CN107191455A - 带发泡芯材缓冲器的用于接合至少两个接合件的连接元件 - Google Patents
带发泡芯材缓冲器的用于接合至少两个接合件的连接元件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107191455A CN107191455A CN201710211178.4A CN201710211178A CN107191455A CN 107191455 A CN107191455 A CN 107191455A CN 201710211178 A CN201710211178 A CN 201710211178A CN 107191455 A CN107191455 A CN 107191455A
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于接合至少两个接合件的连接元件,其中,两个接合件的至少其中一个具有纤维强化的塑料,为了在完成的部件的强度方面进一步改进,建议能膨胀的或者已经膨胀的发泡类材料按如下所述构造和布置在通过连接元件的空腔内,即能膨胀的或者已经膨胀的发泡类材料在热作用之前和/或之后被第一接合件迫进空腔的材料压缩。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于接合至少两个接合件的连接元件,其中,第一接合件具有纤维强化的塑料,其中,连接元件构造为防滑钉(Reibnagel)或者冲铆钉或者半空心冲铆钉或者置入钉(Setzbolzen),其中,连接元件在端侧的第一端部上具有头部,其中,连接元件的销栓形部段从头部伸出,其中,至少一个空腔被布置通过连接元件的销栓形部段,其中,在该空腔中布置有在热作用时能膨胀的或者已经膨胀的发泡类材料。
此外,本发明还涉及一种用于机动车的接合的部件、尤其车身部件或安装部件,以及一种用于借助连接元件接合至少两个接合件的方法。
背景技术
在机动车发展过程中,车身部分中更轻的构造变得越来越重要。为此,各种材料配对能实现多种车身结构,其使得机动车除满足不断提高的车辆安全性与乘员舒适性之外还能更轻。对此的前提条件是为连接由大多不同的材料组成的车身部件的专门调整的连接技术。已知的例如是,以混合式构造方式由钢、铝、热塑性塑料、镁以及纤维强化塑料(德语简称:FVK)制造车身。主要使用碳纤维强化塑料(德语简称:CFK)或者玻璃纤维强化塑料(德语简称:GFK)作为纤维合成材料。
用钢制成的底盘件与车身件通常借助传统的焊接方法,例如电阻点焊、熔化极惰性气体保护焊(德语简称:MIG焊接)相互连接。用于连接不同的材料配对、例如具有钢的部件和具有铝的部件的接合技术已知地基于机械式和热接合方法。例如已知的是,具有钢的部件和具有铝的部件借助冲铆连接、钉连接、螺栓连接和咬合连接相互连接。这些方法部分地以布置事先的开孔或者辅助接合元件为前提。还已知的是,具有钢的部件和具有铝的部件通过额外的连接元件借助电阻焊相互连接。只要没使用自冲元件,就需预冲孔作业,以便把连接元件装入具有铝的部件。纤维强化部件通常借助螺栓连接、冲铆连接或者通过防滑钉连接相互连接。防滑钉连接时,转动的防滑钉穿透至少一个待接合的部件并且通过在此出现的摩擦热和高的轴向压力形成接合对的材料配合的连接。
在使用这些用于使得具有金属的接合件与由纤维强化的塑料(FVK)制成的接合件连接的方法时或者在使用两种FVK部件时,FVK部件的纤维结构至少区域式地通过布置开孔、铆接或者螺栓而损毁。多种材料的接合过程还通过例如事先布置开孔使得制造过程的自动化变得困难。在使用用于接合FVK部件的防滑钉、铆钉和螺栓时还导致在FVK材料中的损坏。在FVK材料本身首先通过脱层过程形成微空腔,这导致连接强度的降低。
在专利文献DE102009013200 A1中记载了在车辆或车身制造中使用由接合的构造元件构成的组件,其具有用于连接构造元件的连接器件,其中规定,构造元件的第一连接借助机械式连接技术,构造元件的第二连接借助材料配合式接合技术。
