The content of the invention
In view of the deficienciess of the prior art, the invention provides biochemical unit mode switching is utilized in a kind of Various Seasonal
Carry out the system and method for sewage denitrification and dephosphorization.
The technical scheme that is used of system of the present invention is:It is a kind of that the sewage water denitrification that biochemical unit switches is carried out according to season
Dephosphorization system, it is characterised in that:Including preprocessing subsystem, pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry
Pond, the 4th biochemistry pool, Aerobic Pond, second pond;
The preprocessing subsystem is connected with the pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool respectively by conduit,
Valve A and valve B, preprocessing subsystem and are provided with the conduit wherein connected between preprocessing subsystem and pre- anoxic pond
Valve A, valve D and valve F are provided with the conduit connected between one biochemistry pool, between preprocessing subsystem and the 3rd biochemistry pool
Valve A, valve E and valve J are provided with the conduit of connection;
The pre- anoxic pond is connected by conduit with first biochemistry pool, and valve C and valve are provided with connecting pipe
F;
First biochemistry pool is connected with second biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool respectively by conduit;First biochemistry pool
Valve I, the conduit connected between the first biochemistry pool and the 3rd biochemistry pool are provided with the conduit being connected between the second biochemistry pool
On be provided with valve G and valve J;
Second biochemistry pool is connected by conduit with the 3rd biochemistry pool, and valve H and valve are provided with connecting pipe
Door J;
3rd biochemistry pool is connected with the 4th biochemistry pool, Aerobic Pond respectively by conduit;3rd biochemistry pool and
It is provided with valve M, the conduit connected between the 3rd biochemistry pool and Aerobic Pond and is provided with the conduit connected between four biochemistry pools
Valve K;
The Aerobic Pond is connected by conduit with the second pond;
The second pond is connected by reflux line with the pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool respectively, is divided on connecting pipe
Valve P, valve O are not provided with;The Aerobic Pond is connected by reflux line with the 3rd biochemistry pool, is set on connecting pipe
There is valve N.
The method that is used of method of the present invention is:It is a kind of that the sewage denitrification and dephosphorization that biochemical unit switches is carried out according to season
Method, it is characterised in that:Winter uses inversion A2/ O techniques, spring uses modified form A2/ O techniques, summer using pre- anoxic+fall
Put A2/ O techniques, autumn is using hypoxemia/alternate pre- anoxic+inversion A of normal oxygen2/ O techniques;
The inversion A2/ O techniques, implement and comprise the following steps:
Step A1:Open valve A, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve I, valve J, close remaining valve;Now first
Biochemistry pool has been connected with the second biochemistry pool, and is combined as anoxic pond, the 3rd biochemistry pool separately as anaerobic pond;Preprocessed son
The pretreated water of system is respectively fed to the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool;Water inlet is sent out in the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool
Raw denitrification, nitrifies the nitrite produced and nitrate is reduced into nitrogen in the presence of denitrifying bacteria, so that
Realize denitrogenation;
Step A2:Sewage enters in the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve H, the second biochemistry pool, now the 3rd biochemistry pool conduct
Anaerobic pond, polyP bacteria releases phosphorus in anaerobic pond;
Step A3:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve K, the 3rd biochemistry pool, and polyP bacteria is after anaerobic pond releases phosphorus, directly
Into Aerobic Pond, poly- phosphorus reaction and nitrification occur in Aerobic Pond, mud mixture gravity flow enters after pollutant is degraded
Second pond;
Step A4:In Open valve O, second pond in nitrification liquid and sludge reflux to the first biochemistry pool;
The modified form A2/ O techniques, implement and comprise the following steps:
Step B1:Open valve A, valve B, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve J, close remaining valve, preprocessed
