CN107164666A - 5083 the ships energetic plate of aluminium alloy and its extrusion process - Google Patents
5083 the ships energetic plate of aluminium alloy and its extrusion process Download PDFInfo
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- CN107164666A CN107164666A CN201710397454.0A CN201710397454A CN107164666A CN 107164666 A CN107164666 A CN 107164666A CN 201710397454 A CN201710397454 A CN 201710397454A CN 107164666 A CN107164666 A CN 107164666A
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- aluminium alloy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
- C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
- B21C23/04—Making uncoated products by direct extrusion
- B21C23/06—Making sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C29/00—Cooling or heating work or parts of the extrusion press; Gas treatment of work
- B21C29/003—Cooling or heating of work
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
Abstract
The invention belongs to technical field of aluminum alloy technology, it is related to a kind of energetic plate of 5083 ship aluminium alloy and its extrusion process, the formula of the energetic plate of aluminium alloy is formulated by following elemental constituent according to percentage by weight：0.05~0.10% Si, 0.05~0.10% Fe, 0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.0~4.4% Mg, 0.10~0.15% Cr, Zn content≤0.15%, Ti content≤0.05%, remaining single impurity content≤0.05%, impurity total≤0.15%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%, the problem of solving the existing energetic plate weld of ship aluminium alloy and not good corrosion resistance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of aluminum alloy technology, it is related to a kind of energetic plate of 5083 ship aluminium alloy and its extrusion process.
Background technology
Its structural material of the operating environment requirements of ship has high specific strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, antifatigue, shock resistance
And the combination property such as good weldability, the ship in marine environment is especially travelled, because seawater contains substantial amounts of Cl-, is
A kind of typical electrolytic solution, with very strong corrosivity, under this strong corrosive environment and stress, more requires material peculiar to vessel
Material is with excellent electrochemically resistant corrosion and anti-stress corrosion performance.In traditional material, although steel and polymer-based compound
Material has a substantial amounts of application in shipbuilding, but aluminum alloy materials have that steel and high polymer material do not possess it is a series of
Combination property, high specific strength and corrosion resistance, excellent formability and weldability, easily reclaim and it is anti-aging the features such as cause aluminium
Application of the alloy in shipbuilding is more and more, and has a high potential, has a extensive future.
Current 5xxx line aluminium alloys, with higher intensity, good plasticity, corrosion stability and weldability, make the deck of boat,
Its critical role is shown in barnacle, hull understructure, is the important materials for setting up Ship Structure.
The existing ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy, former alloying component is supplied for 6082, T6 states, and T6 refers to aluminium alloy extrusions
Aluminium is instantaneously cooled with water cooling after being extruded out of extruder, aluminium section bar is reached higher hardness requirement.Adopted during actual production
Quenched with water is worn, 490-520 DEG C of ingot casting heating-up temperature, product speed 3.0-5.0m/min, temperature is 20 after section bar quenching
DEG C or so.This product is packed after (170-180) DEG C × 8h timeliness and delivered goods, and although its every testing result meets technical protocol mark
Alignment request, but its weldability and corrosion resistance are general.In order to obtain more preferable welding performance and more excellent corrosion resistance,
The service life of ship is improved, extruding production is carried out using more preferable 5083 alloy of alloying level higher performance.
The content of the invention
In view of this, the present invention is not good in order to solve the existing energetic plate weld of ship aluminium alloy and corrosion resistance
There is provided a kind of 5083 ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy and its extrusion process for problem.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides a kind of 5083 ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy, and the energetic plate of aluminium alloy is matched somebody with somebody
Side is formulated by following elemental constituent according to percentage by weight：
0.05~0.10% Si, 0.05~0.10% Fe, 0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.0~4.4% Mg,
0.10~0.15% Cr, Zn content≤0.15%, Ti content≤0.05%, remaining single impurity content≤0.05%, impurity
Total≤0.15%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.
Further, the energetic plate prescription each element component of aluminium alloy and Si, 0.10% Fe that percentage by weight is 0.10%,
0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.0~4.2% Mg, 0.10~0.15% Cr, 0.15% Zn, 0.05% Ti, remaining list
Individual impurity content≤0.02%, impurity total≤0.12%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.
Further, the energetic plate prescription each element component of aluminium alloy and Si, 0.08% Fe that percentage by weight is 0.10%,
0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.2~4.4% Mg, 0.10~0.15% Cr, 0.12% Zn, 0.05% Ti, remaining list
Individual impurity content≤0.02%, impurity total≤0.10%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.