在专利文献US 2010/0088880 A1和US 2003/0167620 A1中记载了用于连接平面式部件的铆接器,其中,铆接器具有空腔,在空腔中布置粘接剂。粘接剂可以通过开口从铆钉中流出并与平面式部件形成粘接连接。
专利文献DE 10 2009 053 848 A1涉及一种用于无转动地轴向地钉入至少一个未事先开孔的部件的钉子。该钉子包括钉头和钉杆。此外,专利文献DE 10 2009 053 848 A1建议,钉子的通过钉子的钉入而与至少一个部件发生接触的表面至少部分地配备粘接材料层。
发明内容
本发明更解决的技术问题在于,提供一种用于接合至少两个接合件的连接元件,其中,至少一个接合件具有纤维强化的塑料(FVK),由此实现产生的部件相对于已知连接元件的特别高的强度,进而进一步改进制造过程的自动化。
为此,按照本发明建议一种用于借助机械式接合使得至少两个接合件接合的连接元件,其中,第一接合件具有纤维强化的塑料。连接元件可以构造为防滑钉、冲铆钉、半空心冲铆钉或者置入钉。优选地,连接元件构造为防滑钉。连接元件在端侧的第一端部上具有头部。连接元件的销栓形部段从头部伸出。按照本发明,连接元件的销栓形部段也被称为杆部。
至少一个空腔被布置通过连接元件的销栓形部段或者杆部,其中,在该至少一个空腔中布置有在热作用时能膨胀的或者已经膨胀的发泡类材料。按照本发明,发泡类材料在此按如下所述构造和布置在空腔内,即发泡类材料在热作用之前和/或之后被第一接合件迫进空腔的材料、就是说被FVK材料压缩。按照本发明,所述发泡类材料是能发泡的、已经部分地发泡的以及已经完全发泡的材料。对此例如泡沫塑料。
在此,两个接合件构造为基本平面式的、至少区域式地平面式的。第一接合件构造为FVK部件并且因而具有FVK材料、例如碳纤维强化的塑料或者玻璃纤维强化的塑料。第二接合件可同样构造为FVK部件,或者具有金属、尤其铝或钢。
至少一个空腔通过连接元件的销栓形部段或者杆部地布置并且开放地构造,使得第一接合件的材料、即FVK材料能迫进空腔中。通过在连接元件或者连接元件的头部上施加轴向指向的力和连接元件的转动,连接元件向两个接合件中钻入并且因而穿透两个接合件的至少一个接合件。优选地,连接元件如下所述地布置,即其同样也完全穿透或者至少深深地进入第二接合件。在此过程中会产生摩擦热,摩擦热用于使得位于通过连接元件的空腔内的发泡类材料膨胀。
在此,发泡类材料按如下所述构造和布置在空腔内,即虽然产生抵抗进入空腔的FVK材料、就是说第一接合件的材料的反向压力,但是发泡类材料被FVK材料压缩。因而在向两个接合件钻进期间或者之后发泡类材料通过第一接合件的材料或者FVK材料在空腔内压缩。
通过第一接合件的材料或者FVK材料的膨胀和通过开口迫进空腔中并且压缩发泡类材料,在空腔内以及在空腔的开口的区域中形成有利的侧凹结构(Hinterschnittbildung),由此实现了接合连接的高强度。
在通过连接元件的空腔中配设发泡类材料,以及借助具有这种连接元件的防滑钉、冲铆钉、半空心冲铆钉或钉的接合,可以以简单的方式在制造过程中自动地使用。连接元件的头部布置在端侧的第一端部的区域中。在相对的、即端侧的第二端部的区域中基本上尖突式地构造连接元件的销栓形部段、即杆部。销栓形部段的直径优选地在各位置上小于头部的直径或者宽度。销栓形部段的直径优选地至少在下部区域中、即在端侧的第二端部的区域中减小并且基本上尖角式延伸、即延伸成锐角。销栓形部段在两个端部之间的区域中可以基本筒形地构造。
空腔优选管形地构造。在此是指通过连接元件的销栓形部段的空腔构造成管形的空间。销栓形部段为此至少区域式实心地构造。管形构造的空间或者管形构造的空腔布置得通过销栓形部段的实心的部分。为此,空腔可以在连接元件的制造期间、例如在冷锻期间设置,或者通过事后的、通过连接元件的销栓形部段的开孔设置。有利的是,管形的空间或者管形构造的空腔具有圆形的横截面。其优点在于,发泡类材料可以以泡沫销栓的形状以简单的方式插入。
此外优选按如下所述设计,即空腔布置得在销栓形部段的整个宽度和/或整个直径上通过销栓形部段。因而空腔优选地沿该宽度或者直径延伸并且基本上平行于连接元件的头部地通过销栓形部段的整个宽度。在此,管形构造的空间或者管形构造的空腔在其端部上在销栓形部段的壁中具有两个用于使得第一接合件的材料通过的开口。尤其有利的是,基本上管形构造的空腔具有的长度相应于销栓形部段在该区域中的宽度或者直径。
