CN107167386B - Vertical load loading device and loading method for structural member - Google Patents
Vertical load loading device and loading method for structural member Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107167386B CN107167386B CN201710601284.3A CN201710601284A CN107167386B CN 107167386 B CN107167386 B CN 107167386B CN 201710601284 A CN201710601284 A CN 201710601284A CN 107167386 B CN107167386 B CN 107167386B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- vertical load
- test piece
- force
- hydraulic jack
- shaped rod
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
- G01N3/12—Pressure testing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0019—Compressive
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a vertical load loading device and a loading method for a structural member, wherein the device comprises a counterforce beam, a hydraulic jack, a high-strength bolt, a vertical load simulation truss, a reinforcing beam, a ground beam, a foundation bolt, an oil source, an oil pipe, a controller and a computer; the top of the test piece is fixedly connected with the bottom end of the reaction beam, if the test requires that the top of the test piece is hinged, a hinged support device can be additionally arranged at the lower end of the reaction beam, the upper end of a hydraulic jack is fixedly connected with the lower end of the reaction beam through a high-strength bolt, the lower end of the hydraulic jack is tightly connected with the vertical load simulation truss, the bottom surface of the ground beam is fastened with the ground through foundation bolts, the hydraulic jack comprises a force sensor, real-time vertical force can be read, and the size of a vertical load value can be accurately obtained. When the test piece is deformed horizontally, the axial pressure direction is kept constant. Has the advantages of clear stress, convenient disassembly and assembly, simple operation, safety, reliability and the like.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention belongs to the technical field of load test loading, and relates to a vertical load loading device and a loading method for a structural member.
[ background of the invention ]
The structure test is the most important way for researching the structure performance and the mechanical characteristics, and the accurate simulation of the load of the structure under the actual working condition is the foundation of the success of the test. At the present stage, the axial pressure ratio of the structural member in the hysteretic loading process is usually kept unchanged, namely the vertical load is constant, and the vertical force is mainly realized by a method of suspending a heavy object or a method of applying pressure through a hydraulic jack. When a large load is hung, the structure is easy to suddenly lose stability, and the danger coefficient is high; when the structure moves laterally, the pressure applied by the hydraulic jack cannot keep a fixed numerical value, and meanwhile, the hydraulic jack is difficult to fix. These problems directly affect the accuracy of the structural test.
[ summary of the invention ]
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a vertical load loading device and a loading method for a structural member. According to the invention, the loading device composed of the hydraulic jack, the counter-force beam, the vertical load simulation truss, the reinforcing beam, the ground beam and the like is used for loading the vertical load, so that the vertical load value can be accurately obtained, and the device has the advantages of definite force transfer, convenience in disassembly and assembly, simplicity in operation, safety and reliability.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a vertical load loading device for a structural member comprises a data acquisition system and a counter-force beam positioned at the top of a vertically placed test piece, wherein the top of the test piece is connected with the middle part of the bottom of the counter-force beam, hydraulic jacks for applying force are symmetrically connected to the lower parts of two ends of the counter-force beam, a force sensor for displaying the force is arranged in each hydraulic jack, and each hydraulic jack is connected with the data acquisition system; the lower end of the hydraulic jack is connected with a vertical load simulation truss which can enable the test piece to keep bearing constant vertical force in the axial force bearing process, and the bottom of the vertical load simulation truss is fixedly arranged.
And the top of the test piece is hinged or fixedly connected with the reaction beam.
The top end of the hydraulic jack is connected with the reaction beam through a connector for adjusting the height of the top of the hydraulic jack.
The vertical load simulation truss comprises a V-shaped rod, the top end of the V-shaped rod is downward, the free end of the V-shaped rod is upward, the lower end of a hydraulic jack is hinged to the top end of the V-shaped rod, the free end of the V-shaped rod is hinged to a connecting rod, the lower end of the connecting rod is hinged to a fixed hinge which is fixedly arranged, and the connecting rod is symmetrical about the V-shaped rod.
And reinforcing beams are connected between the fixed hinges connected with the vertical load simulation trusses of the same truss.
And the fixed hinge connected with the two vertical load simulation trusses is fixedly arranged on the ground beam through a second high-strength bolt, the ground beam is parallel to the counter-force beam, and the ground beam is fixedly connected with the ground through foundation bolts.