A kind of 5083 ship extrusion process of the energetic plate of aluminium alloy, comprises the following steps：
A, 5083 aluminium alloy cast ingots are pre-processed, pretreated ingot casting is in 520~540 DEG C of homogenizing anneal 16h
Afterwards, it is put into the recipient of extruder；
B, product mold is heated to 490~500 DEG C, the recipient of extruder is heated to 420~430 DEG C, will be equipped with production
The workbench of product mould and the recipient of extruder are matched for clamping tightly；
Recipient in C, recipient is run with 1.0~2.5m/min extrusion speed to product mold, and aluminium alloy is cast
Ingot is extruded, and aluminium alloy cast ingot is extruded from the nib of product mold, obtains aluminum alloy plate materials, and wherein aluminium alloy cast ingot is used
Fraction gradient mode of heating, the heating-up temperature on recipient head is 470~480 DEG C, and the heating-up temperature at middle part is 450~460 DEG C,
The heating-up temperature of afterbody is 440~450 DEG C；
D, aluminum alloy plate materials made from step C carry out to Quenching Treatment, aluminum alloy plate materials temperature before quenching for 430~
450 DEG C, quenching mode is the air-cooled mode synchronous with atomization cooling, and the aluminum alloy plate materials temperature after quenching is 20~30 DEG C；
E, the aluminum alloy plate materials after quenching are entered to spheroidizing processing, temperature is 350 DEG C, and aging time is 3~5h.
Further, the process that aluminium alloy cast ingot is pre-processed in step A includes dispensing, melting, casting and sawing railway carriage, described
Casting process is cast in 2T hydraulic semicontinuous casting machines, and smelting temperature is 700~720 DEG C.
Further, in step A pretreated ingot casting homogenizing anneal process in the electricity with forced hot air circulation system
Hinder in stove and carry out.
Further, extruder is 75MN aluminium extruding machines in step B, a diameter of 380mm of recipient, and the extrusion ratio of recipient is
67.5。
Further, the circumscribed circle diameter of product mold is 250mm in step B, and product mold is thick in the energetic wooden partition of aluminium alloy
Obstruction angle is made at position larger, smaller than girth, the energetic wooden partition thickness of aluminium alloy is relatively thin, position than Zhou Chang great is then made to promote stream angle.
Further, air-cooled in step D and atomization cooling cooling velocity is 50~80 DEG C/min.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are：
1st, the energetic plate of aluminium alloy prepared by 5083 ship with the extrusion process of the energetic plate of aluminium alloy, combination property reaches
The standard requirement of CCS (CCS) is arrived, yield strength is 290MPa, and tensile strength reaches 355MPa, and elongation percentage reaches
16%, and its Peeling Corrosion testing result is N grades of highest (no expected corrosion), and anti intercrystalline corrosion mass loss is only
2.5mg/cm2(standard requirement is less than 15mg/cm2)。
2nd, 5083 ship is big cross section extrudate with the energetic plate of aluminium alloy, and circumscribed circle diameter reaches 250mm, is domestic mesh
Before untill maximum 5083 energetic plate sections, metal flow is uneven, and extruding difficulty is high, there is the thin of sizes in section configuration
Wall thickness structure.For the extruding production of 5083 high-magnesium aluminum alloys, metal fluidity of its alloy itself is poor, to ensure cross dimensions
It is qualified to there is certain difficulty.The energetic plate of aluminium alloy after extruding has that wall is thin, wall thickness equidimension substandard product, by multiple
Mould structure is changed, changes the confession aluminum amount in extrusion process, for the not enough place of aluminum amount during to extruding, increase supplies aluminum amount；On the contrary,
For the excessive place of aluminum amount, reduction supplies aluminum amount.The method of repairing a die of specific product mould is：Energetic wooden partition thickness it is larger, compare girth
Obstruction angle is made at small position, to increase the flow resistance of aluminum metal here, slows down flow velocity, aluminum amount is supplied so as to reduce；And in wall
Thick position relatively thin, than Zhou Chang great is then made to promote stream angle, accelerates flow rate of metal, aluminum amount is supplied so as to increase.Make the aluminum alloy strip of production
Strength board size meets the high-precision level requirements of GB/T14846.
