CN107129676A - 阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物及其制备方法 - Google Patents

阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107129676A
CN107129676A CN201710450600.1A CN201710450600A CN107129676A CN 107129676 A CN107129676 A CN 107129676A CN 201710450600 A CN201710450600 A CN 201710450600A CN 107129676 A CN107129676 A CN 107129676A
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李景庆
吴会敏
蒋世春
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Zhongzhi online Co.,Ltd.
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Abstract

本发明公开阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物及其制备方法,以聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇为软段,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯为硬段,N‑甲基二乙醇胺为亲水性扩链剂得到阳离子水性聚氨酯水体系,与高相对分子质量的壳聚糖配成的醋酸水溶液在水体系环境下进行混合,后续进一步采用成膜干燥等方法即可得到阳离子水性聚氨酯和壳聚糖的共混物。本发明克服了聚氨酯一般为亲油疏水材料而和亲水性壳聚糖难以采用共同溶剂实现溶液共混的困难,且水性共混环境有利于环保,并克服了壳聚糖因热稳定性而不能和聚氨酯进行熔融共混的困难,进而得到了壳聚糖和聚氨酯材料的均匀共混物材料。

Description

阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于共混聚合物技术领域,更加具体地说,涉及一种将聚氨酯与壳聚糖进行共混的方法。
背景技术
聚氨酯是20世纪40年代新开发的一类人工合成聚合物,其分子主链中含有许多重复的氨基甲酸酯(-NH-COO-)链段。聚氨酯作为一种性能优异的树脂获得了广泛应用,如用于涂料中可赋予其坚硬、柔韧、耐磨、耐化学品、附着力强、成膜温度低、可室温固化等特点。壳聚糖中含有-OH、-NH2极性基团,具有较好的吸湿性、保湿性。壳聚糖及其衍生物具有良好的生物相容性、生物降解性和抗菌性等。如能将聚氨酯和壳聚糖共混得到均匀的共混物,把两者的优点集成在一起,有利于进一步拓展其在一些特定应用领域的应用。如壳聚糖因其具有的优点可用作人工皮肤膜,但壳聚糖膜透气率太大容易导致伤口面干燥结痂,且其湿态强度较低、尺寸稳定性较差,将其与聚氨酯共混进行改性引起人们的广泛兴趣。
将聚氨酯和壳聚糖共混到一起,需要综合考虑两者的特性。因壳聚糖耐温性不好,熔融共混并不适合。聚氨酯通常为典型的亲油疏水材料,壳聚糖为典型的亲水性材料,寻找两者共同的溶剂且两者都能达到一定的浓度并不容易。大量传统有机溶剂的使用也会对环境造成影响或导致成本增加。将水性聚氨酯和壳聚糖在水体系中进行共混是很好的思路,但目前现有技术表明,壳聚糖主要溶解在醋酸等酸性水溶液中,普通的水性聚氨酯在酸性条件下稳定性不佳,因此只有在壳聚糖降解到分子链很小的时候才能和这些水性聚氨酯较好的共混,而壳聚糖降解后的短链壳聚糖良好的水溶性也使所制得的共混物耐水性比较差,在水洗等条件下容易被洗脱出来,最终体现为共混物结构上的不稳定。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足,提出一种聚氨酯与壳聚糖共混的方法,通过采用可在醋酸等酸性水溶液中稳定存在的阳离子水性聚氨酯和高相对分子质量的壳聚糖构成共混体系,将两者在醋酸等酸性水溶液环境条件下进行共混,可以获得两者良好的共混效果,克服现有技术中存在的困难。
本发明的技术方案具体是通过阳离子水性聚氨酯和高相对分子质量的壳聚糖在醋酸等酸性水溶液中进行共混,最终得到共混均匀且耐水洗的结构稳定的共混物,进而将聚氨酯和壳聚糖两者的优良性能集成在一起,为其进一步应用推广提供可能。
本发明的技术目的通过下述技术方案予以实现:
阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物及其制备方法,按照下述步骤进行制备:
步骤1,将聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG2000)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)混合均匀后,得到亲水性的端-NCO预聚体并升温至70℃~80℃油浴反应2~3h,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇的数均分子量为2000,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比(mol)为(0.005—0.008):(0.016—0.02):(0.0095—0.01);
步骤2,自然降温至50—60摄氏度加入丙酮稀释,并加入硅烷偶联剂KH550,反应1—2小时;之后再自然降温至35—40摄氏度加入冰乙酸予以中和并反应0.5—1小时,硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为0.001—0.005摩尔份(mol),丙酮用量为15—20质量份(g),冰乙酸用量为0.006—0.008摩尔份(mol);