The data acquisition system comprises a controller, wherein an oil source and a computer are connected to the controller, and the oil source is connected with the hydraulic jack through an oil pipe.
A vertical load loading method of a structural member comprises the following steps:
after the test piece is connected with the vertical load loading device, the hydraulic jacks at the two ends of the counter-force beam are controlled to contract synchronously through the data acquisition system, the counter-force beam is pulled downwards in the contraction process of the hydraulic jacks to apply axial load to the test piece, and if the test piece shifts in the axial load bearing process, the vertical load simulation truss enables the stress direction of the test piece to be vertical downwards all the time through deformation.
When the test piece shifts, the V-shaped rod and the connecting rod of the vertical load simulation truss rotate at the hinged part, the connecting rod and the fixed hinge rotate, the torque of the vertical load simulation truss generated due to the shift of the test piece can be released through the rotation between the V-shaped rod and the connecting rod and the rotation between the connecting rod and the fixed hinge, and the stress direction of the test piece is vertically downward all the time.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, the top of the test piece is connected with the counter-force beam, the test piece is positioned in the middle of the lower part of the counter-force beam, the lower parts of two ends of the test piece are symmetrically connected with the hydraulic jacks for applying force, the lower ends of the hydraulic jacks are connected with the vertical load simulation truss which can enable the test piece to keep bearing constant vertical force in the process of bearing axial force, and the bottom of the vertical load simulation truss is fixedly arranged, so that the two synchronous hydraulic jacks with the same specification are controlled to be loaded through the data acquisition system, the jack device is provided with the pressure stabilizing system, the constant vertical force can be kept even when the test piece is subjected to horizontal displacement, the oil output is controlled through the data acquisition system, the stroke of the hydraulic jacks can be flexibly adjusted, and high-precision control is realized through the data acquisition system in the loading process; when the test piece is displaced horizontally, the vertical load simulation truss and the test piece can be displaced simultaneously, so that the vertical direction of the load on the test piece can be kept.
Furthermore, the top end of the hydraulic jack is connected with the counter-force beam through a connector for adjusting the height of the top of the hydraulic jack, and when the height of the top of the test piece changes, the connector can adjust the hydraulic jack to enable the top of the hydraulic jack and the top of the test piece to be always kept on the same horizontal plane.
Furthermore, two fixed hinges at the bottom ends of the vertical load simulation trusses are connected with the ground beam through second high-strength bolts, and when the space occupied by the test piece is large, the distance between the two vertical load simulation trusses can be adjusted to meet the test requirements.
[ description of the drawings ]
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the overall construction of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a data acquisition system of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a force-bearing schematic diagram of the present invention.
Wherein, 1 is a counter-force beam, 2 is a high-strength bolt, 3 is a hydraulic jack, 4 is a vertical load simulation truss, 4-1 is a V-shaped rod, 4-2 is a connecting rod, 4-3 is a reinforcing rod, 5 is a test piece, 6 is a reinforcing beam, 7 is a movable hinge, 8 is a fixed hinge, 9 is a ground beam, 10 is a foundation bolt, 11 is a second high-strength bolt, 12 is an oil pipe, 13 is an oil source, 14 is a lead, 15 is a controller, and 16 is a computer.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 1, 2 and 3, the device for loading the vertical load of the structural member comprises a counterforce beam 1, a hydraulic jack 3, a high-strength bolt 2, a vertical load simulation truss 4, a reinforcing beam 6, a ground beam 9, a foundation bolt 10, an oil source 13, an oil pipe 12, a controller 15 and a computer 16; the ground beams 9 are fixedly installed on the ground through foundation bolts 1, the two vertical load simulation trusses 4 are fixedly connected with the tops of the ground beams 9 through second high-strength bolts 11, the distance between the two vertical load simulation trusses 4 is adjusted according to different sizes of the test piece 5, and when the space occupied by the test piece is large, the distance between the two vertical load simulation trusses can be adjusted to meet test requirements; the bottom end (piston end) of the hydraulic jack 3 is connected with the vertical load simulation truss 4, so that the hydraulic jack can not move relatively. Reaction beams 1 are arranged at the upper ends (the tops of the cylinder bodies) of the two hydraulic jacks 3 and are connected through high-strength bolts 2; and finally, fixing the test piece 5 loaded in the test at a loading position, properly changing the support forms of the upper end and the lower end of the test piece 5 according to different boundary conditions, and enabling the reinforcing beam 6, the counter-force beam 1 and the ground beam 9 to be I-shaped beams.
