CN107227486A - A kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device - Google Patents
A kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107227486A CN107227486A CN201710560261.2A CN201710560261A CN107227486A CN 107227486 A CN107227486 A CN 107227486A CN 201710560261 A CN201710560261 A CN 201710560261A CN 107227486 A CN107227486 A CN 107227486A
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- conductive core
- polishing
- burnishing device
- liquid container
- metal partial
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- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 13
- 244000137852 Petrea volubilis Species 0.000 description 8
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012946 outsourcing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic removal of material from objects; Servicing or operating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/16—Polishing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/32—Polishing; Etching
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to field of experiment equipment, it is related to a kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device, on the premise of large volume sample is not cut, local electrobrightening is carried out to the part planar or curved surface for needing to test.Include catholyte burnishing device, constant voltage dc source, wire, sample to be thrown.Catholyte burnishing device is made up of conductive core fixing shell, polishing liquid container, top cover, plastics fastening screw, conductive core；Top cover is provided with the top of conductive core fixing shell, top is the cylindric hand-held device for fixing stainless steel or graphite guide battery core, and bottom is connected with polishing liquid container, and conductive core is fixed by plastics fastening screw inside conductive core fixing shell.The present invention is at ambient temperature, the test button surface of large volume is simply polished, properly stable voltage is set, the local polishing face of light can be obtained using the device, the surface residual stress layer that processing is introduced can be effectively removed, the accuracy of residual stress measurement is improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of experiment equipment, it is related to burnishing device, is directed primarily to a kind of metal regional area polishing
Device.
Background technology
The technology general principle of electrobrightening is that electrochemical polishing system is passing to certain polishing voltage and current density
Afterwards, anode workpiece surface can produce the high adhesive membrane of resistivity, and the film thickness at the diverse location of workpiece surface is not
Most identical：The local film layer of convex is relatively thin on surface microscopic, and resistance is smaller and current density is larger, anode workpiece rate of dissolution
Greatly；On the contrary, the film distribution of recess is thicker under surface microscopic, resistance is larger and the rate of dissolution of anode workpiece is less than on surface
Convex.Just because of the inconsistent of this layer of adhesive membrane thickness and current density size, make the microcosmic convex dissolving speed of workpiece surface
Rate is more than the rate of dissolution of recess, and with the extension of working time, Metal Surface Roughness declines brightness and improves and realize
Polishing.
Using during method of X-ray diffraction measurement remnant stress, the surface state of sample have to measurement result compared with
Greatly influence, but the surface treatment of bulk specimen is very difficult, and the polishing of sand paper or the polishing of machinery all can be different
The introducing residual stress of degree, influences measurement result.It is surface-treated with the method for electrobrightening, not by the shadow of mechanical force
Ring, additional stress will not be produced, and surface corrosion is uniform, can eliminate the stress because being machined in surface of test piece generation, so that
The accuracy of test is improved, is a kind of preferable surface treatment method.
General electrobrightening is only applicable to the less workpiece of size, it is necessary to which polished surface is immersed in into polishing fluid
In.And large-size workpiece is difficult to polished face being totally submerged, the surface for obtaining light completely is difficult.So for big
The workpiece of size, removes Surface stress layer, using XRD measurement remnants stress, it is necessary to carry out electrobrightening using special device.
The content of the invention
The invention aims to solve the problem of prior art is present, the premise of large scale test button is not being destroyed
Under, using the burnishing device of 3D printing, appropriate technological parameter is set, you can the good plane of acquisition or the local surfaces of curved surface
State, meets XRD test surfaces residual stress and removes the requirement introduced in process.
The purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions：
A kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device, comprising catholyte burnishing device, constant voltage dc source, wire, waits to throw
Sample is constituted, it is characterised in that catholyte burnishing device is fastened by conductive core fixing shell, polishing liquid container, top cover, plastics
Screw, conductive core composition.Top cover is provided with the top of conductive core fixing shell, top is for fixing stainless steel or graphite guide battery core
Cylindric hand-held device, bottom is connected with polishing liquid container, is fixed and led by plastics fastening screw inside conductive core fixing shell
Battery core.Different cathode shells can be used for polishing unlike material and the sample of shape with combining for conductive core.
Further, the conductive core fixing shell preparation technology uses advanced 3D printing increases material manufacturing technology, material
From corrosion resistant plastics.
