CN107269320B - 叶片 - Google Patents

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CN107269320B
CN107269320B CN201710224792.4A CN201710224792A CN107269320B CN 107269320 B CN107269320 B CN 107269320B CN 201710224792 A CN201710224792 A CN 201710224792A CN 107269320 B CN107269320 B CN 107269320B
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blade
root
diverging
airfoil
ceramic matrix
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CN107269320A (zh
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N.托马斯
S.高蒂亚诺斯
R.科勒雷
N.奥伦多夫
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Ansaldo Energia Switzerland AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/18Hollow blades, i.e. blades with cooling or heating channels or cavities; Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means on blades
    • F01D5/187Convection cooling
    • F01D5/188Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/3084Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers the blades being made of ceramics
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/18Hollow blades, i.e. blades with cooling or heating channels or cavities; Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means on blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/282Selecting composite materials, e.g. blades with reinforcing filaments
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/284Selection of ceramic materials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/3092Protective layers between blade root and rotor disc surfaces, e.g. anti-friction layers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/147Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/18Hollow blades, i.e. blades with cooling or heating channels or cavities; Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means on blades
    • F01D5/187Convection cooling
    • F01D5/188Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall
    • F01D5/189Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall the insert having a tubular cross-section, e.g. airfoil shape
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/3007Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00Application
    • F05D2220/30Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/32Application in turbines in gas turbines
    • F05D2220/321Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/603Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
    • F05D2300/6033Ceramic matrix composites [CMC]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及叶片,叶片(1)包括具有发散壁(7)的翼型(2)和根部(3)。发散壁(7)由陶瓷基复合材料制成。加强元件(8)设置在发散壁(7)之间。

Description

叶片
技术领域
本发明涉及叶片,具体地涉及燃气涡轮发动机的叶片。
背景技术
燃气涡轮发动机具有涡轮机,其中热气体膨胀以收集机械功。通常,涡轮机具有多个级,每个级均包括导叶(其不旋转)和叶片(其旋转)。
叶片必须经受非常严酷的条件,例如由于高离心力和它们浸入的气体的高温。对于长叶片而言,诸如涡轮机的最末几级的叶片(例如,第三、第四或后续级),因为离心力特别高,所以条件尤为严酷。
为了提供能够承受严酷条件的叶片,已经提出由陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)制成的叶片。CMC是具有碳或陶瓷纤维和陶瓷基体的复合材料。US 2012/0 195 766 A1公开了这种叶片。
具体地,以下参考了其根部具有壳结构的叶片;壳结构应被理解为具有由CMC制成的壁的中空结构。翼型也能够具有壳结构,或者其能够具有实心结构;翼型有利地由CMC制成。
这些种类的叶片的问题是叶片到转子的连接。事实上,由于操作期间的高应力,存在根部的中空结构坍塌的风险。
发明内容
本发明的方面包括提供一种具有降低的风险的叶片,在操作期间,其根部或其部分可能坍塌。
通过提供根据所附权利要求的叶片实现这些和进一步的方面。
附图说明
从借由附图中的非限制性示例所示的叶片的优选但不排他的实施例的描述中,其它特性和优点将更加显而易见,附图中:
图1示出叶片的透视图;
图2示出叶片的翼型的横截面;
图3和图4示出叶片的根部(图3)和根部的扩大部分(图4);在这些图中,也示出转子的一部分;
图5至图7示出根部的发散壁的不同实施例;
图8至图10示出具有冷却通路的根部。
具体实施方式
参考附图,这些示出包括翼型2和根部3的叶片1。叶片1能够以陶瓷基复合材料CMC(这是优选的解决方案)以一件式被制成。
翼型2具有尖端4,且根部3具有自由端5。
根部3具有发散壁7;例如图1-9示出仅具有一对发散壁的根部的实施例;图10示出具有两对发散壁的根部的示例;在不同的示例中,发散壁对的数量总之能够是任何数量。
发散壁7由陶瓷基复合材料CMC制成,且在发散壁7之间设置加强元件8。
能够以一层或优选地多个层9制成发散壁7。这对于具有大厚度的发散壁7而言是特别有利的;此外,用于发散壁7的多个层9改善了层9之间的载荷分布。带有具有多个层9的发散壁7的实施例例如在图4和图5中示出。
发散壁也能够设置有中间层11,其由不同于陶瓷基复合材料的材料制成,并且设置在陶瓷基复合材料的层9之间;中间层11能够由与增强元件8相同的材料制成。
一个或多个中间层11能够仅大致对应于根部3延伸,如图6中所示,或者也能够对应于部分或全部翼型3延伸,如图7中所示。
加强元件8能够由金属或其它材料制成;在诸如CMC之类的复合材料的其它材料上使用金属是有利的,因为制造容易,并且能够根据至于强度、重量等的需要选择材料(金属);另外,由于增强元件8仅在根部处被约束,或者可能仅在翼型中延伸其有限的部分,因此由加强元件8引起的离心力受到限制并且处于叶片能够接受的限度内。
附图示出具有发散壁13的加强元件8;根部3的发散壁7安置在加强元件8的发散壁13上。
在不同的实施例中,加强元件8能够仅由发散壁13限定,并且有连接构件插入在它们之间,或者其能够由具有发散壁13的大块元件限定(该实施例在附图中示出)。
图8-10示出设有一个或多个冷却通路14的加强元件8的实施例。
在这种情况中,优选地在冷却通路14中设置由陶瓷基复合材料CMC或金属制成的管状元件15,并且其中有或者没有管状元件15的侧表面安置在冷却通路14的侧表面上。管状元件能够至少部分地承载载荷,具体地离心载荷。
冷却通路能够具有任何横截面,例如,圆形、椭圆形、方形、矩形、三角形等;同样地,管状元件能够具有任何横截面,例如,圆形、椭圆形、方形、矩形、三角形等。
附图标记16指示管状元件15的侧表面,并且冷却通路14的侧表面安置成彼此抵靠。
冷却通路14大致沿翼型2的方向17延伸。
在这种情况中,能够在转子20和叶片1之间设置用于冷却空气循环的管道23。
牺牲层18能够被设置在发散壁7上;牺牲层18能够在发散壁的整个表面上或者仅在其一部分上延伸。在操作期间,牺牲层18被布置成代替发散壁7和/或转子20而被损坏;例如,牺牲层18能够由与增强元件8的金属相同或也不同于增强元件8的金属的金属制成。对于牺牲层18而言,其它材料当然是可能的。
此外,能够在发散壁7和加强元件8之间设置粘接层(bounding layer)19,以便促进相互粘合(reciprocal adhesion)。例如,边界层能够是胶层。
图10示出具有根部3的叶片1的实施例,其中根部3带有两对发散壁7。具体地,图10示出更接近翼型2的发散壁7的横截面中的宽度L1大于更远离翼型2的发散壁7的宽度L2。
叶片1优选地是长叶片,诸如燃气涡轮机的下游级的叶片,例如第三级、第四级或后续级。因此,叶片能够具有至少0.8 m,优选地1 m,且更优选地1.15 m的在根部自由端5和翼型尖端4之间的纵向长度。在优选实施例中,叶片1具有在1.15-1.25 m之间的纵向长度。
在操作期间,叶片1连接到转子20。装纳根部3的转子20的座部有利地在其边界处具有锥形部21,以减少叶片1处的应力集中。
在操作期间,转子20旋转,从而也引起叶片的旋转。离心力径向向外地推动叶片,且发散部分7固持叶片1;这引起发散壁7的压缩(如箭头P所指示的),并且具有坍塌的风险。插入在发散壁7之间的加强元件8支撑发散壁7并对抗坍塌。
自然地,可以彼此独立地提供所描述的特征。例如,能够独立于其它权利要求的特征来应用每个所附权利要求的特征。
在实践中,能够根据要求和现有技术任意选择所使用的材料和尺寸。
附图标记
1叶片
2翼型
3根部
4尖端
5自由端
7根部3的发散壁
8加强元件
9层
11中间层
13加强元件8的发散壁
14冷却通路
15管状元件
16侧表面
17翼型的方向
18牺牲层
19粘接层
20转子
21锥形部
23管道
L1宽度
L2宽度
P压缩