The pretreated water of subsystem is respectively fed to pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, and now the first biochemistry pool is individually made
For anaerobic pond;Denitrification occurs in pre- anoxic pond for sewage, removes total nitrogen;
Step B2:Sewage in Open valve C, pre- anoxic pond sends into the first biochemistry pool, by the effect of polyP bacteria, utilizes
Itself carbon source of water inlet, realizes the release of phosphorus;
Step B3:Sewage sends into the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve G, the first biochemistry pool;Open valve M, connects the three lives
Change pond, the 4th biochemistry pool;Now the 3rd biochemistry pool, the combination of the 4th biochemistry pool are as anoxic pond, and sewage is in the 3rd biochemistry pool, the 4th
Continue occur denitrification in biochemistry pool, nitrify the nitrite produced and nitrate is gone back in the presence of denitrifying bacteria
Original is into nitrogen, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step B4:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve L, the 4th biochemistry pool, occur in Aerobic Pond poly- phosphorus reaction and
Nitrification, mud mixture gravity flow enters second pond after pollutant is degraded;
Step B5:In Open valve P, valve N, second pond in sludge reflux to pre- anoxic pond, nitrification liquid is returned in Aerobic Pond
It flow in the 3rd biochemistry pool;
Pre- anoxic+the inversion A2/ O techniques, implement and comprise the following steps:
Step C1:Open valve A, valve B, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve I, valve J, close remaining valve, warp
The pretreated water of preprocessing subsystem is respectively fed to pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, now the first biochemistry pool
Connect, and combined as anoxic pond, the 3rd biochemistry pool separately as anaerobic pond with the second biochemistry pool;Sewage is in pre- anoxic pond
Generation denitrification, removes total nitrogen;
Step C2:Sewage sends into the first biochemistry pool, in the second biochemistry pool in Open valve C, pre- anoxic pond, and sewage is first
Continue occur denitrification in biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool, nitrify the nitrite produced and nitrate in denitrifying bacteria
In the presence of be reduced into nitrogen, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step C3:Sewage sends into the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve H, the second biochemistry pool;Now the 3rd biochemistry pool is individually made
For anaerobic pond, sewage, using itself carbon source of intaking, realizes the release of phosphorus by the effect of polyP bacteria;
Step C4:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve K, the 3rd biochemistry pool, occur in Aerobic Pond poly- phosphorus reaction and
Nitrification, mud mixture gravity flow enters second pond after pollutant is degraded;
Step C5:In Open valve P, second pond in nitrification liquid and sludge reflux to pre- anoxic pond;
The hypoxemia/alternate pre- anoxic+the inversion A of normal oxygen2/ O techniques, implement and comprise the following steps:
Step D1:Open valve A, valve B, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve I, valve J, close remaining valve, warp
The pretreated water of preprocessing subsystem is respectively fed to pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, now the first biochemistry pool
Connect, and combined as anoxic pond, the 3rd biochemistry pool separately as anaerobic pond with the second biochemistry pool;
Sewage enters pre- anoxic pond, now controls to adjust DO concentration in pre- anoxic pond using hypoxemia/normal alternate mode of oxygen;
Step D2:Sewage sends into the first biochemistry pool, in the second biochemistry pool in Open valve C, pre- anoxic pond, biochemical first
Continue occur denitrification in pond, the second biochemistry pool, nitrify the work of the nitrite produced and nitrate in denitrifying bacteria
Nitrogen is reduced under, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step D3:Sewage sends into the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve H, the second biochemistry pool;Now the 3rd biochemistry pool is as detesting
Oxygen pond, sewage, using itself carbon source of intaking, realizes the release of phosphorus by the effect of polyP bacteria;
Step D4:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve K, the 3rd biochemistry pool, occur in Aerobic Pond poly- phosphorus reaction and
Nitrification, mud mixture gravity flow enters second pond after pollutant is degraded;
Step D5:In Open valve P, second pond in nitrification liquid and sludge reflux to pre- anoxic pond.
