1.0 kg per day at the age of 46-60 days.
Example 2
A method for raising calf comprises the following steps:
1) before sucking the primary calf, inducing the primary calf to suck by using a clean and disinfected nipple, wherein the nipple sucking frequency is 3 times, the nipple sucking time is 15s each time, and the interval between each sucking is 1 min; the newborn calf is fed with colostrum after the nipple is sucked for the last time;
2) feeding the ruminants of adult calves before the calves grow to 7 days old;
and manually pulling out the material group in the mouth when the calf cow ruminates. Feeding the ruminants of the calves for 1 time respectively in the morning, noon and evening before the first feeding of the feed, wherein the diameter of the fed ruminants is 8-12 cm; the calf is allowed to eat the feed after the last time of feeding the ruminant. When the feed is fed, the grass is taken as the main part, and the feeding amount of the feed is 0.1-0.4 kg per day at the age of 7-21 days; feeding the feed in an amount of 0.4-0.6 kg per day at the age of 22-35 days; feeding amount is 0.6-0.8 kg per day at the age of 36-45 days; the feeding amount is 0.8-1.0 kg per day at the age of 46-60 days.
Experimental example 1
The applicant tested the effect of the present invention in cooperation with a large cattle farm in Jilin City. The farm has more than 1000 cows, and 100 calves to be tested are provided within two years. Calves were divided into two groups, 50 of which were raised as the experimental group by the method provided in example 1, and the other 50 were used as a control group, and were treated without using a teat simulant and a ruminant of an adult cow before drinking colostrum and first eating feed, and the rest of the raising conditions were identical to those of the experimental group.
TABLE 1 comparison of the effectiveness of different calf feeding methods
From the above table, by adopting the calf breeding method provided by the invention, the daily gain of the calves can be increased to more than 700g, the survival rate can reach more than 96.3%, and the calf diarrhea incidence rate is very low. The growing time of the calf with diarrhea is delayed by about 30-60 days, and the feeding method provided by the invention can avoid the diarrhea, so that the calf can enter fattening feeding 1-2 months earlier than the diseased individual, the time of slaughtering is further shortened, the manpower and material resource investment is reduced, and the feeding cost is reduced.
Experimental example 2
Rumen development is particularly important for the growth of cattle, since the main energy source of cattle is volatile fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation in the rumen. In order to better test the technical effect of the invention, after experimental example 1 was completed, the applicant randomly extracted 6 calves from each of the two groups of calves and slaughtered and measured the rumen development thereof.
The results show that compared with the control group, the rumen development condition indexes of the calves in the experimental group are greatly improved, wherein:
the rumen weight of the experimental group was increased by 45.9% (fig. 2), the wall thickness of the rumen was increased by 48.8% (fig. 3), and the length of the rumen villus was increased by 89.9% (fig. 4).
The data clearly show that the method provided by the invention can not only reduce the diarrhea rate of calves and improve the growth rate of calves, but also unexpectedly can promote the development of rumen.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for raising calves is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) inducing the newborn calf to suck by using a nipple stimulant before the newborn calf sucks the colostrum for the first time, and then allowing the newborn calf to eat the colostrum;
2) feeding the ruminants of adult calves before the calves eat the feed for the first time;
in step 1), the nipple analog comprises a finger or a nipple;
the nipple analogue is cleaned and disinfected before use;
in the step 1), the number of times of inducing the newborn calf to suck the nipple simulant is 2-3, the sucking time is 15-30 s each time, and the sucking interval is 1-2 min each time;
in step 1), the newborn calf is allowed to eat colostrum after the nipple analogue is sucked for the last time.
2. The method for feeding calves according to claim 1, wherein in step 2), the feed comprises grass, fresh hay.
3. The method for feeding calves according to claim 2, wherein in step 2), the calves are 7 days old when fed with the feed.
4. The method for feeding calves according to claim 1, wherein in step 2), the calves are fed with the feed for the first time 1 time each day, morning, afternoon, and evening before the day of the day.
5. The method for feeding calves according to claim 4, wherein in step 2), the ruminants are fed at a time in an amount of: the diameter of the ruminant material mass is 8 cm-12 cm.
6. A method for feeding calves according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the calves are fed with feed after the last feeding of ruminants.
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| CN101897316A (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2010-12-01 | 况敬兵 | Calf early-stage fattening technology |
| CN106797911A (en) * | 2015-11-25 | 2017-06-06 | 陈兴 | A kind of method for cultivating dairy buffalo calf |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN101897316A (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2010-12-01 | 况敬兵 | Calf early-stage fattening technology |
| CN106797911A (en) * | 2015-11-25 | 2017-06-06 | 陈兴 | A kind of method for cultivating dairy buffalo calf |
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