Further, the polishing liquid container of the conductive core fixing shell bottom connection；In view of polishing time and throwing
The problem of light time electrolyte flow rate, be to have thin mouth to use above bulge shape, polishing liquid container by the polishing fluid Vessel Design of bottom
In supplement polishing fluid, the exit of cathode shell is handled by mechanical polishing, its a diameter of 8mm exported.
Further, polishing liquid container is divided into six and 7 two kind, and polishing liquid container six can polish bulk sample part plan；
The radius for polishing the exit cambered surface of liquid container seven is 30mm, can polish the cambered surface that cambered surface radius is 20-30mm.
Further, conductive core uses corrosion resistant stainless steel or graphite rod, and handling are easy in configuration design.
Further, stainless steel conductive core is directly processed into required profile, and the profile is multilayer steps shape cylinder, graphite
Rod conductive core need to separately accommodate annex, and the blessing annex uses anticorrosive plastic, 3D printing shaping.(unlike material conductive core needs to adopt
With different top covers, in general, stainless steel conductive core is easily worked, and top cover entrance is thinner, and graphite rod outsourcing is in the majority, is difficult to add
Work, top cover entrance is thicker).
Further, conductive core lower end is away from 7-9mm of cathode shell exit, that is, die opening, and conductive core lower end is equipped with
The sponge thick less than 1mm.
Further, partial electrolysis polishing has certain limitation for polishing area, is thrown and tried using insulating tape sealing
Sample periphery, it is ensured that single local polishing area is less than 40mm2。
Conductive core is loaded into conductive core fixing shell during polishing, is fixed with fastening screw and closes top cover, under conductive core
The fixed upper sponge in end, is put into polishing liquid container, electrobrightening can be carried out by pouring into electrolytic polishing liquid.
Principal character and advantage of the present invention have：At ambient temperature, the test button surface of large volume is carried out simply
Polishing, sets properly stable voltage, and the local polishing face of light can be obtained using the device.The present invention can effectively be gone
Except the surface residual stress layer that processing is introduced, the accuracy of residual stress measurement is improved.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of partial electrolysis burnishing device of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is catholyte burnishing device shell and polishing liquid container schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is the cathode assembly conductive core and its annex schematic diagram of partial electrolysis burnishing device.
The mark of critical piece in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, Fig. 3 given below：
1- catholyte burnishing devices, 2- constant voltage dc sources, 3- wires, 4- samples to be thrown, 5- conductive core fixing shells,
The electrolyte container six of 6- surface polishings, 7- polishes the electrolyte container seven of cambered surface, 8- top covers, 9- plastics fastening screws, 10- points
The step-like stainless steel conductive core of level, 11- graphite rods, 12- graphite rods accommodate annex, 13- sponges.
Fig. 4 a are surface topography map before titanium alloy plane polishing, and Fig. 4 b are surface topography map after titanium alloy plane polishing.
Fig. 5 a are surface topography map before Ti Alloy Curved polishing, and Fig. 5 b are Ti Alloy Curved surface of polished shape appearance figure.
Fig. 6 a are surface topography map before stainless steel plane polishing, and Fig. 6 b are surface topography map after stainless steel plane polishing.
Embodiment
Glossing includes sand paper polishing-alcohol wipe drying-insulating tape sealing-electrobrightening-clear water punching
Wash-alcohol wipe drying.Wherein insulating tape sealing ensures that single local polishing area is less than 40mm2。
Embodiment 1
Illustrated using the part plan electrobrightening of titanium alloy as embodiment, sample size is 40*26*24mm.
Step one：Sample is needed the surface of position polished polished using sand paper or electric grinding wheels first, obtained
The preferable surface of cut consistant mass.This example using the polishing of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000# sand paper, obtains quality successively
Preferable initial surface.
Step 2：Pending sample is sealed with insulating tape, the position that need to be polished and connection electricity is only exposed
The position of pole, local polishing area is about 30mm2.Then regulation direct current power source voltage is between 90V-100V, then by titanium alloy
Sample is connected to the positive pole of power supply, and stainless steel cathode device is connected to the negative pole of power supply.
Step 3：A3 electrolyte is poured into polishing liquid container, starts timing, and cathode assembly is moved to the position that need to be polished
Put, somewhat lift, allow electrolyte slowly to flow out.Keep electric current in 100mA or so, polishing time is 40s-50s.