The characteristics of the inventive method has following and beneficial effect:
The present invention, which is realized, sets up a set of biochemical system, and four kinds of different biochemical units are freely switched to according to seasonal variations
The technique of pattern, carries out the switching of pipeline, so as to realize the conversion of different pond bodies by the keying of valve;By adjusting dissolving
The means such as oxygen (DO) concentration, change water inlet flow direction and sludge flow direction, to strengthen nitration denitrification effect, release phosphorus and the effect of poly- phosphorus,
It can effectively remove total nitrogen and total phosphorus, system stable effluent quality, technological operation is simple, automaticity is high, operation energy consumption is relatively low,
It can stably reach《Urban wastewater treatment firm pollutant emission standard》One-level A effluent standards.
Embodiment
Understand for the ease of those of ordinary skill in the art and implement the present invention, the present invention is made into one below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
The detailed description of step, it will be appreciated that implementation example described herein is merely to illustrate and explain the present invention, is not used to limit
The present invention.
See Fig. 1, a kind of sewage denitrification dephosphorization system that biochemical unit switching is carried out according to season that the present invention is provided, bag
Include preprocessing subsystem, pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, the 4th biochemistry pool, Aerobic Pond, two
Heavy pond;
Preprocessing subsystem is connected with pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool respectively by conduit, wherein pre- place
Valve A and valve B, preprocessing subsystem and the first biochemistry pool are provided with the conduit connected between reason subsystem and pre- anoxic pond
Between be provided with valve A, valve D and valve F on the conduit that connects, what is connected between preprocessing subsystem and the 3rd biochemistry pool leads
Valve A, valve E and valve J are provided with pipe;Pre- anoxic pond is connected by conduit with the first biochemistry pool, is set on connecting pipe
There are valve C and valve F;First biochemistry pool is connected with the second biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool respectively by conduit;First biochemistry pool with
It is provided with the conduit connected between second biochemistry pool on valve I, the conduit connected between the first biochemistry pool and the 3rd biochemistry pool
It is provided with valve G and valve J;Second biochemistry pool is connected by conduit with the 3rd biochemistry pool, be provided with connecting pipe valve H and
Valve J;3rd biochemistry pool is connected with the 4th biochemistry pool, Aerobic Pond respectively by conduit;3rd biochemistry pool and the 4th biochemistry pool it
Between be provided with valve M, the conduit connected between the 3rd biochemistry pool and Aerobic Pond on the conduit that connects and be provided with valve K;It is aerobic
Pond is connected by conduit with second pond;Second pond is connected by reflux line with pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool respectively, connecting tube
Valve P, valve O are respectively arranged with road;Aerobic Pond is connected by reflux line with the 3rd biochemistry pool, is provided with connecting pipe
Valve N.
Aerator is provided with the pre- anoxic pond of the present embodiment, installing aeration plate by bottom of pond using roots blower is carried out
Oxygen supply is aerated, to realize the alternating of hypoxemia in pre- anoxic pond/normal oxygen operating mode;Aerator is provided with Aerobic Pond, using Roots
Blower fan installs aeration plate by bottom of pond and carries out aeration oxygen supply.