Claims (14)

1.一种包括翼型(2)和根部(3)的叶片(1),所述根部(3)具有发散壁(7),其中至少所述发散壁(7)由陶瓷基复合材料制成,并且至少加强元件(8)被设置在所述发散壁(7)之间;
其特征在于,所述加强元件(8)是金属元件,所述发散壁(7)设置有至少由不同于所述陶瓷基复合材料的材料制成的中间层(11),所述中间层(11)被设置在陶瓷基复合材料的至少两层(9)之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,至少中间层(11)至少部分地在所述翼型(2)中延伸。
3.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(8)具有加强元件发散壁(13),并且所述根部(3)的发散壁(7)安置在所述加强元件发散壁(13)上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(8)设置有至少一个冷却通路(14)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,还包括由陶瓷基复合材料制成的管状元件(15),其中所述管状元件(15)被插在所述冷却通路(14)中,且所述管状元件(15)的侧表面安置在所述冷却通路(14)的侧表面上。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述至少一个冷却通路(14)沿所述翼型的方向(17)延伸。
7.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,在所述发散壁(7)的至少一部分上包括牺牲层(18)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述根部(3)包括至少两对发散壁(7)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,更接近所述翼型(2)的发散壁(7)按横截面具有更大的宽度(L1)。
10.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述翼型(2)由陶瓷基复合材料制成。
11.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述叶片(1)具有至少0.8 m的在根部自由端(5)和翼型尖端(4)之间的纵向长度。
12.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述叶片(1)具有1 m的在根部自由端(5)和翼型尖端(4)之间的纵向长度。
13.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述叶片(1)具有1.15 m的在根部自由端(5)和翼型尖端(4)之间的纵向长度。
14.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(1),其特征在于,所述叶片(1)具有在1.15-1.25 m之间的在根部自由端(5)和翼型尖端(4)之间的纵向长度。
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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16164581.7A EP3228819B1 (en) 2016-04-08 2016-04-08 Blade comprising cmc layers
EP16164581.7 2016-04-08

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10584600B2 (en) * 2017-06-14 2020-03-10 General Electric Company Ceramic matrix composite (CMC) blade and method of making a CMC blade
JP6738850B2 (ja) * 2018-03-29 2020-08-12 三菱重工業株式会社 複合材料翼および複合材料翼の製造方法

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