CN107130253A - A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent - Google Patents
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107130253A CN107130253A CN201710507454.1A CN201710507454A CN107130253A CN 107130253 A CN107130253 A CN 107130253A CN 201710507454 A CN201710507454 A CN 201710507454A CN 107130253 A CN107130253 A CN 107130253A
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- China
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- cleaning agent
- combination
- mass fraction
- cleaning
- sodium
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/22—Light metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/16—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions using inhibitors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/16—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions using inhibitors
- C23G1/18—Organic inhibitors
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, the composition of the cleaning agent includes alkaline matter, surfactant, cleaning additive, corrosion inhibiter, environmentally friendly solvent and water, wherein the surfactant is betaine type amphoteric surfactant.The cleaning agent cleaning performance is good, and the corrosivity to aluminium alloy is low, and easily biological-degradable is environment-friendly, and harm to the human body is small.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to cleaning agent technical field, more particularly to a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent.
Background technology
With the popularization and development of the electronic products such as smart mobile phone, tablet personal computer, motion bracelet, aluminium alloy is strong due to light weight
The characteristics of spending big, is gradually widely used.But in process of metal working, processing workpiece can adsorb some greasy dirts, ash
The foreign matters such as dirt, this can be had a huge impact to follow-up technique, it is therefore desirable to the cleaning process of oil removing, scale removal is carried out to it.
Aqueous cleaning agent in the market, is used for cleaning ferrous metal, it is adaptable to which the cleaning agent of aluminium alloy is seldom mostly,
People mainly use degreasing powder cleaning aluminum alloy.Degreasing powder, can be to magnesium mostly using highly basic such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
Al alloy parts cause to corrode equivalent damage, and cleaning performance is poor, speed is slow, it is impossible to meet the requirement of work pieces process technique.
The content of the invention
The technical problem existed for prior art, the present invention provides a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, the cleaning agent cleaning
Effect is good, and the corrosivity to aluminium alloy is low, and easily biological-degradable is environment-friendly, and harm to the human body is small.
To reach the effect above, the present invention uses following technical scheme：
The present invention provides a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, and the composition of the cleaning agent includes alkaline matter, surfactant, clear
Auxiliary agent, corrosion inhibiter, environmentally friendly solvent and water are washed, wherein the surfactant includes betaine type amphoteric surfactant.
As currently preferred technical scheme, the mass fraction for stating surfactant is 8~20%, such as 8%, 9%,
10%th, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20% etc., it is not limited to cited
Numerical value, other unrequited numerical value are equally applicable in the number range, preferably 10~15%.
The present invention, as surfactant, is effectively removing aluminum alloy surface greasy dirt from the glycine betaine with Long carbon chain
Meanwhile, the position removed in greasy dirt, because glycine betaine one end is carboxyl and quaternary ammonium salt end, has stronger electrostatic between metal
Effect, therefore long alkyl chain one end now, due to the strong hydrophobic effect of alkyl chain, can effectively prevent alkali towards solution one end
Property the material and contact without greasy dirt aluminum alloy surface, reduce corrosion of the alkaline matter to aluminum alloy surface.On the other hand, Ke Yigeng
The effective effect for ensureing alkaline matter and greasy dirt, improves removal ability of the cleaning agent to greasy dirt.
As currently preferred technical scheme, the mass fraction of the alkaline matter is 5~15%, such as 5%, 6%,
7%th, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% etc., it is not limited to cited numerical value, the numerical value
In the range of other unrequited numerical value it is equally applicable, preferably 8~12%.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the cleaning additive be 5~15%, such as 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%,
11%th, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% etc., it is not limited to other are unrequited in cited numerical value, the number range
Numerical value is equally applicable, and more preferably 8~12%.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the corrosion inhibiter be 1~5%, such as 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%,
4%th, 4.5% or 5% etc., it is not limited to other unrequited numerical value are equally fitted in cited numerical value, the number range
With.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the environmentally friendly solvent be 1~10%, such as 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%,
8%th, 9% or 10% etc., it is not limited to other unrequited numerical value are equally fitted in cited numerical value, the number range
With more preferably 3~8%.
As currently preferred technical scheme, the composition of the cleaning agent includes as mass fraction：
As currently preferred technical scheme, the composition of the cleaning agent includes as mass fraction：
As currently preferred technical scheme, the composition of the cleaning agent includes as mass fraction：
As currently preferred technical scheme, the alkaline matter includes sodium carbonate, sodium acid carbonate, potassium carbonate and carbonic acid
Any one in hydrogen potassium or at least two combination, the combination is typical but non-limiting example has：Sodium carbonate and bicarbonate
The combination of sodium, the combination of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, combination or sodium carbonate, the potassium carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium acid carbonate and saleratus
Combination of sodium etc..