The top of a test piece 5 is connected with the middle part of the bottom of a counter-force beam 1, the top of the test piece 5 is hinged or fixedly connected with the counter-force beam 1 (specifically, the connection mode is selected according to the experiment requirement), the lower parts of the two ends of the counter-force beam 1 are symmetrically connected with hydraulic jacks 3 for applying force, force sensors are arranged in the hydraulic jacks 3 and can read the magnitude of real-time vertical force, an oil source 13 and a computer 16 are connected to a controller 15 of a data acquisition system, and the oil source 13 is connected with the hydraulic jacks 3 through oil pipes 12; the lower end of a hydraulic jack 3 is connected with a vertical load simulation truss 4 capable of enabling a test piece 5 to bear constant vertical force in the process of bearing axial force, the vertical load simulation truss 4 comprises a V-shaped rod 4-1, the top end of the V-shaped rod 4-1 faces downwards, the free end of the V-shaped rod 4-1 is arranged upwards, the free ends of the V-shaped rod 4-1 are fixedly connected through a reinforcing rod 4-3, the lower end of the hydraulic jack 3 is hinged with the top end of the V-shaped rod 4-1, the free end of the V-shaped rod 4-1 is hinged with a connecting rod 4-2, the lower end of the connecting rod 4-2 is hinged with a fixedly arranged fixed hinge 8, the connecting rod 4-2 is symmetrical about the V-shaped rod 4-1 and is arranged in an inverted V shape, the fixed hinges 8 connected with the vertical load simulation truss 4 of the same pin are connected through a reinforcing beam 6, the reinforcing beam 6 is hinged with the fixed hinge 8, the fixed hinge 8 connected with the vertical load simulation trusses 4 of the two pins is fixedly arranged on a ground beam 9, the ground beam 9 is parallel to the ground beam 1, and the ground beam 9 is fixedly connected with ground counter force through a ground bolt 10.
When the top of the test piece changes, a connector is added at the top end part of the hydraulic jack so as to adjust the top of the hydraulic jack and the top of the test piece to be always kept at the same horizontal plane.
According to a formula F = P/n, the output force required by each hydraulic jack is calculated, wherein F is the tensile force of each hydraulic jack, P is the vertical load required by the test piece, and n is the number of the jacks.
Referring to fig. 4, a dotted line indicates a situation of the vertical load simulation truss 4 when the test piece 5 is not deformed, when the test piece 5 is displaced horizontally, the vertical load simulation truss 4 is shown as a solid line, and in a process that the test piece 5 is displaced, a vertical force applied direction borne by the vertical load simulation truss is always vertical and downward, so that the defect that the vertical force direction of other loading modes cannot be fixed is effectively overcome.
The method for loading by the vertical load loading device of the structural member comprises the following steps:
after a test piece 5 is connected with a vertical load loading device, a data acquisition system is used for controlling the synchronous shrinkage of hydraulic jacks 3 at two ends of a counter-force beam 1, the counter-force beam 1 is pulled downwards to apply an axial load to the test piece 5 in the shrinkage process of the hydraulic jacks 3, if the test piece 5 is displaced in the axial load bearing process of the test piece 5, when the test piece 5 is displaced, a V-shaped rod 4-1 and a connecting rod 4-2 of a vertical load simulation truss 4 rotate at a hinged part, the connecting rod 4-2 and a fixed hinge 8 rotate, the torque of the vertical load simulation truss 4, which is generated due to the displacement of the test piece 5, can be released through the rotation between the V-shaped rod 4-1 and the connecting rod 4-2 and the rotation between the connecting rod 4-2 and the fixed hinge 8, and further the stress direction of the test piece 5 is always vertically downward; if the test piece 5 is not displaced, the vertical load simulation truss 4 still keeps a symmetrical structure.