3rd, 5083 ship with the energetic plate of aluminium alloy after weld formation, flexibility, turn round and twist degree and the testing result such as plane clearance
The requirement of the high-precision level standards of GB/T14846 is reached.
4th, existing ship uses 6082 alloys to carry out always with the energetic plate section product of aluminium alloy in the same industry
Extruding production, 5083 ship with the energetic plate extrusion process of aluminium alloy by optimum choice extrusion equipment and adjustment extrusion process,
Extruding production is carried out using 5083 higher alloys of alloying level first, has not only filled up domestic and has broken greatly in 5083 alloy thin-walls
The blank of face extrudate production, efficiently solves dependence of China's such sheet material peculiar to vessel to import, and 5083 alloy sheets
Its excellent welding performance of body and corrosion resistance, can greatly improve the service life of ship-related products, exist while reducing ship
Manufacture difficulty in welding process, is that the shipping industry of China contributes.
Embodiment
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below.
Extrusion ratio (extrusion ratio) refers to the cross sectional area for extruding barrel chamber with the total cross sectional area of extruded product
The ratio between, also it is extrusion coefficient.
Embodiment 1：
A kind of 5083 ship extrusion process of the energetic plate of aluminium alloy, comprises the following steps：
A, the gross mass of formula are 300kg, are formulated and are：0.10% Si's, 0.10% Fe, 0.65% Mn, 4.0%
Mg, 0.15% Cr, 0.15% Zn, 0.05% Ti, remaining single impurity content≤0.02%, impurity is total≤
0.12%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.It is placed in after each element of the formula is uniformly coordinated
Founding in smelting furnace, the casting temperature of smelting furnace is 720 DEG C, and fusion-casting process is carried out in 2T hydraulic semicontinuous casting machines, casting
Speed is 60mm/min, obtains aluminium alloy cast ingot；
B, by after aluminium alloy cast ingot sawing, railway carriage made from step A, in 520~540 DEG C of homogenizing anneal 16h, be put into crowded
In the recipient of press, extruder is 75MN aluminium extruding machines, and a diameter of 380mm of recipient, the extrusion ratio of recipient is 67.5；
C, product mold is heated to 490 DEG C, the recipient of extruder is heated to 420 DEG C, will be equipped with the work of product mold
The recipient for making platform and extruder is matched for clamping tightly, and the circumscribed circle diameter of product mold is 250mm, and product mold is energetic in aluminium alloy
Obstruction angle is made at larger, smaller than the girth position of wooden partition thickness, the energetic wooden partition thickness of aluminium alloy is relatively thin, position than Zhou Chang great is then made to promote
Flow angle；
Recipient in D, recipient is run with 2.5m/min extrusion speed to product mold, and aluminium alloy cast ingot is carried out
Extruding, aluminium alloy cast ingot is extruded from the nib of product mold, obtains aluminum alloy plate materials, wherein aluminium alloy cast ingot is using segmentation ladder
Mode of heating is spent, the heating-up temperature on recipient head is 470~480 DEG C, the heating-up temperature at middle part is 450~460 DEG C, afterbody
Heating-up temperature is 440~450 DEG C；
E, aluminum alloy plate materials made from step D carry out to Quenching Treatment, aluminum alloy plate materials temperature before quenching for 430~
450 DEG C, quenching mode is the air-cooled mode synchronous with atomization cooling, and air-cooled and atomization cooling cooling velocity is 50 DEG C/min,
Aluminum alloy plate materials temperature after quenching is 20 DEG C；
F, the aluminum alloy plate materials after quenching are entered to spheroidizing processing, temperature is 350 DEG C, and aging time is 3~5h.