As currently preferred technical scheme, the betaine type amphoteric surfactant includes dodecyl dimethyl beet
Any one in alkali, dodecyldimethylamine base glycine betaine or octodecyl betaine or at least two combination, it is described
Combination is typical but non-limiting examples have the combination of dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and dodecyldimethylamine base glycine betaine, 14
Combination, octodecyl betaine and the dodecyl two of alkyl dimethyl betaine and octodecyl betaine
The combination of methyl betaine or dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt, dodecyldimethylamine base glycine betaine and octadecyldimethyl sweet tea
Combination of dish alkali etc..
As currently preferred technical scheme, the cleaning additive includes potassium silicate, metasilicate pentahydrate sodium, gluconic acid
Any one in sodium or potassium pyrophosphate or at least two combination, the combination is typical but non-limiting examples have：Potassium silicate and
The combination of metasilicate pentahydrate sodium, the combination of metasilicate pentahydrate sodium and sodium gluconate, the combination of sodium gluconate and potassium pyrophosphate,
The combination or potassium silicate of potassium silicate and potassium pyrophosphate, the combination of metasilicate pentahydrate sodium and sodium gluconate etc..
Preferably, complexing agent is contained in the cleaning additive.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the complexing agent be 3~7%, such as 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%,
6%th, 6.5% or 7% etc., it is not limited to other unrequited numerical value are equally fitted in cited numerical value, the number range
With.
Preferably, the complexing agent includes tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, the sodium of 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid four or hydroxy ethylidene two
Any one in phosphonic acids disodium or at least two combination, the combination is typical but non-limiting examples have：Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
The combination of four sodium and the sodium of 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid four, the combination of the sodium of 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid four and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid disodium,
The combination of tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid disodium or tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid four
Combination of sodium and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid disodium etc..
As currently preferred technical scheme, the corrosion inhibiter is included in thiocarbamide, heterocyclic amine, sodium molybdate or sodium metasilicate
Any one or at least two combination, combination typical case but non-limiting examples have：The combination of thiocarbamide and heterocyclic amine, heterocycle
The combination of amine and sodium molybdate, the combination of sodium molybdate and sodium metasilicate, combination or thiocarbamide, the heterocyclic amine and molybdenum of sodium metasilicate and thiocarbamide
Combination of sour sodium etc..
Preferably, the environmentally friendly solvent includes isopropanol, propane diols, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, glycol tertiary butyl ether or dipropyl two
Any one in alcohol methyl ether or at least two combination, the combination is typical but non-limiting examples have：Isopropanol and propane diols
Combination, the combination of propane diols and propylene glycol monomethyl ether, the combination of propylene glycol monomethyl ether and glycol tertiary butyl ether, glycol tertiary butyl ether and
The combination of dipropylene glycol methyl ether or the combination of propane diols, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and glycol tertiary butyl ether etc..
Compared with prior art, the present invention at least has the advantages that：
(1) a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent that the present invention is provided, the cleaning agent uses betaine type amphoteric surfactant and alkane
The synergy of base glucosides, obtains excellent scourability, i.e., the water of the aluminum alloy surface after being cleaned using the cleaning agent
Angle is dripped less than 90 degree, and minimum is up to 60 degree；
(2) before a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent that the present invention is provided, the aluminium alloy and cleaning after being cleaned using the cleaning agent
Mass change be -0.01g, show that cleaning agent is minimum to the corrosivity of aluminium alloy；
(2) a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent that the present invention is provided, the cleaning agent weak base high efficiency, easily biological-degradable, environment
It is friendly and harmless.
Embodiment
Specific embodiment of the invention part provide a kind of composition of the cleaning agent include alkaline matter, surfactant,
Cleaning additive, corrosion inhibiter, environmentally friendly solvent and water, wherein the surfactant includes betaine type amphoteric surfactant.
For ease of understanding the present invention, it is as follows that the present invention enumerates embodiment.Those skilled in the art are it will be clearly understood that the implementation
Example is only to aid in understanding the present invention, is not construed as the concrete restriction to the present invention.
