CN107060745B - Simulate the experimental provision of compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation - Google Patents
Simulate the experimental provision of compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation Download PDFInfo
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- CN107060745B CN107060745B CN201710261455.2A CN201710261455A CN107060745B CN 107060745 B CN107060745 B CN 107060745B CN 201710261455 A CN201710261455 A CN 201710261455A CN 107060745 B CN107060745 B CN 107060745B
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- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001074085 Scophthalmus aquosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/32—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring the deformation in a solid
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of experimental provision for simulating compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation, including two bases, two base common rotations support simulation wellbore hole, end cap is installed at simulation wellbore hole both ends, the arrangement test casing short joint inside simulation wellbore hole, tests between casing short joint and simulation wellbore hole and forms toroidal cavity；Wedged hole is set on the side wall of simulation wellbore hole, simulated defect sphenoid is clamped in wedged hole, cavity is formed between simulated defect sphenoid and test casing short joint；One end covers setting tubular connection wherein, and tubular connection is connected with fluid source, and first pressure sensor is set on another end cap, and the measurement end of first pressure sensor stretches into the inside of test casing short joint；In the small end installation second pressure sensor and temperature sensor of simulated defect sphenoid, the measurement end of second pressure sensor and temperature sensor stretches into cavity；The liquid injection hole communicated with cavity is set in the small end of simulated defect sphenoid.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of experimental provision for simulating compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation, belong to oil
Gas development technique field.
Background technology
Unconventional densification oil gas (such as shale gas, tight sand oil/gas) is typical marginal petroleum resources, most significant spy
Point is low hole, hypotonic, difficult employs, it is necessary to could form production capacity by massive hydraulic fracture transformation.However, in volume fracturing process
In, casing will bear huge fluid internal pressure and warm change effect drastically, especially in the higher region of crustal stress, construction pump pressure
Close to 90MPa, casing deformation damage problem becomes very prominent.Petrochina has completed Changning, the page of Weiyuan two in the Sichuan Basin
Rock gas block well more than 100 time fracturing reform, the ratio of wherein horizontal well casing pipe deformation are up to 33%, occur in volume fracturing mistake
Cheng Zhong, causes subsequent construction smoothly tripping in bridge plug, brill cannot grind bridge plug, has seriously affected the Efficient Development of shale gas.
In the exploitation of China's conventional gas and oil, casing damage problem is also commonplace, it is considered that, casing damage has following original
Cause：1. unreasonable design of casing string, particularly less than normal in salt constituent, mud shale stratum, design load；2. perforation causes casing strong
Degree reduces, and accelerates casing damage；3. the outer corrosion of casing makes cased perforated cause internal corrosion, corrosion makes casing more fragile；
4. sand production in oil, solid mass per liter, casing imperfection etc. damage casing；5. development scheme is unreasonable.In the U.S., casing damaged well is mainly sent out
It is raw the Bell Li Ji oil fields of California, Williston oil field, Sai Dakelike oil fields, it is small how husband oil field etc..Bell Li Ji oil fields
It is own at past 20 years to find more than 1000 mouthfuls of casing damaged well；Set damage main cause be the seventies excessive exploitation cause significantly to be laminated
It is real, there are 100 multiple wells to find casing damage every year.Casing damage type is axial compression and shearing.Axial compression destruction be
Caused by production period, and failure by shear is at settling zone edge.Cannot rationally it be solved using above-mentioned traditional sleeve damage theory
The casing damage problem during unconventional compact reservoir fractured horizontal well under complex working condition is released, main cause is as follows：1. shale
Gas reservoir is different from gypsum-salt stratum, mudstone stratum, in a short time generally without considering formation creep load；2. the active time of casing is simultaneously
Do not grow, its bulk strength will not be reduced because of the factor such as external corrosion, internal erosion；3. casing damage does not occur in perforated interval,
Casing strength is caused to reduce relation with perforation little；4. region does not carry out oil and gas development also, there is no formation compaction settlement issues.
In addition, many scholars are considered in fracturing process that casing caused by the changing of the relative positions of stratum damages at present still, why together,
Belong in regional (Fuling shale gas) fracturing process of burnt masonry dam of Chongqing of Sichuan competent structure band and do not occur casing deformation problemPartial open
Well, after carrying out first segment pressure break, why there occurs casing deformation for horizontal segment many placesThese problems cannot utilize the stratum changing of the relative positions
Viewpoint is explained.