Step 4：Rinsed well in time with clear water after the completion of polishing, remove electrolyte, obtain the part plan of light.
Electrobrightening result is as shown in figure 4, the surface roughness before electrobrightening is 0.065, the rough surface after polishing
Spend for 0.009.
Embodiment 2
Illustrated using the local cambered surface electrobrightening of titanium alloy as embodiment, sample diameter is 30mm, long 60mm.
Step one：Sample is needed the surface of position polished polished using sand paper or electric grinding wheels first, obtained
The preferable surface of cut consistant mass.This example using the polishing of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000# sand paper, obtains quality successively
Preferable initial surface.
Step 2：Pending sample is sealed with insulating tape, the position that need to be polished and connection electricity is only exposed
The position of pole, local polishing area is about 30mm2.Then regulation direct current power source voltage is to 90V or so, then cylinder sample is connected to
The positive pole of power supply, stainless steel cathode device is connected to the negative pole of power supply.
Step 3：Cylindric sample is polished from the cambered electrolyte container in bottom.A3 electrolyte is subsequently poured into,
Start timing, and cathode assembly is moved to the position that need to be polished, somewhat lift, allow electrolyte slowly to flow out.Electric current is kept to exist
50-100mA or so, polishing time is 40s-50s.
Step 4：Rinsed well in time with clear water after the completion of polishing, remove electrolyte, obtain the local surfaces of light.
Electrobrightening result is as shown in figure 5, the surface roughness before electrobrightening is 0.133, the rough surface after polishing
Spend for 0.06.
Embodiment 3
Embodiment is finished to the partial electrolysis of stainless steel to illustrate, sample size is 40*25*20mm.
Step one：Sample is needed the surface of position polished polished using sand paper or electric grinding wheels first, obtained
The preferable surface of cut consistant mass.This example using the polishing of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000# sand paper, obtains quality successively
Preferable initial surface.
Step 2：Pending sample is sealed with insulating tape, the position that need to be polished and connection electricity is only exposed
The position of pole, local polishing area is about 30mm2.Then regulation direct current power source voltage is tried between 50V-60V, then by stainless steel
Sample is connected to the positive pole of power supply, and graphite cathode device is connected to the negative pole of power supply.
Step 3：The perchloric acid electrolyte of 80% absolute ethyl alcohol+20% is poured into polishing liquid container, starts timing, and by the moon
Pole device is moved to the position that need to be polished, and somewhat lifts, and allows electrolyte slowly to flow out.Electric current is kept in 30mA -50mA, polishing
Time is 40s-60s.
Step 4：Rinsed well in time with clear water after the completion of polishing, remove electrolyte, obtain the part plan of light.
Electrobrightening result is as shown in fig. 6, the surface roughness before polishing is 0.038, and the surface roughness after polishing is
0.002。
The burnishing device of the present invention is simple, with very strong versatility and feasibility, selects what is be adapted to for different materials
Glossing parameter, solves the problem of not destroying large volume sample in experiment and obtain local glossy surface.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device, comprising catholyte burnishing device, constant voltage dc source, wire, wait to throw examination
Sample, it is characterised in that catholyte burnishing device by conductive core fixing shell, polishing liquid container, top cover, plastics fastening screw, lead
Battery core is constituted；It is provided with top cover at the top of conductive core fixing shell, top is for fixing the cylindric of stainless steel or graphite guide battery core
Hand-held device, bottom is connected with polishing liquid container, and conductive core is fixed by plastics fastening screw inside conductive core fixing shell.
2. metal partial electrolysis burnishing device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that conductive core fixing shell prepares work
Skill uses advanced 3D printing increases material manufacturing technology, the corrosion resistant plastics of material selection.
3. metal partial electrolysis burnishing device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the polishing fluid of described bottom holds
Device is designed as having thin mouth to be used to supplement polishing fluid above bulge shape, polishing liquid container, and the exit of cathode shell is by machinery
Polishing, a diameter of 8mm of outlet.
4. metal partial electrolysis burnishing device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that polishing liquid container is divided into six and seven
Two kinds, polishing liquid container six can polish bulk sample part plan；The radius for polishing the exit cambered surface of liquid container seven is 30mm, can
Polish the cambered surface that cambered surface radius is 20-30mm.