Claims (7)
1. The vertical load loading device for the structural member is characterized by comprising a data acquisition system and a counter-force beam (1) positioned at the top of a vertically placed test piece (5), wherein the top of the test piece (5) is connected with the middle part of the bottom of the counter-force beam (1), hydraulic jacks (3) for applying force are symmetrically connected to the lower parts of two ends of the counter-force beam (1), force sensors for displaying force are arranged in the hydraulic jacks (3), and the hydraulic jacks (3) are connected with the data acquisition system; the lower end of the hydraulic jack (3) is connected with a vertical load simulation truss (4) which can enable the test piece (5) to keep bearing constant vertical force in the axial force bearing process, and the bottom of the vertical load simulation truss (4) is fixedly arranged;
the top of the test piece (5) is hinged or fixedly connected with the reaction beam (1);
the vertical load simulation truss (4) comprises a V-shaped rod (4-1), the top end of the V-shaped rod (4-1) is downward, the free end of the V-shaped rod is upward arranged, the lower end of a hydraulic jack (3) is hinged to the top end of the V-shaped rod (4-1), connecting rods (4-2) are hinged to the free ends of the V-shaped rod (4-1), the lower ends of the connecting rods (4-2) are hinged to fixed hinges (8) which are fixedly arranged, and the connecting rods (4-2) are symmetrical about the V-shaped rod (4-1).
2. A vertical load loading device for structural members according to claim 1, wherein the top end of the hydraulic jack (3) is connected with the reaction beam (1) through a connector for adjusting the height of the top end of the hydraulic jack.
3. The vertical load loading device for the structural member according to claim 1, wherein a reinforcing beam (6) is connected between the fixed hinges (8) on the vertical load simulation trusses (4) of the same truss.
4. The structural member vertical load loading device according to claim 1, further comprising a ground beam (9) fixedly arranged, wherein the fixed hinges (8) on the two vertical load simulation trusses (4) are fixedly arranged on the ground beam (9) through second high-strength bolts (11), the ground beam (9) is parallel to the reaction beam (1), and the ground beam (9) is fixedly connected with the ground through anchor bolts (10).
5. A structural member vertical load loading device according to claim 1, wherein the data acquisition system comprises a controller (15), an oil source (13) and a computer (16) are connected to the controller (15), and the oil source (13) is connected with the hydraulic jack (3) through an oil pipe (12).
6. A loading method by the structural member vertical load loading device of claim 1, characterized in that:
after being connected test piece (5) and vertical load loading device, synchronous shrink of hydraulic jack (3) through data acquisition system control counter-force roof beam (1) both ends, axial load is applyed for test piece (5) to hydraulic jack (3) shrink in-process pulling counter-force roof beam (1) down, test piece (5) are bearing the axial load in-process, if test piece (5) take place to shift, then vertical load simulation truss (4) make the direction of stress of test piece (5) vertical downwards all the time through warping.
7. The method for loading the vertical load of the structural member according to claim 6, wherein when the test piece 5 is displaced, the V-shaped rod (4-1) and the connecting rod (4-2) of the vertical load simulation truss (4) rotate at the hinged part, the connecting rod (4-2) and the fixed hinge (8) rotate, and the torque of the vertical load simulation truss (4) generated by the displacement of the test piece (5) can be released through the rotation between the V-shaped rod (4-1) and the connecting rod (4-2) and the rotation between the connecting rod (4-2) and the fixed hinge (8), so that the stress direction of the test piece (5) is always vertically downward.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710601284.3A CN107167386B (en) | 2017-07-21 | 2017-07-21 | Vertical load loading device and loading method for structural member |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710601284.3A CN107167386B (en) | 2017-07-21 | 2017-07-21 | Vertical load loading device and loading method for structural member |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107167386A CN107167386A (en) | 2017-09-15 |
| CN107167386B true CN107167386B (en) | 2023-03-31 |
Family
ID=59818054
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710601284.3A Active CN107167386B (en) | 2017-07-21 | 2017-07-21 | Vertical load loading device and loading method for structural member |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN107167386B (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108152119A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-06-12 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of multidirectional loading device of general K shapes node and method |
| CN108254176A (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2018-07-06 | 新誉集团有限公司 | Structural member strength testing device and double K node structural member strength test methods |