优选管形构造的空腔优选地在其大部分长度上具有不变的宽度、不变的直径和/或不变的截面。在此尤其优选的是规定,管形的空腔在其长度的至少70%、特别优选在长度的至少80%上具有不变的宽度、不变的直径和/或不变的截面。
发泡类材料完全布置在空腔内。这是指发泡类材料不从空腔的开口伸出或者突出。因而避免在连接元件插入或设置入接合件时发泡类材料被拔出或者损毁。优选地,空腔内的开口区域优选留空。这就是说,优选发泡类材料仅部段式地布置在空腔内,使得在两个开口的区域中没有安置发泡类材料。尤其优选发泡类材料在不超出空腔的90%的长度上布置在空腔内。
还优选地规定,空腔内的发泡类材料构成缓冲器,使得空腔内通过第一接合件的材料压缩的发泡类材料在热作用时膨胀,并且填充空腔中通过第一接合件的材料从空腔退出后空出的区域。因此,在空腔内的发泡类材料构成一种泡沫缓冲器或者反压垫。
在汽车制造业中,通常借助阴极电泳涂漆工艺(德语简称:KTL-Prozess)处理接合的接合件或者产生的车身部件,其中,接合件最高加热至195摄氏度的温度。在此外来热作用时,两个接合件或者两个接合件其中之一的材料膨胀。在此尤其例如铝材膨胀,其中,第一接合件的FVK材材随同拉伸。因此,第一接合件的材料随着第二接合件的材料的运动。在此,FVK材料至少部分地再次从空腔移出。在此期间,之前被压缩的发泡类材料或者泡沫材料同样膨胀,并且填充空腔内留出的区域。在接下来的冷却阶段中发生反向过程。第二接合件的材料收缩,其中,FVK材料跟随此运动,因而至少再次部分地迫回空腔中。在此,空腔内的发泡类材料再次被进入的第一接合件FVK材料压缩。因此发泡类材料可被视为“能呼吸的泡沫缓冲器”,它平衡第一接合件内Delta-Alpha引起的FVK材料移动。Delta-Alpha引起的移动在此是指材料相应于各热膨胀系数的膨胀和收缩。
发泡类材料可以以不同形状和状态布置在空腔内。优选地规定,发泡类材料以不完全硬化的聚合物质的形式与发泡剂一同或者与可膨胀的微球剂一同布置在空腔内。按照本发明,“未完全硬化”是指聚合物质完全还没硬化或者至少仅预硬化。聚合物质因此尚未完全起泡。在连接元件置入或者连接元件钻入接合件时或者在随后的具有提升的温度的过程步骤中,聚合物质才发泡或者完全硬化。尤其合适的聚合物质例如有聚氨酯或环氧树脂。使用聚氨酯时,尤其优选水作为合适的发泡剂。使用环氧树脂时,尤其优选可膨胀微球剂促使在空腔内的聚合物质发泡。根据不同的FVK基质使用不同的聚合物质作发泡类材料,具有的特殊的优点是,可以选择与FVK组合的聚合物化学方面类似的聚合物质。由此能够减小或者甚至避免发泡类材料与第一接合件材料或者FVK材料之间的界面问题()。
备选地,发泡类材料可以以反应完全的聚氨酯泡沫(德语简称:PUR泡沫)的形式或者聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫(德语简称:PIR)的形式布置在空腔内。按照本发明,“反应完全”是指PUR泡沫或PIR泡沫已完全起泡或者完全硬化地布置在空腔内。因为PIR泡沫和PUR泡沫对热固性聚合物的FVK材料具有一定的亲合性,所以至少能够减小发泡类材料与第一接合件的FVK材料之间的界面问题。
此外,发泡类材料还可以备选地以热塑性聚合物泡沫的形式布置在空腔内。此处是指反应完全的和完成的聚合物泡沫。因此作为为此的聚合物尤其可以是聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚砜(PSU)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚醚酮(PEKK)、环烯烃共聚物(COC)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、ABS树脂(ABS)、聚碳酸酯(PC),可通过物理起泡剂泡沫化的含氟聚合物、聚苯乙烯,以及上述聚合物的衍生物、混合物以及共聚物。所列仅是举例,并不是以任何方式限制使用其他聚合物。这样的聚合物泡沫尤其可以低成本制造并且向空腔中布置。