5. metal partial electrolysis burnishing device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that conductive core using it is corrosion resistant not
Become rusty steel or graphite rod, and handling are easy in configuration design.
6. metal partial electrolysis burnishing device according to claim 1 or 5, it is characterised in that stainless steel conductive core is direct
Required profile is processed into, the profile is multilayer steps shape cylinder, and graphite rod conductive core need to separately accommodate annex, and the blessing annex is adopted
With anticorrosive plastic, 3D printing shaping.
7. device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that conductive core lower end away from 7-9mm at housing outlet, that is,
Die opening, conductive core lower end, which is equipped with, is less than the thick sponges of 1mm, and conductive core is fixed by plastics screw.
8. metal partial electrolysis burnishing device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the method for local polishing is using insulation
Rubber belt sealing is by throwing sample periphery, it is ensured that single local polishing area is less than 40mm2。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710560261.2A CN107227486A (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2017-07-11 | A kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710560261.2A CN107227486A (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2017-07-11 | A kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107227486A true CN107227486A (en) | 2017-10-03 |
Family
ID=59956255
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710560261.2A Pending CN107227486A (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2017-07-11 | A kind of metal partial electrolysis burnishing device |
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| Country | Link |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109208001A (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2019-01-15 | 中国工程物理研究院材料研究所 | A kind of method that metal surface regional area accurately corrodes |
| CN109957831A (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-07-02 | 福建工程学院 | A kind of electrobrightening and residual stress detect integrated device |
| CN113832530A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2021-12-24 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Descaling method for corrosion-resistant alloy and derivatives thereof |
| CN114182338A (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-03-15 | 北京星航机电装备有限公司 | Titanium alloy workpiece weight reduction method |
| CN114571247A (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2022-06-03 | 长沙理工大学 | Electrochemical discharge-grinding combined machining tool and using method thereof |
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| US4431501A (en) * | 1980-08-05 | 1984-02-14 | Outokumpu Oy | Apparatus for electrolytic polishing |
| CN1081946A (en) * | 1992-08-15 | 1994-02-16 | 锦西化工机械厂 | Electrolytic mechanical composite polishing process for inner surface of container |
| CN1772971A (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2006-05-17 | 中国海洋大学 | Method for raising corrosion resistant property stainless steel welding seam and apparatus thereof |
| CN2890092Y (en) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-04-18 | 中国海洋大学 | Partial electrolysis modifying and treating device for metal surface |
| JP2008111178A (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2008-05-15 | Takashi Shimatani | Electrolytic polishing method, electrolytic polishing device and electrode rod |
-
2017
- 2017-07-11 CN CN201710560261.2A patent/CN107227486A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4431501A (en) * | 1980-08-05 | 1984-02-14 | Outokumpu Oy | Apparatus for electrolytic polishing |
| CN1081946A (en) * | 1992-08-15 | 1994-02-16 | 锦西化工机械厂 | Electrolytic mechanical composite polishing process for inner surface of container |
| CN2890092Y (en) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-04-18 | 中国海洋大学 | Partial electrolysis modifying and treating device for metal surface |
| CN1772971A (en) * | 2005-10-17 | 2006-05-17 | 中国海洋大学 | Method for raising corrosion resistant property stainless steel welding seam and apparatus thereof |
| JP2008111178A (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2008-05-15 | Takashi Shimatani | Electrolytic polishing method, electrolytic polishing device and electrode rod |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109208001A (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2019-01-15 | 中国工程物理研究院材料研究所 | A kind of method that metal surface regional area accurately corrodes |
| CN109957831A (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-07-02 | 福建工程学院 | A kind of electrobrightening and residual stress detect integrated device |
| CN109957831B (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2024-04-02 | 福建工程学院 | Electrolytic polishing and residual stress detection integrated device |
| CN113832530A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2021-12-24 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Descaling method for corrosion-resistant alloy and derivatives thereof |
| CN114182338A (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-03-15 | 北京星航机电装备有限公司 | Titanium alloy workpiece weight reduction method |
| CN114571247A (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2022-06-03 | 长沙理工大学 | Electrochemical discharge-grinding combined machining tool and using method thereof |
| CN114571247B (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2023-01-03 | 长沙理工大学 | Electrochemical discharge-grinding combined machining tool and using method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20171003 |