步骤3,将数均分子量5万-10万的壳聚糖溶解分散在稀冰乙酸水溶液中,壳聚糖用量为0.15—0.2质量份(g),在稀冰乙酸水溶液中,冰乙酸为0.0031mol,质量百分数0.5%;
步骤4,将步骤3制备的壳聚糖冰乙酸水溶液在600—1000转/min搅拌速度下使用恒压滴液漏斗以每分钟3—5ml速度逐滴加入步骤2所得的体系中,最后旋蒸脱除丙酮,得到稳定乳液。
在上述技术方案中,步骤1中,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比为(0.005—0.006):(0.016—0.018):(0.0095—0.0098)。
在上述技术方案中,步骤2中,硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为0.001—0.003摩尔份(mol),丙酮用量为15—18质量份(g),冰乙酸用量为0.006—0.008摩尔份(mol)。
在上述技术方案中,步骤4中,通过旋蒸脱除丙酮来调整稳定乳液中的固含量,优选得到固含量为30wt%左右的稳定乳液。
本发明制备的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物,即稳定的乳液,该乳液成膜性良好,如涂膜可得到聚氨酯和壳聚糖的共混膜,具体依据实际应用需要使用。
本发明的技术方案先制备得到能够在醋酸等酸性水溶液中稳定存在的阳离子型的水性聚氨酯均匀水性体系,然后再将其和壳聚糖的醋酸水溶液按照一定比例进行混合。水性聚氨酯的主链一般由低聚物多元醇和二异氰酸酯以及小分子扩链剂等聚合而成,其中低聚物多元醇构成聚氨酯的软段,使链节具有柔顺性,而异氰酸酯和小分子扩链剂等则构成聚氨酯的硬段,使链节具有刚性。本发明中的软段由聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG2000)提供,硬段主要由异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)提供,亲水性扩链剂采用N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)。本发明采用的PTMG2000软段具有结晶性,对最终聚氨酯的机械强度和模量有很大影响,特别在受到拉伸时,由于应力而产生的结晶化(链段规整化)程度越大,抗拉强度越大,进而能成倍增加内聚力和附着力。本发明采用的IPDI硬段中所含的脂肪链为弱极性基团,分散性较好,得到的稳定水乳体系的平均粒径比较小。
本发明在合成阳离子水性聚氨酯时引入了叔胺,需要加入中和剂醋酸,中和成盐以后形成亲水基团。醋酸的加入主要有两种方式,第一种是分散前中和,加入预聚体中,充分搅拌成盐后再加入去离子水分散,第二种是中和分散同时进行,先将醋酸加入去离子水中,再加入预聚体中进行分散。采用第一种工艺有利于预聚体的分散和乳化,因为在分散之前成盐,预聚体的亲水性好,更容易在水中分散。理论上,采用第一种工艺由于预聚体分散更容易,得到的乳液粒径比第二种工艺得到的乳液粒径要小,按照分散相有效体积分数理论,在固含量相同的前提下,粒径小对应分散相的有效体积分数较大,对应的乳液粘度也较大。第二种分散时预聚体不容易分散成细小的粒子。本发明优选采用两种方式结合的方式,即先加入一部分醋酸中和成盐,另一部分在分散乳化过程中加入,或用于制备溶解壳聚糖的醋酸溶液后在分散乳化过程中加入。
本发明涉及到的壳聚糖为高相对分子质量的壳聚糖,其不同于低相对分子质量的壳聚糖,难以在中性或偏碱性的水中溶解,而只能在醋酸等酸性水溶液中溶解得到具有一定浓度的溶液。这种高相对分子质量的壳聚糖因而和聚氨酯在进行共混的时候存在一定的现有技术上的困难。水性阳离子聚氨酯能与其同时稳定存在于酸性水环境中,进而可以实现均匀共混。
附图说明
图1是本发明实例1的偏光显微镜图。
图2是本发明实例1中的粒径分布图。
图3是本发明实例2中的粒径分布图。
图4是本发明实例3中的粒径分布图。
图5是本发明实例1中的应力-应变曲线。
图6是本发明实例2中的应力-应变曲线。
图7是本发明实例3中的应力-应变曲线。
图8是本发明实例1的红外谱图。
图9是本发明实例2的红外谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例进一步说明本发明的技术方案。聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG),数均分子量2000,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI),分子量222.28,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA),分子量119.16,上海笛柏生物科技有限公司;冰乙酸,分子量60.05,天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司;壳聚糖,脱乙酰度92%,青岛云宙科技有限公司;丙酮,分子量58.08,天津元立化工有限公司。乳液粒径分析:将制得的乳液用去离子水稀释100倍,置于激光粒度仪测量其粒径,仪器型号为欧美克激光粒度仪,SCF-106,测定温度为25℃。拉伸强度的测定:仪器型号为Linkam公司的TST-350,测定温度为25℃,拉伸速度为100μm/s,膜样条裁剪成哑铃型,其中有效部位为2mm×6mm。红外谱图测定:Specac全反射衰减红外光谱仪;水接触角测定:接触角测量仪。
实例1
在装有电动搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入0.005mol聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG2000),真空脱水通入氮气,加入0.019mol异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI),和亲水性扩链剂0.0096molN-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA),然后缓慢升温至75℃,油浴反应3h。降温至50℃左右加入15g丙酮稀释,降温至35℃左右时加入0.0096mol冰乙酸进行中和,反应半小时。在高速搅拌下用恒压滴液漏斗逐滴加入37g去离子水进行乳化,最后旋蒸脱除丙酮,得到固含量为30%左右的稳定乳液。水性聚氨酯的主链一般由低聚物多元醇和二异氰酸酯以及小分子扩链剂等聚合而成。低聚物多元醇构成聚氨酯的软段,使链节具有柔顺性,而异氰酸酯和小分子扩链剂等则构成聚氨酯的硬段,使链节具有刚性。本发明中的硬段主要由IPDI提供,IPDI中所含的脂肪链为弱极性基团,分散性较好,平均粒径比较小,由图2中实例1中的粒径分布图可知,其D50中心粒径在1.49μm左右。软段的结晶性对最终聚氨酯的机械强度和模量有很大影响,由图1可知实例1中的产物有结晶现象,特别在受到拉伸时,由于应力而产生的结晶化(链段规整化)程度越大,抗拉强度越大,结晶作用能成倍的增加内聚力和附着力,由图5中实例1的应力-应变曲线也可得证,同时经测试水接触角为57.25度。
实例2
在装有电动搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入0.005mol聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG2000),真空脱水通入氮气,加入0.019mol异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI),和亲水性扩链剂0.0096molN-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA),然后缓慢升温至75℃,油浴反应3h。降温至50℃左右加入15g丙酮稀释,降温至35℃左右时加入0.0065mol冰乙酸进行中和,反应半小时。将壳聚糖(0.18g,分子量为5万-10万),溶于稀冰乙酸溶液中(37ml,质量分数0.5%,冰乙酸为0.0031mol),将上述溶液在高速搅拌下用恒压滴液漏斗逐滴加入,最后旋蒸脱除丙酮,得到固含量为30%左右的稳定乳液。实例2中产物无结晶现象,且由图6可知,实例2中的产物其力学性能较差。由图3可知壳聚糖的加入使粒径变大,其D50中心粒径在1.78μm左右,经测试水接触角为76.92度。
实例3
在装有电动搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝管的四口烧瓶中加入0.005mol聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG2000),真空脱水通入氮气,加入0.019mol异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI),和亲水性扩链剂0.0096molN-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA),然后缓慢升温至75℃,油浴反应3h。降温至50℃左右加入15g丙酮稀释,并加入0.001mol的硅烷偶联剂KH550,反应1h。降温至35℃左右时加入0.0065mol冰乙酸进行中和,反应半小时。将壳聚糖(0.18g,分子量为5万-10万),溶于稀冰乙酸溶液中(37ml,质量分数0.5%,冰乙酸为0.0031mol),将上述溶液在高速搅拌下用恒压滴液漏斗逐滴加入,最后旋蒸脱除丙酮,得到固含量为30%左右的稳定乳液。实例3中产物无结晶现象,但由图7可知其力学性能较实例2有很大提高,说明壳聚糖和水性聚氨酯更好的结合在一起,且由图4可知,其D50中心粒径在1.09μm左右,粒径较实例1和实例2中的产物更小,稳定性更好,经测试水接触角为59.34度。
由实例1红外谱图可知,由于-NCO特征吸收谱带在2280~2240cm-1之间,而图上此位置没有吸收峰,说明-NCO基团经预聚,扩链后已反应完全。3330cm-1是聚氨酯氨基甲酸酯N-H的伸缩振动峰,2943cm-1和2854cm-1为CH3-、CH2-中C-H伸缩振动峰,1536cm-1为N-H变形振动峰,1703cm-1为羰基C=O伸缩振动峰,这表明在反应产物中有氨基甲酸酯基团,1536cm-1为-NH-的弯曲振动峰,1108cm-1为醚键-C-O-C-的振动吸收峰,红外光谱分析表明了阳离子聚氨酯结构的生成。如附图2可知,共混膜在3330cm-1处的峰比实例1在此处的峰明显增强,是壳聚糖中-OH、-NH-与阳离子水性聚氨酯中氨基甲酸酯基(-NH-COO-)中的-NH吸收峰重叠后形成的宽峰,且比纯阳离子水性聚氨酯的吸收峰向低波数方向移动,说明共混膜中有氢键形成。同时实例3表现出与上述实例基本一致的性能。经拉伸试验,实例1拉伸强度大于1.11Mpa,断裂伸长率大于2823%,因已到达仪器最大限度故无法继续拉伸,实例2拉伸强度为0.13Mpa,断裂伸长率为90%,实例3拉伸强度为1.86Mpa,断裂伸长率为1305%。
在本发明中,水性聚氨酯是由柔软的软段链和刚性的硬段链交替连接而成的嵌段共聚物。软段由大分子多元醇构成,既由原料聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇(PTMG)提供,如HO-R-OH、-O-。硬段由多异氰酸酯和小分子扩链剂构成,既由原料异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)提供,如NCO-R′-NCO、-NHCOO-。聚氨酯分子中软段均含有C-O单键和C-C单键。由于单键的内选择频率很高,而且永不停息,在常温下会产生各种各样的构象。时而卷曲收缩,时而扩展伸展,显得十分柔顺,能赋予聚氨酯良好的橡胶弹性,从而对外力作用表现出很大的适应性。而硬段由多异氰酸酯和低分子扩链剂反应而成,相对分子质量较小,链段短,含强极性的氨基甲酸酯、脲基、芳香基等基团。硬段之间作用力大,彼此靠静电引力缔合在一起,不容易改变自己的构象,显得十分僵硬。聚氨酯的优良性能来源于硬段相和软段相之间微观相分离的结果。
以上对本发明做了示例性的描述,应该说明的是,在不脱离本发明的核心的情况下,任何简单的变形、修改或者其他本领域技术人员能够不花费创造性劳动的等同替换均落入本发明的保护范围。

Claims (9)

1.阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物,其特征在于,按照下述步骤进行制备:
步骤1,将聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺混合均匀后,得到亲水性的端-NCO预聚体并升温至70℃~80℃油浴反应2~3h,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇的数均分子量为2000,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比为(0.005—0.008):(0.016—0.02):(0.0095—0.01);
步骤2,自然降温至50—60摄氏度加入丙酮稀释,并加入硅烷偶联剂KH550,反应1—2小时;之后再自然降温至35—40摄氏度加入冰乙酸予以中和并反应0.5—1小时,硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为0.001—0.005摩尔份,丙酮用量为15—20质量份,冰乙酸用量为0.006—0.008摩尔份;
步骤3,将数均分子量5万-10万的壳聚糖溶解分散在稀冰乙酸水溶液中,壳聚糖用量为0.15—0.2质量份;
步骤4,将步骤3制备的壳聚糖冰乙酸水溶液在600—1000转/min搅拌速度下使用恒压滴液漏斗以每分钟3—5ml速度逐滴加入步骤2所得的体系中,最后旋蒸脱除丙酮,得到稳定乳液,即阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物,其特征在于,步骤1中,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比为(0.005—0.006):(0.016—0.018):(0.0095—0.0098)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物,其特征在于,步骤2中,硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为0.001—0.003摩尔份,丙酮用量为15—18质量份,冰乙酸用量为0.006—0.008摩尔份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物,其特征在于,步骤4中,通过旋蒸脱除丙酮来调整稳定乳液中的固含量,优选得到固含量为30wt%左右的稳定乳液。
5.阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物的制备方法,其特征在于,按照下述步骤进行制备:
步骤1,将聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺混合均匀后,得到亲水性的端-NCO预聚体并升温至70℃~80℃油浴反应2~3h,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇的数均分子量为2000,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比为(0.005—0.008):(0.016—0.02):(0.0095—0.01);
步骤2,自然降温至50—60摄氏度加入丙酮稀释,并加入硅烷偶联剂KH550,反应1—2小时;之后再自然降温至35—40摄氏度加入冰乙酸予以中和并反应0.5—1小时,硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为0.001—0.005摩尔份,丙酮用量为15—20质量份,冰乙酸用量为0.006—0.008摩尔份;
步骤3,将数均分子量5万-10万的壳聚糖溶解分散在稀冰乙酸水溶液中,壳聚糖用量为0.15—0.2质量份;
步骤4,将步骤3制备的壳聚糖冰乙酸水溶液在600—1000转/min搅拌速度下使用恒压滴液漏斗以每分钟3—5ml速度逐滴加入步骤2所得的体系中,最后旋蒸脱除丙酮,得到稳定乳液。
6.根据权利要求5所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中,聚四氢呋喃聚醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亲水性扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比为(0.005—0.006):(0.016—0.018):(0.0095—0.0098)。
7.根据权利要求5所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,硅烷偶联剂KH550用量为0.001—0.003摩尔份,丙酮用量为15—18质量份,冰乙酸用量为0.006—0.008摩尔份。
8.根据权利要求5所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4中,通过旋蒸脱除丙酮来调整稳定乳液中的固含量,优选得到固含量为30wt%左右的稳定乳液。
9.如权利要求1—4之一所述的阳离子水性聚氨酯—壳聚糖共混物在制备涂膜中的应用。
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