In conclusion the pipe source of damage during unconventional compact reservoir fractured horizontal well is explored up for further,
It is actual that inventor is based on engineering, it is proposed that horizontal segment well cementation defect causes local annular pressure in debt, and then induces casing deformation
Viewpoint, and carried out relative theory analysis (Wei Yan, 2017, JPSE.150:22-29), in order to further prove the viewpoint
Reasonability, inventor devise it is a kind of simulate compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation experimental provision, with
Phase explores the reason for unconventional compact reservoir pressure break casing damages from experimental viewpoint, and the unconventional cause in high stress area is solved to be final
Close reservoir-level well pressure break casing deformation problem provides theory support.
The content of the invention
In view of the above-mentioned problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide one kind to simulate compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing
The experimental provision of casing deformation.
To achieve the above object, the present invention uses following technical scheme：One kind simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect
Induce the experimental provision of casing deformation, it is characterised in that：Including two spaced apart bases, two base common rotations
Simulation wellbore hole is supported, end cap is detachably arranged respectively at the both ends of the simulation wellbore hole, it is same in the inside of the simulation wellbore hole
Axis arrangement test casing short joint, the test casing short joint are removably connected with two end caps, and the test casing is short
Connect and form toroidal cavity between the simulation wellbore hole；It is provided with that internal orifice is big, collar extension is small on the side wall of the simulation wellbore hole
Wedged hole, in the wedged hole clamp simulated defect sphenoid, the lateral wall profile of the simulated defect sphenoid with it is described
Wedged hole matches；Groove is set in the big end of the simulated defect sphenoid, the recess edge is arc surface, the arc surface
Being bonded with the test casing short joint makes to form cavity between the simulated defect sphenoid and the test casing short joint；At it
In tubular connection is set on an end cap, the inside of test casing short joint is stretched into one end of the tubular connection, separately
One end is connected by topping-up pump with fluid source, and first pressure sensor, the first pressure are set on another described end cap
The measurement end of sensor stretches into the inside of the test casing short joint；In the second pressure of small end installation of the simulated defect sphenoid
Force snesor and temperature sensor, the measurement end of the second pressure sensor and temperature sensor stretch into the cavity；Institute
The small end for stating simulated defect sphenoid sets the liquid injection hole communicated with the cavity.
Further, one protective cover is set in the outside of each end cap, the protective cover is by two semicircles
Lid is formed, and two semicircle lids are slidably arranged on a guide rail by pulley, and two guide rails are in parallel
It is distributed and is respectively separated the outside for being arranged in the base；When two semicircle lids fasten, the protective cover covers
The end cap；There are multiple bolts hole the side of the end cap is circumferentially distributed, set on the side of the semicircle lid
There is positioning bolt hole.
Further, the simulation wellbore hole uses metallic cylinder.
Further, the both ends of the test casing short joint are connected through a screw thread with the end cap.
Further, explosive valve and pressure release silk plug are installed on the end cap where the first pressure sensor.
Further, the tubular connection uses hollow studs, and pressure is set on the hollow studs
Control valve.
Further, relief valve is installed in the small end of the simulated defect sphenoid.
Further, pressure gauge 21 is put in the first pressure covers disposed on sensor, is also set on the tubular connection
Pressure gauge.
Further, gasket is set between the end cap and the simulation wellbore hole, in the end cap and the test suite
Gasket seal is set between pipe short circuit.