此外,发泡类材料可以以热塑性材料的形式与物理或化学起泡剂布置在空腔内。作为物理起泡剂例如可以规定二氧化碳或氮。化学起泡剂例如可以是偶氮双(异丁腈)(AIBN)。在连接元件插入之时或之后,热塑性材料起泡成完成的泡沫。
另外,按照本发明规定一种用于机动车的车身部件,其中,车身部件具有至少两个借助连接元件相互连接的接合件,其中,第一接合件具有纤维强化的塑料。按照本发明,该连接元件如上文所述地构造。
此外,按照本发明规定一种借助至少一个连接元件至少两个接合件的方法,其中,第一接合件具有纤维强化的塑料,该方法具有至少以下步骤:
a)在至少一个空腔中布置在热作用时能够膨胀或已经膨胀的发泡类材料,其中,连接元件的空腔通过连接元件的销栓形部段地布置;
b)在连接元件上施加轴向指向的力;
c)转动连接元件,使得连接元件与第一接合件因产生的摩擦热而形成材料配合连接,其中,发泡类材料被第一接合件迫进连接元件的空腔的材料压缩。
在前述方法步骤中规定,首先执行步骤a)。步骤b)与c)可同时或者在时间上重叠地执行。优选地在进一步的方法步骤中规定,向两个接合件输入热量(例如在KTL过程的加热阶段期间)。在此,第一接合件的FVK材料至少部分地从连接元件的空腔中拉回,其中,空腔内因此留出的区域通过膨胀的发泡类材料填充。在接下来的优选的冷却过程中,第一接合件的FVK材料重新进入空腔并且再次压缩空腔内的发泡类材料。发泡类材料因此优选地形成一种用于平衡Delta-Alpha引起的FVK材料移动的泡沫缓冲器。
附图说明
下面借助优选实施方式示例性阐述本发明。
在示图中:
图1示出连接元件的剖视图;
图2a至2c示出剖切两个借助连接元件相连的接合件或者由此完成的车身部件的剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出剖切连接元件100的剖视图,其中,空腔16管形地完全通过连接元件100的杆部或者销栓形部段13。空腔16的内部布置有发泡类材料17,使得空腔16的开口区域或者空腔16内部在空腔16的两个开口处的区域留空。以此确保发泡类材料17完全布置在空腔16内,而不会从空腔16的开口突出。
图2a至2c示出剖切两个相互连接的接合件10、11或者通过该接合完成的车身部件200的剖视图的一部分。在此,在图2a至2c中示出单个方法步骤与状态。
第一接合件10具有纤维强化材料。第二接合件11同样可以具有纤维强化材料或者备选地具有金属,例如铝。在施加轴向指向的力的条件下和在转动的条件下,连接元件100钻入或进入两个接合件10、11中。在此,空腔16内的发泡类材料17被第一接合件10的进入空腔16中的FVK材料压缩。
图2b示出随后的加热阶段,例如在KTL工艺的加热阶段期间。在此,第二接合件11的材料以及第一接合件10的材料膨胀。第一接合件10的材料同时也再次至少部分地从空腔16退出,其中,发泡类材料膨胀。在此,发泡类材料填充空腔16内因第一接合件10的FVK材料退出后空出的区域。
图2c示出接下来的冷却阶段。在此,两个接合件10、11的材料再次收缩。第一接合件10的FVK材料再次区域式地进入空腔16中,并再次压缩在空腔16内的发泡类材料17。
在连接元件100进入之后的加热时以及在相互结合的接合件10、11的之后的冷却时,两个接合件10、11的材料进行delta-alpha引起的运动。delta-alpha引起的运动在此指的是,材料相应于各热学膨胀系数的膨胀和收缩。在加热时,两个接合件10、11的材料膨胀。在随后的冷却时两个接合件10、11的材料又被压缩。在此,布置在空腔16中的发泡类材料用作一种发泡芯材缓冲器并且平衡这种delta-alpha引起的运动。
附图标记列表
100 连接元件
200 车身部件
10 第一接合件
11 第二接合件
12 连接元件的头部
13 连接元件的销栓形部段
14 连接元件的端侧的第一端部
15 连接元件的端侧的第二端部
16 空腔
17 发泡类材料
18 轴向指向的力
19 转动