Embodiment 2：
A kind of 5083 ship extrusion process of the energetic plate of aluminium alloy, comprises the following steps：
A, the gross mass of formula are 300kg, are formulated and are：0.10% Si's, 0.08% Fe, 0.70% Mn, 4.4%
Mg, 0.15% Cr, 0.12% Zn, 0.05% Ti, remaining single impurity content≤0.02%, impurity is total≤
0.10%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.It is placed in after each element of the formula is uniformly coordinated
Founding in smelting furnace, the casting temperature of smelting furnace is 700 DEG C, and fusion-casting process is carried out in 2T hydraulic semicontinuous casting machines, casting
Speed is 90mm/min, obtains aluminium alloy cast ingot；
B, by after aluminium alloy cast ingot sawing, railway carriage made from step A, in 520~540 DEG C of homogenizing anneal 16h, be put into crowded
In the recipient of press, extruder is 75MN aluminium extruding machines, and a diameter of 380mm of recipient, the extrusion ratio of recipient is 67.5；
C, product mold is heated to 490 DEG C, the recipient of extruder is heated to 420 DEG C, will be equipped with the work of product mold
The recipient for making platform and extruder is matched for clamping tightly, and the circumscribed circle diameter of product mold is 250mm, and product mold is energetic in aluminium alloy
Obstruction angle is made at larger, smaller than the girth position of wooden partition thickness, the energetic wooden partition thickness of aluminium alloy is relatively thin, position than Zhou Chang great is then made to promote
Flow angle；
Recipient in D, recipient is run with 2.5m/min extrusion speed to product mold, and aluminium alloy cast ingot is carried out
Extruding, aluminium alloy cast ingot is extruded from the nib of product mold, obtains aluminum alloy plate materials, wherein aluminium alloy cast ingot is using segmentation ladder
Mode of heating is spent, the heating-up temperature on recipient head is 470~480 DEG C, the heating-up temperature at middle part is 450~460 DEG C, afterbody
Heating-up temperature is 440~450 DEG C；
E, aluminum alloy plate materials made from step D carry out to Quenching Treatment, aluminum alloy plate materials temperature before quenching for 430~
450 DEG C, quenching mode is the air-cooled mode synchronous with atomization cooling, and air-cooled and atomization cooling cooling velocity is 80 DEG C/min,
Aluminum alloy plate materials temperature after quenching is 30 DEG C；
F, the aluminum alloy plate materials after quenching are entered to spheroidizing processing, temperature is 350 DEG C, and aging time is 3~5h.
The test of Peeling Corrosion behavior is carried out to the energetic plate of aluminium alloy that embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 are produced, evaluating result is such as
Table 1：
As table 1 it is known that the energetic plate yield strength of aluminium alloy made from embodiment 1 is 285Mpa, tensile strength is
353Mpa, elongation percentage has reached 12.6%, and anti intercrystalline corrosion mass loss is 2.4mg/cm2, 15mg/cm is required less than standard2,
Peeling Corrosion grade is N grades of highest；The energetic plate yield strength of aluminium alloy made from embodiment 2 is 290Mpa, and tensile strength is
355Mpa, elongation percentage has reached 16%, and anti intercrystalline corrosion mass loss is 2.5mg/cm2, 15mg/cm is required less than standard2, stripping
It is also N grades of highest to fall corrosion class, does not occur spot corrosion and Peeling Corrosion phenomenon, meets CCS (CCS) standard
It is required that.
The test of Peeling Corrosion behavior is carried out to the energetic plate of aluminium alloy that embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 are produced, evaluating result is such as
Table 2：
| Plane clearance (mm) | Turn round and twist degree (mm/m) | Flexibility (mm/m) | Cut gradient (°) | |
| Embodiment 1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 90 |
| Embodiment 2 | 0.25 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 90 |
As table 2 it is known that the energetic plate plane clearance of aluminium alloy made from embodiment 1 is 0.4mm, made from embodiment 2
The energetic plate plane clearance of aluminium alloy is 0.25mm, the 1.1mm of the high-precision level standards of respectively less than GB/T14846；Aluminium made from embodiment 1
It is 0.8mm/m that the energetic plate of alloy, which is turned round and twists degree, and it is 1.0mm/m, respectively less than GB/ that the energetic plate of aluminium alloy made from embodiment 2, which is turned round and twists degree,
The energetic plate benging degree of aluminium alloy made from the 6mm/m embodiments 1 of the high-precision level standards of T14846 is 0.5mm/m, made from embodiment 2
The energetic plate benging degree of aluminium alloy is 0.4mm/m, the 2.5mm/m of the high-precision level standards of respectively less than GB/T14846；Therefore, 5083 ship
The energetic plate benging degree of aluminium alloy, the stubborn degree of torsion and plane gap detection result prepared by the energetic plate extrusion process of oceangoing ship aluminium alloy reaches
Arrive and more than the requirement of the high-precision level standards of GB/T14846.
Finally illustrate, preferred embodiment above is merely illustrative of the technical solution of the present invention and unrestricted, although logical
Cross above preferred embodiment the present invention is described in detail, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that can be
Various changes are made to it in form and in details, without departing from claims of the present invention limited range.
Claims (9)
- The 1.5083 ships energetic plate of aluminium alloy, it is characterised in that the formula of the energetic plate of aluminium alloy by following elemental constituent according to Percentage by weight is formulated：0.05~0.10% Si, 0.05~0.10% Fe, 0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.0~4.4% Mg, 0.10~ 0.15% Cr, Zn content≤0.15%, Ti content≤0.05%, remaining single impurity content≤0.05%, impurity is total≤ 0.15%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.
- 2. the 5083 ship as claimed in claim 1 energetic plate of aluminium alloy, it is characterised in that each member of the energetic plate prescription of aluminium alloy Plain component and Si, 0.10% Fe, 0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.0~4.2% Mg that percentage by weight is 0.10%, 0.10~0.15% Cr, 0.15% Zn, 0.05% Ti, remaining single impurity content≤0.02%, impurity is total≤ 0.12%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.
- 3. the 5083 ship as claimed in claim 2 energetic plate of aluminium alloy, it is characterised in that each member of the energetic plate prescription of aluminium alloy Plain component and Si, 0.08% Fe, 0.65~0.70% Mn, 4.2~4.4% Mg that percentage by weight is 0.10%, 0.10~0.15% Cr, 0.12% Zn, 0.05% Ti, remaining single impurity content≤0.02%, impurity is total≤ 0.10%, surplus is Al, and the percentage by weight summation of each component is 100%.
- 4. a kind of extrusion process of the 5083 ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：A, 5083 aluminium alloy cast ingots are pre-processed, pretreated ingot casting is put after 520~540 DEG C of homogenizing anneal 16h In the recipient for entering extruder；B, product mold is heated to 490~500 DEG C, the recipient of extruder is heated to 420~430 DEG C, will be equipped with product mould The workbench of tool and the recipient of extruder are matched for clamping tightly；Recipient in C, recipient is run with 1.0~2.5m/min extrusion speed to product mold, and aluminium alloy cast ingot is entered Row extruding, aluminium alloy cast ingot is extruded from the nib of product mold, obtains aluminum alloy plate materials, wherein aluminium alloy cast ingot is using segmentation Gradient-heated mode, the heating-up temperature on recipient head is 470~480 DEG C, and the heating-up temperature at middle part is 450~460 DEG C, afterbody Heating-up temperature be 440~450 DEG C；D, aluminum alloy plate materials made from step C are carried out to Quenching Treatment, aluminum alloy plate materials temperature before quenching is 430~450 DEG C, Quenching mode is the air-cooled mode synchronous with atomization cooling, and the aluminum alloy plate materials temperature after quenching is 20~30 DEG C；E, by after quenching aluminum alloy plate materials carry out spheroidizing processing, temperature be 350 DEG C, aging time be 3~5h.
- 5. the extrusion process of the 5083 ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that aluminium in step A The process of alloy cast ingot pretreatment includes dispensing, melting, casting and sawing railway carriage, and the casting process is in the semicontinuous casting of 2T hydraulic pressure Make in machine and cast, smelting temperature is 700~720 DEG C.
- 6. the extrusion process of the 5083 ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that pre- in step A Ingot casting homogenizing anneal process after processing is carried out in the resistance furnace with forced hot air circulation system.
- 7. the extrusion process of the 5083 ships energetic plate of aluminium alloy as described in claim 5 or 6, it is characterised in that in step B Extruder is 75MN aluminium extruding machines, and a diameter of 380mm of recipient, the extrusion ratio of recipient is 67.5.
- 8. the extrusion process of the 5083 ships energetic plate of aluminium alloy as described in claim 5 or 6, it is characterised in that in step B The circumscribed circle diameter of product mold is 250mm, and product mold hinders at larger, smaller than the girth position of the energetic wooden partition thickness of aluminium alloy Hinder angle, the energetic wooden partition thickness of aluminium alloy is relatively thin, position than Zhou Chang great is then made to promote stream angle.
- 9. the extrusion process of the 5083 ship energetic plate of aluminium alloy as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that step D apoplexy Cold and atomization cooling cooling velocity is 50~80 DEG C/min.
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| CN107739928B (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2019-07-16 | 辽宁忠旺集团有限公司 | A kind of processing technology of 5083 aluminium alloy extrusions peculiar to vessel |
| CN107739928A (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2018-02-27 | 辽宁忠旺集团有限公司 | A kind of processing technology of 5083 aluminium alloy extrusions peculiar to vessel |
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