Embodiment 1
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 2
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 3
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 4
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 5
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 6
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 7
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Embodiment 8
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, includes according to the composition of cleaning agent described in mass fraction meter：
Comparative example 1
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, in addition to replacing dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt using APG-0810, other conditions
It is same as Example 1.
Comparative example 2
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, except replacing dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt using isomerous tridecanol polyoxyethylene ether
Outside, other conditions are same as Example 1.
Comparative example 3
A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, in addition to without dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt, other conditions with embodiment 1
It is identical.
Comparative example 4
Using the aluminum alloy cleaning agent described in embodiment 1 in CN 104947126A, it is made up of the component of following concentration：
Sodium hydroxide 70g/L, sodium phosphate 20g/L, sodium citrate 2g/L, neopelex 2g/L, APES
3g/L, solvent is water.
The aluminum alloy surface of unified specification is cleaned using the cleaning agent described in embodiment 1-8 and comparative example 1-3,
And water droplet angle test is carried out to the surface after cleaning；Using national standard HGT3523-2008 specification, to the aluminium alloy before and after cleaning
Mass change is tested, and test result is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
From embodiment 1-8 test as can be seen that using the aluminium alloy after aluminum alloy cleaning agent of the present invention cleaning
The water droplet angle on surface is less than 90 degree, and minimum up to 60 degree, the metal surface of cleaning is hydrophily, therefore contact angle is less than 90 degree,
Show good hydrophilic property, it was demonstrated that the aluminum alloy surface cleanliness factor after aluminum alloy cleaning agent cleaning of the present invention is good, and noresidue.
Cleaning agent described in comparative example 1 of the present invention replaces dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt using APG-0810, and ratio 2 is used
Isomerous tridecanol polyoxyethylene ether replaces dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt, and comparative example 3 does not add dodecyl dimethyl sweet tea
Dish, the water droplet angle of the magnesium-aluminum metal performance after cleaning agent cleaning described in comparative example 1-3 is all higher than 90 degree, and comparative example 4 is using existing
There is a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent in technology, the contact angle page of the aluminum alloy surface after cleaning is more than 90 degree, comparative example 1-4 cleanings
There are greasy residues on magnesium-aluminum metal surface afterwards.Comparative example 4 clean after aluminium alloy Mass lost 0.25g, and embodiment
1-8 and comparative example 1-3 only reduces 0.01g, it was demonstrated that cleaning agent described in comparative example 4 is corrosive to aluminium alloy, and embodiment 1-8
It is minimum to the corrosivity of aluminium alloy with comparative example 1-3.
Applicant states that the present invention illustrates detailed process equipment and the technological process of the present invention by above-described embodiment,
But the invention is not limited in above-mentioned detailed process equipment and technological process, that is, do not mean that the present invention has to rely on above-mentioned detailed
Process equipment and technological process could be implemented.Person of ordinary skill in the field it will be clearly understood that any improvement in the present invention,
Addition, selection of concrete mode of equivalence replacement and auxiliary element to each raw material of product of the present invention etc., all fall within the present invention's
Within the scope of protection domain and disclosure.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent, it is characterised in that the composition of the cleaning agent includes alkaline matter, surfactant, clear
Auxiliary agent, corrosion inhibiter, environmentally friendly solvent and water are washed, wherein the surfactant is betaine type amphoteric surfactant.
2. cleaning agent according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the mass fraction of the surfactant is 8~20%,
Preferably 10~15%.
3. cleaning agent according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that the mass fraction of the alkaline matter is 5~
15%, preferably 8~12%；
Preferably, the mass fraction of the cleaning additive is 5~15%, more preferably 8~12%；
Preferably, the mass fraction of the corrosion inhibiter is 1~5%；
Preferably, the mass fraction of the environmentally friendly solvent is 1~10%, more preferably 3~8%.
4. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-3, it is characterised in that the group of the cleaning agent as mass fraction
Into including：
5. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-4, it is characterised in that the group of the cleaning agent as mass fraction
Into including：
6. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-5, it is characterised in that the group of the cleaning agent as mass fraction
Into including：
7. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-6, it is characterised in that the alkaline matter includes sodium carbonate, carbon
Any one in sour hydrogen sodium, potassium carbonate and saleratus or at least two combination.
8. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-7, it is characterised in that the betaine type amphoteric surfactant includes
Any one in dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt, dodecyldimethylamine base glycine betaine or octodecyl betaine or extremely
Any one during few two kinds combination is described or at least two combination.
9. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-8, it is characterised in that the cleaning additive includes potassium silicate, five
Any one in water sodium metasilicate, sodium gluconate or potassium pyrophosphate or at least two combination；
Preferably, complexing agent is contained in the cleaning additive；
Preferably, the mass fraction of the complexing agent is 3~7%；
Preferably, the complexing agent includes tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, the sodium of 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid four or 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid
Any one in disodium or at least two combination.
10. the cleaning agent according to claim any one of 1-9, it is characterised in that the corrosion inhibiter includes thiocarbamide, heterocycle
Any one in amine, sodium molybdate or sodium metasilicate or at least two combination；
Preferably, the environmentally friendly solvent includes isopropanol, propane diols, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, glycol tertiary butyl ether or DPG first
Any one in ether or at least two combination.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710507454.1A CN107130253A (en) | 2017-06-28 | 2017-06-28 | A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710507454.1A CN107130253A (en) | 2017-06-28 | 2017-06-28 | A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent |
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| CN107130253A true CN107130253A (en) | 2017-09-05 |
Family
ID=59736507
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| CN201710507454.1A Pending CN107130253A (en) | 2017-06-28 | 2017-06-28 | A kind of aluminum alloy cleaning agent |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107881515A (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2018-04-06 | 成都圻坊生物科技有限公司 | The preparation method of environment-friendly metal antirust high-efficiency water-base cleaning agent |
| CN107988613A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-05-04 | 三达奥克化学股份有限公司 | Air-conditioning aluminum fin-stock alkalescent cleaning agent and cleaning method |
| CN108034954A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-15 | 珠海横琴思国科技发展有限公司 | A kind of anti-rust cleaning agent of aluminium and aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN108950643A (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2018-12-07 | 广东山之风环保科技有限公司 | A kind of alkalinity aluminium anode oxide film removing agent and its configuration method and application method |
| CN109762677A (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2019-05-17 | 北京乐文科技发展有限公司 | A kind of high-speed rail cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN112281169A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-01-29 | 立邦（上海）化工有限公司 | Aluminum coil cleaning agent and production method thereof |
| CN112522036A (en) * | 2020-12-10 | 2021-03-19 | 深圳市恒纬祥科技有限公司 | Die-casting aluminum release agent cleaning agent |
| CN113881943A (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2022-01-04 | 广东凯盟钝化防锈技术有限公司 | Aluminum material alkaline cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN114622212A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-06-14 | 佛山市三水凤铝铝业有限公司 | Aluminum profile surface treatment method |
| CN116159723A (en) * | 2022-12-10 | 2023-05-26 | 上海夏宁新材料科技有限公司 | Metal coating process |
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Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107881515A (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2018-04-06 | 成都圻坊生物科技有限公司 | The preparation method of environment-friendly metal antirust high-efficiency water-base cleaning agent |
| CN108034954A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-15 | 珠海横琴思国科技发展有限公司 | A kind of anti-rust cleaning agent of aluminium and aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN107988613A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-05-04 | 三达奥克化学股份有限公司 | Air-conditioning aluminum fin-stock alkalescent cleaning agent and cleaning method |
| CN108950643A (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2018-12-07 | 广东山之风环保科技有限公司 | A kind of alkalinity aluminium anode oxide film removing agent and its configuration method and application method |
| CN109762677B (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2021-03-02 | 北京乐文科技发展有限公司 | High-speed rail cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN109762677A (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2019-05-17 | 北京乐文科技发展有限公司 | A kind of high-speed rail cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN112281169A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-01-29 | 立邦（上海）化工有限公司 | Aluminum coil cleaning agent and production method thereof |
| CN112522036A (en) * | 2020-12-10 | 2021-03-19 | 深圳市恒纬祥科技有限公司 | Die-casting aluminum release agent cleaning agent |
| CN113881943A (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2022-01-04 | 广东凯盟钝化防锈技术有限公司 | Aluminum material alkaline cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN113881943B (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2023-12-01 | 广东凯盟钝化防锈技术有限公司 | Alkaline cleaning agent for aluminum material and preparation method thereof |
| CN114622212A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-06-14 | 佛山市三水凤铝铝业有限公司 | Aluminum profile surface treatment method |
| CN116159723A (en) * | 2022-12-10 | 2023-05-26 | 上海夏宁新材料科技有限公司 | Metal coating process |
| CN116159723B (en) * | 2022-12-10 | 2023-09-12 | 上海夏宁新材料科技有限公司 | Metal coating process |
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Application publication date: 20170905 |