20 销栓形部段直径
Claims (11)
1.一种用于借助机械式接合接合至少两个接合件(10,11)的连接元件(100),其中,第一接合件(10)具有纤维强化的塑料,其中,所述连接元件(100)构造为防滑钉或者冲铆钉或者半空心冲铆钉或者置入钉,其中,所述连接元件(100)在端侧的第一端部(14)上具有头部(12),其中,所述连接元件(100)的销栓形部段(13)从所述头部(12)伸出,其中,至少一个空腔(16)被布置通过所述连接元件(100)的销栓形部段(13),其中,在至少一个空腔中布置有在热作用时能膨胀的或者已经膨胀的发泡类材料(17),
其特征在于,
所述发泡类材料(17)在此按如下所述构造和布置在所述空腔(16)内,即所述发泡类材料(17)在热作用之前和/或之后被所述第一接合件(10)迫进所述空腔(16)的材料压缩。
2.按照权利要求1所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述空腔(16)管形地构造。
3.按照权利要求1或2之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述空腔(16)布置得在所述销栓形部段(13)的整个宽度和/或整个直径(20)上通过所述销栓形部段(13)。
4.按照上述权利要求之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述发泡类材料(17)仅部段式地布置在所述空腔(16)内。
5.按照上述权利要求之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述空腔(16)内的发泡类材料(17)构成缓冲器,使得所述空腔(16)内通过所述第一接合件(10)的材料压缩的发泡类材料(17)在热作用时膨胀,并且填充所述空腔(16)中通过所述第一接合件(10)的材料从所述空腔(16)退出后空出的区域。
6.按照上述权利要求之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述发泡类材料(17)以不完全硬化的聚合物质的形式与发泡剂一同或者与可膨胀的微球剂一同布置在所述空腔(16)内。
7.按照上述权利要求之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述发泡类材料(17)以反应完全的聚氨酯泡沫或者聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的形式布置在所述空腔(16)内。
8.按照上述权利要求之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述发泡类材料(17)以热塑性聚合物泡沫的形式布置在所述空腔(16)内。
9.按照上述权利要求之一所述的连接元件(100),
其特征在于,
所述发泡类材料(17)以热塑性材料的形式与物理或化学起泡剂布置在所述空腔(16)内。
10.一种用于机动车的车身部件(200),其中,所述车身部件(200)具有至少两个借助连接元件(100)相互连接的接合件(10、11),其中,第一接合件(10)具有纤维强化的塑料,
其特征在于,
所述连接元件(100)按照上述权利要求之一地构造。
11.一种用于借助至少一个连接元件(100)接合至少两个接合件(10、11)的方法,其中,第一接合件(10)具有纤维强化的塑料,所述方法具有以下步骤:
a)在至少一个空腔(16)中布置在热作用时能够膨胀或已经膨胀的发泡类材料(17),其中,所述空腔(16)通过所述连接元件(100)的销栓形部段地布置;
b)在所述连接元件(100)上施加轴向指向的力(18);
c)转动所述连接元件(100),使得所述连接元件(100)与所述第一接合件(10)因产生的摩擦热而形成材料配合连接,并且所述发泡类材料(17)被所述第一接合件(10)迫进所述空腔(16)的材料压缩。
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