The pre- anoxic pond of the present embodiment, the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, it is all provided with the 4th biochemistry pool
It is equipped with submersible agitator;Submersible agitator uses low-speed propulsion device, and wheel speed is set to during operation:36r/min~56r/
min。
A kind of sewage denitrification and dephosphorization method that biochemical unit switching is carried out according to season that the present invention is provided, winter uses
Put A2/ O techniques, spring uses modified form A2/ O techniques, summer uses pre- anoxic+inversion A2/ O techniques, autumn using hypoxemia/often
The alternate pre- anoxic+inversion A of oxygen2/ O techniques;
Inversion A2/ O techniques (winter is optimal), implement and comprise the following steps:
Step A1:Open valve A, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve I, valve J, close remaining valve, preprocessed
The pretreated water of subsystem is respectively fed to the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool;Water inlet ratio is 4:6, with distribute denitrification and
The carbon source required for phosphorus effect is released, now the first biochemistry pool has been connected with the second biochemistry pool, and combination is used as anoxic pond, the three lives
Change pond separately as anaerobic pond, the submersible agitator in the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool is opened, and rotating speed is disposed as 50r/
Min, the first biochemistry pool, the combination pond body hydraulic detention time of the second biochemistry pool are 4h;Water inlet is in the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry
Denitrification occurs in pond, nitrifies the nitrite produced and nitrate is reduced into nitrogen in the presence of denitrifying bacteria
Gas, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step A2:Sewage enters in the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve H, the second biochemistry pool, now the 3rd biochemistry pool conduct
Anaerobic pond, the 3rd biochemical pool inner water power residence time was that submersible agitator is closed in 1.5h, pond, and polyP bacteria releases phosphorus in anaerobic pond;
Step A3:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve K, the 3rd biochemistry pool, and polyP bacteria is after anaerobic pond releases phosphorus, directly
Into Aerobic Pond, poly- phosphorus reaction and nitrification occur in Aerobic Pond, mud mixture gravity flow enters after pollutant is degraded
Second pond;
Step A4:In Open valve O, second pond in nitrification liquid and sludge reflux to the first biochemistry pool, reflux ratio is
150%;All sludge whole experience for participating in backflow are complete to be released phosphorus, inhales phosphorus process, has " population effect " in terms of dephosphorization
Advantage.
Modified form A2/ O techniques (spring is optimal), implement and comprise the following steps:
Step B1:Open valve A, valve B, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve J, close remaining valve, preprocessed
The pretreated water of subsystem is respectively fed to pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, and water inlet ratio is 4:3:3, to divide
With the carbon source that denitrification is required with phosphorus effect is released;Now the first biochemistry pool is separately as anaerobic pond;Diving in pre- anoxic pond
Agitator is opened, and rotating speed is set to 45r/min, and denitrification occurs in pre- anoxic pond for sewage, removes total nitrogen;
Step B2:Sewage in Open valve C, pre- anoxic pond sends into the first biochemistry pool, and hydraulic detention time is 1.5h, pond
Interior submersible agitator is closed;By the effect of polyP bacteria, using itself carbon source of intaking, the release of phosphorus is realized;
Step B3:Sewage sends into the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve G, the first biochemistry pool;Open valve M, connects the three lives
Change pond, the 4th biochemistry pool;Now the 3rd biochemistry pool, the combination of the 4th biochemistry pool are used as anoxic pond, the 3rd biochemistry pool, the 4th biochemistry pool
Submersible agitator open, rotating speed is set to 45r/min, the 3rd biochemistry pool, the combination pond body hydraulic retention of the 4th biochemistry pool
Time is 4h, and sewage continues occur denitrification in the 3rd biochemistry pool, the 4th biochemistry pool, nitrify the nitrite that produces and
Nitrate is reduced into nitrogen in the presence of denitrifying bacteria, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step B4:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve L, the 4th biochemistry pool, occur in Aerobic Pond poly- phosphorus reaction and
Nitrification, mud mixture gravity flow enters second pond after pollutant is degraded;
Step B5:In Open valve P, valve N, second pond in sludge reflux to pre- anoxic pond, reflux ratio is 75%;It is aerobic
Nitrification liquid is back in the 3rd biochemistry pool in pond, and reflux ratio is 200%.