| CN110274820B (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2024-03-12 | 山东建筑大学 | Test piece fixing device for static test is planned to frame roof beam bending point |
| CN110926977B (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2021-06-29 | 西南交通大学 | Vertical loading device with horizontal sliding function |
| CN112082865B (en) * | 2020-09-14 | 2022-11-11 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Novel device for buckling test of inclined strut |
| CN113029754B (en) * | 2021-03-23 | 2024-06-07 | 新疆维吾尔自治区煤田地质局一六一队新能开发总公司机修厂 | Voltage-stabilizing loading device |
| CN113252456B (en) * | 2021-04-12 | 2022-10-04 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Variable-angle eccentric loading test device for truss structure |
| CN115791402B (en) * | 2022-12-08 | 2024-02-09 | 武汉理工大学 | Multidirectional coupling visualized pile anchor loading device and pile anchor loading method |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB799524A (en) * | 1955-11-22 | 1958-08-13 | Werner Alfred Jakob Amsler | Improvements in or relating to pulsators |
| CN104807694A (en) * | 2015-05-04 | 2015-07-29 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Fuselage panel combined load test device |
| CN105510019A (en) * | 2016-01-19 | 2016-04-20 | 东北电力大学 | Compound loading test system for power transmission infrastructure |
| CN106353112A (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2017-01-25 | 浙江理工大学 | Wheel impact fatigue testing machine for high-speed EMU |
| CN206920251U (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2018-01-23 | 西安建筑科技大学 | A kind of structural elements vertical load loading device |
-
2017
- 2017-07-21 CN CN201710601284.3A patent/CN107167386B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB799524A (en) * | 1955-11-22 | 1958-08-13 | Werner Alfred Jakob Amsler | Improvements in or relating to pulsators |
| CN104807694A (en) * | 2015-05-04 | 2015-07-29 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Fuselage panel combined load test device |
| CN105510019A (en) * | 2016-01-19 | 2016-04-20 | 东北电力大学 | Compound loading test system for power transmission infrastructure |
| CN106353112A (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2017-01-25 | 浙江理工大学 | Wheel impact fatigue testing machine for high-speed EMU |
| CN206920251U (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2018-01-23 | 西安建筑科技大学 | A kind of structural elements vertical load loading device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN107167386A (en) | 2017-09-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN107167386B (en) | Vertical load loading device and loading method for structural member | |
| CN106885745B (en) | Beam column node beam end loading test device and test method thereof | |
| CN105277444B (en) | Fully mechanical pile foundation model test apparatus and test method based on multidirectional loading | |
| CN102706734B (en) | Loading test device and method of asymmetric lateral-force-resisting structure | |
| CN108896400B (en) | Structural test system capable of applying tension-compression-bending shear force | |
| CN113335560B (en) | Complex load box section or barrel section test device and method | |
| CN111678812A (en) | Double-top L-beam loading compression shear test system | |
| CN109577200B (en) | Support counter force control device and method for multi-leg support system | |
| CN108627400B (en) | Device and method for testing stable bearing capacity of angle steel crossed inclined material | |
| CN106872670B (en) | A kind of horizontal sliding type soil arching effect experimental rig and its application method | |
| CN107179242B (en) | A kind of manual simplified true triaxil tester | |
| CN102704412B (en) | Construction process for lifting broken pillars of bridge | |
| CN107044906B (en) | Device and method for loading and unloading test of supergravity field vibrating table | |
| CN106601111B (en) | Large-scale true triaxial roadway roof support simulation test bed | |
| CN104458455A (en) | Spatial tower leg structure testing method of narrow-based power transmission steel pipe tower | |
| CN212568305U (en) | Double-top L-beam loading compression shear test system | |
| CN206740534U (en) | Axial push-pull experimental rig under effect of contraction | |
| CN206920251U (en) | A kind of structural elements vertical load loading device | |
| CN206945286U (en) | A kind of vertical load loading device suitable for unstability frame structure outside face | |
| CN206710210U (en) | Axial tension experimental rig under effect of contraction | |
| CN207231761U (en) | Multifunctional bolt group multi-function test stand | |
| CN205802804U (en) | A kind of building airduct anti-deformation hanging apparatus | |
| CN206095771U (en) | Many axial tension that contain crack defect component press loading device | |
| CN107238494A (en) | A kind of vertical load loading device and method suitable for unstability frame structure outside face | |
| CN106768960A (en) | Load loading device and load loading method |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |