CN107081119B - Reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal through thermal plasma array - Google Patents
Reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal through thermal plasma array Download PDFInfo
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- CN107081119B CN107081119B CN201710211524.9A CN201710211524A CN107081119B CN 107081119 B CN107081119 B CN 107081119B CN 201710211524 A CN201710211524 A CN 201710211524A CN 107081119 B CN107081119 B CN 107081119B
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J19/002—Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects, e.g. avoiding explosions, or improving the yield by suppressing side-reactions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0837—Details relating to the material of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0841—Metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0871—Heating or cooling of the reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0881—Two or more materials
- B01J2219/0886—Gas-solid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
Abstract
A reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal with a thermal plasma array comprises a pulverized coal pre-dispersing section, a plasma array reaction section and a quenching section; a plurality of rows of plasma electrodes are arranged on the wall surface of one side of the plasma array reaction section, each row of electrodes consists of a plurality of electrodes, two adjacent rows of electrodes are arranged in parallel or in a staggered manner, and arc discharge is generated between the electrode pairs to form an array-shaped arc plasma field; the gas carrying coal powder passes through a coal powder pre-dispersing section, the uniformly distributed coal powder passes through an array-shaped arc plasma field formed by electrodes from top to bottom, the coal powder is quickly heated and reaches thermodynamic equilibrium instantly in a high-temperature environment to form acetylene-rich pyrolysis gas, and the acetylene product is obtained by enabling mixed materials passing through the plasma region to enter a subsequent reaction and separation unit. The invention has the characteristics of high coal powder cracking efficiency, high energy utilization efficiency, high acetylene content in the product, long-time stable operation and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of coal chemical industry and acetylene preparation, and particularly relates to a thermal plasma array reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal.
Background
Acetylene is an important basic organic chemical raw material. The industrial methods for producing acetylene mainly comprise a calcium carbide method, a methane partial oxidation method and a plasma cracking method, wherein the calcium carbide method is mature in acetylene process and occupies absolute proportion in industrial production, but the pollution and the energy consumption are relatively high. The technology for preparing acetylene by cracking coal with plasma has short process flow, does not need the high energy consumption process of preparing calcium carbide with limestone, further avoids the generation of calcium carbide slag, is a novel acetylene industrial manufacturing technology which is efficient, clean and water-saving, and is a novel and promising direct coal chemical conversion way.
Thermal plasmas can be conveniently generated by electric arc, microwave, and radio frequency methods, and the actual operating power can vary from the laboratory kilowatt level to the industrial scale of tens of megawatts. The thermal plasma has unique thermodynamic and transport properties, for example, the electric-thermal conversion efficiency is high, and a gas environment with the average temperature of 1.5 multiplied by 104K can be conveniently realized. The coal is subjected to three main processes of devolatilization, volatile component gas phase reaction, pyrolysis product quenching and the like in a hydrogen plasma pyrolysis reactor, and the whole process is generally completed within 10ms in a high-temperature environment with the average temperature of 1800-3500K, so that pyrolysis gas rich in acetylene is formed. After millisecond quenching, separation and purification, the high-temperature pyrolysis gas obtains gas-phase products such as acetylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethylene, methane and the like. One part of the hydrogen product is recycled, and the other part of the hydrogen product is used as an important byproduct of the process. The solid phase product discharged in the reaction process can be directly combusted for power supply or mixed with other coal types to be used as a coal gasification raw material.
GB1089092 discloses a method for preparing gaseous and solid products from bituminous coal particles by heating at 2000-3000 ℃ at high temperature in 1963, main products comprise acetylene and activated carbon, and the heating method is mainly characterized in that coal powder passes through an electric arc or plasma jet tail flame to obtain the bituminous coal. The rotary electric arc device of AVCO company in 80 s of 20 th century belongs to the former, and pulverized coal enters an arc area to be directly heated, so that the rotary electric arc device has good mixing efficiency. The former is also often used for cracking gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons as raw materials. Although the mixing before the generating device, that is, the reactants enter the arc zone, is beneficial to heating and mixing raw materials, can obtain high acetylene yield, is easy to damage electrodes, and has a more complex device structure.
CN201510777922.8 discloses a reaction device for producing acetylene by plasma cracking coal, in which coal powder is injected into a plasma jet zone in a vertical direction from the side, but because the plasma jet velocity is very high, it is difficult to sufficiently mix coal powder with plasma jet even if coal powder is injected at a high velocity. In addition, the size of the nozzle is limited by the high-speed injection of the pulverized coal, the nozzle is easily blocked by larger pulverized coal particles formed in the pulverizing process of the pulverized coal in the conveying process, dilute phase conveying is needed, and the energy consumption of the device is overlarge due to the introduction of excessive gas.
CN201610082986.0 discloses a reactor for producing acetylene by heating coal powder with electric arc, wherein the electric arc forms a plasma jet zone by adopting a central plasma torch and a plurality of plasma torches around the electric arc, and the coal powder is divided into a first coal powder nozzle and a second coal powder nozzle which are respectively sprayed into electric arc channels of the central plasma torch and the plurality of plasma torches around the electric arc. Due to the high-speed plasma jet, the coal powder is difficult to be fully mixed with the plasma jet in the arc channel, and after the coal powder enters the cavity of the reactor from the arc channel, the flowing space of the coal powder is enlarged, the speed is reduced, and the coal powder is more difficult to be fully mixed with the plasma jet, so that the coal powder cracking temperature is lower, and the acetylene yield is low.
CN201410787386.5 discloses an electric arc pyrolysis buggy system acetylene device, has arranged the multiunit electrode in the coplanar, and every group electrode comprises two electrodes that face to each other, and the first buggy nozzle is spouted into from the top middle part of every group electrode is vertical downwards, and the wall of second buggy nozzle below every group electrode is spouted into. Due to the high-speed plasma jet, the coal powder entering the first coal powder nozzle is difficult to effectively enter the plasma jet formed by each group of electrodes, most of the coal powder slides off the edge of the plasma jet, the coal powder entering the second coal powder nozzle is difficult to spray into the plasma jet, most of the coal powder slides off along the wall surface, the high temperature generated by the plasma is difficult to effectively utilize, and the acetylene yield is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal through the thermal plasma array can effectively mix pulverized coal with plasma jet flow, quickly heat the pulverized coal, instantaneously reach thermodynamic equilibrium in a high-temperature environment, form acetylene-rich cracked gas, and has the characteristics of high pulverized coal cracking efficiency, high energy utilization efficiency, high acetylene content in the balanced gas, long-time stable operation and the like.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal with a thermal plasma array comprises a pulverized coal pre-dispersing section, a plasma array reaction section and a quenching section; n rows of plasma electrodes are arranged on the wall surface of one side of the plasma array reaction section, each row comprises M or M +1 plasma electrodes, and the plasma electrodes in two adjacent rows are arranged correspondingly or in a staggered manner to form a plasma electrode array; the plasma electrodes on the two side wall surfaces are in one-to-one correspondence with the plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array, the polarities of the plasma electrodes are opposite, the corresponding plasma electrodes on the two side wall surfaces form electrode pairs, and arc discharge is generated between the electrode pairs to form an array-shaped arc plasma field; the gas carrying coal powder passes through a coal powder pre-dispersing section, is uniformly distributed and then is subjected to cracking reaction through a plasma array reaction section, and the reacted cracking product enters a quenching section for cooling; wherein N, M is a positive integer.
The pulverized coal pre-dispersing section preheats the mixture of the entering pulverized coal and gas in a wall surface or other internal heating modes; the coal dust flowing through the coal dust pre-dispersing section is uniformly distributed in space through the inner member arranged in the coal dust pre-dispersing section.
All the plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array are anodes or anodes and cathodes are staggered, and the electrodes of the two plasma electrodes corresponding to each other in position on the two side wall surfaces are opposite.
The row spacing between each row of plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array is 5-30 cm, and the spacing between each row of plasma electrodes is 5-30 cm.
The distance between the cathode and the anode of the electrode pair on the two side wall surfaces of the plasma array reaction section is 5-30 cm, the current between the electrode pair is 100-700A, preferably 500-600A, and the input power of each pair of electrodes is 100 kW-2 MW.
The plasma electrode adopts a graphite electrode or a metal electrode, and can move.
Gas is fed around the rod-shaped plasma electrode, and the fed gas is hydrogen or gas consisting of hydrocarbon.
A wall gas nozzle or a wall slit is arranged between plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array on the wall surface of the plasma array reaction section, protective gas or cracking raw material is fed in by gas injection or any other mode, and the protective gas is water vapor and CO2Shielding gas, hydrogen gas or hydrocarbon gas.
The quenching section is provided with a nozzle or a slit, and quenching medium is sprayed in through the nozzle or the slit and adopts water, hydrocarbon or coal powder.
N is 2-10, and M is 2-20.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the plasma jet array can form a uniform high-temperature field in a larger space, and the plasma jets of the coal powder can be fully mixed when the coal powder passes through the plasma jet array from top to bottom, so that the coal powder can reach thermodynamic equilibrium at the highest temperature possible, and the acetylene concentration in the equilibrium cracked gas is high;
(2) according to the invention, the coal powder carried by gas does not need to enter the plasma jet at a high speed to ensure that the coal powder and the plasma jet are fully mixed, so that the gas quantity of the coal powder carried by the gas entering the reactor is reduced, the high-grade energy loss of the plasma jet is reduced, the energy utilization rate is high, and the economic benefit is good;
(3) the plasma electrode in the invention adopts a push type electrode, and the electrode can be compensated by horizontal push after being continuously lost along with the discharge time, thereby ensuring the long-time operation of the plasma reactor;
(4) the gas nozzle is arranged on the wall surface of the reactor at the lower part of the plasma electrode, the sprayed cooling gas can protect the wall surface of the reactor, the damage of the wall surface of the reactor is avoided, and the reactor can run for a long time.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a thermal plasma array reactor for cracking coal to acetylene.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a half-section of one side of a plasma array reaction section of a thermal plasma array coal cracking acetylene reactor.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a half-section on the other side of a plasma array reaction section of a thermal plasma array coal cracking acetylene reactor.
Detailed Description
The method provided by the present invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and many devices such as a compressor, a valve, a pressure control device, a temperature control device, etc. are omitted from the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a thermal plasma array reactor for cracking coal to produce acetylene. Fig. 2 and fig. 3 are half-sectional schematic diagrams of a plasma array reaction section of a thermal plasma array coal cracking acetylene reactor provided by the invention.
A reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal with a thermal plasma array comprises a pulverized coal pre-dispersing section 1, a plasma array reaction section 2 and a quenching section 3; as shown in fig. 2 and 3, N rows of plasma electrodes 4, 4' are arranged on one side wall surface of the plasma array reaction section 2, each row includes M or M +1 plasma electrodes 4, 4', and the plasma electrodes 4, 4' in two adjacent rows are arranged correspondingly or alternatively to form a plasma electrode array; the plasma electrodes 4 and 4' on the opposite side wall surfaces are in one-to-one correspondence with the plasma electrodes 4 and 4' in the plasma electrode array, the polarities are opposite, the corresponding plasma electrodes 4 and 4' on the two side wall surfaces form electrode pairs, arc discharge is generated between the electrode pairs, and an array-shaped arc plasma field 9 is formed; the gas carrying coal dust 5 passes through the coal dust pre-dispersing section 1, is uniformly distributed and then is subjected to cracking reaction through the plasma array reaction section 2, and the reacted cracking product enters the quenching section 3 for cooling; wherein N, M is a positive integer;
the hydrogen or hydrocarbon gas carries the coal powder to enter the coal powder pre-dispersing section 1 from the inlet of the reactor, the coal powder can be uniformly distributed in the space in the pre-dispersing section through the inner component 6, and the coal powder is preheated to a certain temperature. Preferably, the inner member 6 of the pulverized coal pre-dispersion section 1 can adopt one or more layers of deflector-type distributors.
Uniformly distributed and preheated coal powder and gas 5 pass through an array-shaped arc plasma jet flow field 9 formed by a plurality of groups of electrode pairs from top to bottom, and after coal powder particles are contacted with plasma jet flow, the coal powder particles are heated rapidly within several milliseconds to tens of milliseconds, and volatile components are released to generate small molecular hydrocarbons such as acetylene, ethylene and the like. The plasma jet generated by each pair of plasma electrodes 4 and 4' has high speed, and the coal powder is difficult to directly enter the central area of the plasma jet, so that the plasma jet field generated by a single or a plurality of single plasma electrodes is difficult to realize the full mixing of the coal powder and the plasma jet, the heating temperature of coal powder particles is low, the equilibrium temperature of hydrocarbon substances in volatile matters is low, and the acetylene concentration in equilibrium gas is low. Through arranging a plurality of groups of electrodes into an array shape, the formed array-shaped arc plasma jet flow field 9 can realize the sufficient mixing of coal powder particles and plasma jet flow through a plurality of plasma jet flows which are arranged in a staggered mode, the coal powder particles are finally heated to 2000-3500K, and acetylene gas in balance gas reaches higher concentration.
The wall surface of the upper or lower space of each row of plasma electrodes in the inner space of the plasma array reaction section 2 is provided with a wall surface gas nozzle or slit 7 which can inject water vapor or CO2The protective gas 8 or the cracking raw material can be coal powder, so that the wall surface of the reactor is prevented from being damaged by a high-temperature field formed by plasma jet. The plasma electrode pair 4, 4 'composed of graphite electrode or metal electrode can be moved or replaced, when the plasma electrode pair 4, 4' is continuously consumed under the high temperature state, the electrode pair can be gradually moved into the reactor, thereby ensuring the stable operation of the reactor for a long time. Gas is fed around the plasma electrodes 4 and 4', the fed gas is hydrogen or hydrocarbon, and the fed gas is used for distributing heat generated by electric arc in the plasma array reaction section 2. The substances passing through the plasma array reaction section 2 are fully mixed with the quenching medium 11 sprayed into the reactor space through the nozzles or slits 10 on the wall surface in the quenching section 3, and the high-temperature cracking products are rapidly cooled to the temperature required by the subsequent working section.
The present invention has not been described in detail, partly as is known to the person skilled in the art.
Claims (4)
1. A reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal through a thermal plasma array is characterized in that: comprises a coal dust pre-dispersing section (1), a plasma array reaction section (2) and a quenching section (3); n rows of plasma electrodes are arranged on the wall surface of one side of the plasma array reaction section (2), each row comprises M or M +1 plasma electrodes, and the plasma electrodes in two adjacent rows are arranged correspondingly or in a staggered mode to form a plasma electrode array; the plasma electrodes on the opposite side wall surfaces correspond to the plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array in position one by one, the polarities are opposite, the corresponding plasma electrodes on the two side wall surfaces form electrode pairs, arc discharge is generated between the electrode pairs, and an array-shaped arc plasma field (9) is formed; the gas carrying coal dust (5) passes through the coal dust pre-dispersing section (1), is uniformly distributed and then is subjected to cracking reaction through the plasma array reaction section (2), and the reacted cracking product enters the quenching section (3) for cooling; wherein N, M is a positive integer;
the pulverized coal pre-dispersing section (1) preheats an entering pulverized coal and gas mixture (5) in a wall surface or other internal heating modes; the coal dust flowing through the coal dust pre-dispersing section (1) is uniformly distributed in space through an inner member (6) arranged in the coal dust pre-dispersing section (1);
all the plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array are anodes or anodes and cathodes are staggered, and the electrodes of the two plasma electrodes corresponding to each other in position on the two side wall surfaces are opposite;
the plasma electrode is a graphite electrode or a metal electrode and can move;
gas is fed around the plasma electrode, and the fed gas is hydrogen or gas consisting of hydrocarbon;
a wall surface gas nozzle or a wall surface slit (7) is arranged between plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array on the wall surface of the plasma array reaction section (2), protective gas (8) or cracking raw materials are fed in by gas injection or any other mode, and the protective gas (8) is water vapor and CO2Shielding gas, hydrogen gas or gas composed of hydrocarbon;
n is 2-10, and M is 2-20.
2. The reactor for preparing acetylene by cracking coal through the thermal plasma array according to claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises: the row spacing between each row of plasma electrodes in the plasma electrode array is 5-30 cm, and the spacing between each row of plasma electrodes is 5-30 cm.
3. The reactor for cracking coal to acetylene by using the thermal plasma array as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: the distance between a cathode and an anode in electrode pairs on the two side wall surfaces of the plasma array reaction section (2) is 5-30 cm, the current between the electrode pairs is 100-700A, and the input power of each pair of electrodes is 100 kW-2 MW.
4. The reactor for cracking coal to acetylene by using the thermal plasma array as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: the quenching section (3) is provided with a nozzle or a slit (10), a quenching medium (11) is sprayed through the nozzle or the slit (10), and the quenching medium (11) adopts water, hydrocarbon or coal powder.
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2388305A2 (en) * | 2010-05-17 | 2011-11-23 | TerraNova Energy GmbH | Thermal exploitation of solid fuels |
| CN104451762A (en) * | 2014-12-17 | 2015-03-25 | 中国科学技术大学先进技术研究院 | Device for preparing acetylene through pulverized coal pyrolysis by electric arc |
| CN204365271U (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2015-06-03 | 郭文康 | Magnetize many arc heats plasma bed shaped reaction device |
| CN105782965A (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2016-07-20 | 烟台龙源电力技术股份有限公司 | Heat accumulating type combustor |
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2017
- 2017-04-01 CN CN201710211524.9A patent/CN107081119B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2388305A2 (en) * | 2010-05-17 | 2011-11-23 | TerraNova Energy GmbH | Thermal exploitation of solid fuels |
| CN204365271U (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2015-06-03 | 郭文康 | Magnetize many arc heats plasma bed shaped reaction device |
| CN104451762A (en) * | 2014-12-17 | 2015-03-25 | 中国科学技术大学先进技术研究院 | Device for preparing acetylene through pulverized coal pyrolysis by electric arc |
| CN105782965A (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2016-07-20 | 烟台龙源电力技术股份有限公司 | Heat accumulating type combustor |
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