Pre- anoxic+inversion A2/ O techniques (summer is optimal), implement and comprise the following steps:
Step C1:Open valve A, valve B, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve I, valve J, close remaining valve, warp
The pretreated water of preprocessing subsystem is respectively fed to pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, and water inlet ratio is 4:3:
3, to distribute denitrification and release the carbon source required for phosphorus effect;Now the first biochemistry pool has been connected with the second biochemistry pool, and is combined
As anoxic pond, the 3rd biochemistry pool separately as anaerobic pond;Submersible agitator in pre- anoxic pond is opened, and rotating speed is set to 40r/
Denitrification occurs in pre- anoxic pond for min, sewage, removes total nitrogen;
Step C2:Sewage sends into the first biochemistry pool, in the second biochemistry pool in Open valve C, pre- anoxic pond, and first is biochemical
Pond, the submersible agitator of the second biochemistry pool are opened, and rotating speed is set to 40r/min, the first biochemistry pool, the combination of the second biochemistry pool
Pond body hydraulic detention time is 4h, and sewage continues occur denitrification in the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool, and nitrification is produced
Nitrite and nitrate nitrogen is reduced into the presence of denitrifying bacteria, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step C3:Sewage sends into the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve H, the second biochemistry pool;Now the 3rd biochemistry pool is individually made
For anaerobic pond, hydraulic detention time is that submersible agitator is closed in 1.5h, pond, and sewage utilizes water inlet by the effect of polyP bacteria
Itself carbon source, realizes the release of phosphorus;
Step C4:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve K, the 3rd biochemistry pool, occur in Aerobic Pond poly- phosphorus reaction and
Nitrification, mud mixture gravity flow enters second pond after pollutant is degraded;
Step C5:In Open valve P, second pond in nitrification liquid and sludge reflux to pre- anoxic pond;Reflux ratio value
150%;All sludge whole experience for participating in backflow are complete to be released phosphorus, inhales phosphorus process, has " population effect " in terms of dephosphorization
Advantage.
Hypoxemia/alternate pre- anoxic+the inversion A of normal oxygen2/ O techniques (autumn is optimal), implement and comprise the following steps:
Step D1:Open valve A, valve B, valve D, valve F, valve E, valve I, valve J, close remaining valve, warp
The pretreated water of preprocessing subsystem is respectively fed to pre- anoxic pond, the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool, and water inlet ratio is 4:3:
3, to distribute denitrification and release the carbon source required for phosphorus effect;Now the first biochemistry pool has been connected with the second biochemistry pool, and is combined
As anoxic pond, the 3rd biochemistry pool separately as anaerobic pond;
Sewage enters pre- anoxic pond, now controls to adjust DO concentration in pre- anoxic pond using hypoxemia/normal alternate mode of oxygen;
When using normal oxygen operating mode, the submersible agitator set in pre- anoxic pond is closed, aeration plate in pre- anoxic pond is opened, adjustment DO is arrived
1.5~2.5mg/L;When using hypoxemia operating mode, aeration plate in pre- anoxic pond is closed, the diving set in pre- anoxic pond is opened and stirs
Device is mixed, rotating speed is set to 40r/min, adjusts DO to 0.3~0.6mg/L;Realized by this hypoxemia/normal alternate mode of oxygen
The short-cut nitrification and denitrification of sewage, hypoxemia and normal oxygen alternate cycle be 1~2 week, by such a method of operation for water compared with
Higher nitric efficiency is can reach under few carbon source operating mode;
Step D2:Sewage sends into the first biochemistry pool, in the second biochemistry pool in Open valve C, pre- anoxic pond, and first is biochemical
Pond, the submersible agitator of the second biochemistry pool are opened, and rotating speed is disposed as 40r/min, the first biochemistry pool, the group of the second biochemistry pool
It is 4h to close pond body hydraulic detention time, continues occur denitrification in the first biochemistry pool, the second biochemistry pool, what nitrification was produced
Nitrite and nitrate are reduced into nitrogen in the presence of denitrifying bacteria, it is achieved thereby that denitrogenation;
Step D3:Sewage sends into the 3rd biochemistry pool in Open valve H, the second biochemistry pool;Now the 3rd biochemistry pool is as detesting
Oxygen pond, hydraulic detention time is that submersible agitator is closed in 1.5h, pond, and sewage is by the effect of polyP bacteria, using intaking itself
Carbon source, realizes the release of phosphorus;
Step D4:Sewage enters Aerobic Pond in Open valve K, the 3rd biochemistry pool, occur in Aerobic Pond poly- phosphorus reaction and
Nitrification, mud mixture gravity flow enters second pond after pollutant is degraded;
Step D5:In Open valve P, second pond in nitrification liquid and sludge reflux to pre- anoxic pond, reflux ratio value
150%;All sludge whole experience for participating in backflow are complete to be released phosphorus, inhales phosphorus process, has " population effect " in terms of dephosphorization
Advantage.
In the present embodiment, when the first biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool are run in anaerobic pond form, the control of DO concentration exists
Below 0.2mg/L;When the first biochemistry pool and the combination of the second biochemistry pool, the 3rd biochemistry pool and the combination of the 4th biochemistry pool are with anoxic pond shape
When formula is run, DO concentration is controlled in 0.3~0.6mg/L;In Aerobic Pond, DO concentration is controlled in 1.5~2.5mg/L.
All valves of the present embodiment can be realized and automatically controlled.
Present invention employs the sewage disposal technology of " strengthened denitrification+reinforced phosphor-removing ", and according to Four seasons change, pass through pipe
Valve realizes the operation switching of four kinds of different biochemical modes with the conversion of pond body, to reach the effect of optimal denitrogenation dephosphorizing.
Sewage flows into biochemical system after pretreatment, by anaerobic pond, the release of phosphorus is carried out under polyP bacteria effect, then
Into after aerobic zone, polyP bacteria can be by the aerobic decomposition of the PHB of repertory, and the big energy discharged is available for polyP bacteria growth numerous
Grow.In the presence of having dissolving phosphorus in environment, part energy is available for polyP bacteria active absorption phosphate, and is accumulated in the form of poly- phosphorus
Storage is in vivo.Now exceed the phosphorus amount needed for microorganism normal growth to the summation of phosphorus, it is seen that microorganism is in aerobic condition
The phosphorus of lower absorption greatly exceed the phosphorus discharged under anaerobic.It is excessive by bacterium because system often discharges excess sludge
The phosphorus of intake also will discharge system, thus can obtain preferable phosphor-removing effect therewith.
At the same time, sewage obtains the dissolved oxygen of abundance in Aerobic Pond, occurs nitration reaction, and ammonia nitrogen is in nitrous acid in water
Nitrite is oxidized in the presence of bacterium, nitrate is then further oxidized in the presence of Nitromonas.Nitre in Aerobic Pond
Change liquid and be back to anoxic pond, under conditions of dissolved oxygen is 0.5mg/L or so, using the carbon source of itself of intaking, occur denitrification
Reaction, makes nitrite and nitrate that nitrification is produced be reduced into nitrogen in the presence of denitrifying bacteria, so as to realize total
The removal of nitrogen.
In actual motion, the effect of above-mentioned denitrogenation dephosphorizing process is by two factor controllings of temperature and carbon source.In order in difference
Season and different inlet COD concentration operating mode under, optimal Nitrogen/Phosphorus Removal can be obtained, the present invention, which is realized, only to be set up
A set of biochemical system, the operation for realizing four kinds of different biochemical modes by pipe valve and the conversion of pond body switches, and realizes each
Corresponding biochemical mode can be run in season with optimal treatment effect.Meanwhile, each system uses multipoint water feeding, leads to
The reasonable distribution to water-inlet carbon source is crossed, solves to be difficult to total nitrogen and total phosphorus in conventional treatment the problem of removal up to standard.
It should be appreciated that the part that this specification is not elaborated belongs to prior art.
It should be appreciated that the above-mentioned description for preferred embodiment is more detailed, therefore it can not be considered to this
The limitation of invention patent protection scope, one of ordinary skill in the art is not departing from power of the present invention under the enlightenment of the present invention
Profit is required under protected ambit, can also be made replacement or be deformed, each fall within protection scope of the present invention, this hair
It is bright scope is claimed to be determined by the appended claims.