Due to taking above technical scheme, it has the following advantages the present invention：1st, the present invention proposes a set of including simulation
Pit shaft, test casing short joint, drive end bearing bracket, rear end cap, preceding protective cover, rear defence protecting cover, simulated defect sphenoid, the experiment dress of base
Put, the experimental method implemented using the experimental provision can preferably reduce the mistake for the casing deformation that well cementation defect is induced
Journey, thus, it is possible to for further explore the reason for unconventional compact reservoir pressure break casing damages provides data basis and analyze according to
According to.2nd, the present invention is respectively arranged protective cover at the both ends of simulation wellbore hole, and protective cover can cover two end caps, thus in test
It can play the role of security mask, prevent forward and backward end cap from being ejected because of high pressure, and the fluid splash in test casing short joint
And go out.3rd, the present invention installs pressure release silk plug on the end cap where first pressure sensor, it acts as pressure release, therefore can make
High-pressure fluid is successfully pumped into test casing short joint.4th, the present invention installs relief valve in the small end of simulated defect sphenoid,
It acts as pressure release, therefore completion fluid can be enable to be smoothly injecting into cavity.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the dimensional structure diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the present invention looks up structural representation of the present invention；
Fig. 3 be in Fig. 2 A-A to schematic cross-sectional view；
Fig. 4 is the structure diagram of simulated defect sphenoid of the present invention；
Fig. 5 is the dimensional structure diagram for the end cap that the present invention is provided with first pressure sensor；
Fig. 6 is the main structure diagram for the end cap that the present invention is provided with first pressure sensor；
Fig. 7 is the side structure schematic view for the end cap that the present invention is provided with first pressure sensor.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
As shown in Figures 1 to 3, the present invention includes two spaced apart bases 1, two 1 common rotation of base support simulations
Pit shaft 2, end cap 3 is detachably arranged at the both ends of simulation wellbore hole 2 respectively, in the coaxially arranged test suite in the inside of simulation wellbore hole 2
Pipe short circuit 4, test casing short joint 4 are removably connected with two end caps 3, test between casing short joint 4 and simulation wellbore hole 2 and formed
Toroidal cavity 5.The wedged hole that internal orifice is big, collar extension is small is provided with the side wall of simulation wellbore hole 2, simulation is clamped in wedged hole and is lacked
Sphenoid 6 is fallen into, the lateral wall profile of simulated defect sphenoid 6 is matched with wedged hole, is set in the big end of simulated defect sphenoid 6
Groove, recess edge are arc surface (as shown in Figure 4), arc surface be bonded with test casing short joint 4 make simulated defect sphenoid 6 and
Cavity 7 is formed between test casing short joint.Tubular connection 8, one end of tubular connection 8 are set on an end cap 3 wherein
The inside of test casing short joint 4 is stretched into, the other end is connected by topping-up pump (not shown) with fluid source.In another end cap
First pressure sensor 9 is set on 3, and the measurement end of first pressure sensor 9 stretches into the inside of test casing short joint 4.Simulating
The small end installation second pressure sensor 10 and temperature sensor 11 of defect sphenoid 6, wherein, second pressure sensor 10 and temperature
The measurement end of degree sensor 11 stretches into cavity 7.The liquid injection hole 12 communicated with cavity 7 is set in the small end of simulated defect sphenoid 6.
The use process of experimental provision of the present invention is as follows：Rotary simulation pit shaft 2, makes the small end court of simulated defect sphenoid 6
On, the outer wall that simulated defect sphenoid 6 makes it be close to test casing short joint 4 is compressed downwards, at this time simulated defect sphenoid 6 and mould
Intend forming gap between the wedged hole of pit shaft 2, toroidal cavity 5 is filled by cement mortar by gap.After cement mortar solidification, rotation
Turn about 90 ° of simulation wellbore hole 2, make 6 holding of simulated defect sphenoid horizontal, the fluid injection with compression pump by simulated defect sphenoid 6
Completion fluid is injected to certain pressure in hole 12 to cavity 7.Continue 2 about 90 ° of rotary simulation pit shaft afterwards, make simulated defect sphenoid 6
Small end downward, high-pressure fluid into test casing short joint 4 is injected to design pressure by tubular connection 8 using topping-up pump,
During injection, record and preserve the number of first pressure sensor 9, second pressure sensor 10 and temperature sensor 11
According to.After experiment stops, various components are dismantled, removes and records the deformation of test casing short joint 4, combination pressure, temperature number
Analyzed according to further casing deformation is done.
In above-described embodiment, a protective cover is set in the outside of each end cap 3, and protective cover is by two semicircle lids
13 are formed, and two semicircle lids 13 are slidably arranged on a guide rail 15 by pulley 14, and two guide rails 15 are in parallel point
Cloth and it is respectively separated the outside for being arranged in base 1.When two semicircle lids 13 fasten, it can cover end cap 3, test
During play the role of safety curtain, prevent the pop-up of two 3 high pressures of end cap, or prevent end cap eyelet seal failure, fluid
Splash.There are multiple bolts hole the side of end cap 3 is circumferentially distributed, positioning bolt is provided with the side of semicircle lid 13
Hole.In experimentation, after simulation wellbore hole 2 is rotated to required angle, make the suitable bolt of positioning bolt hole and end cap 3
Hole is alignd, and is then the angle locking that can be achieved to simulation wellbore hole 2 by bolt.
In above-described embodiment, simulation wellbore hole 2 uses metallic cylinder, for dummy level wellbore.
In above-described embodiment, the both ends of test casing short joint 4 are connected through a screw thread with end cap 3.
In above-described embodiment, as shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 5~7, explosion is installed on the end cap 3 where first pressure sensor 9
Valve 17 and pressure release silk plug 18, wherein, pressure release silk plug 18 is used for pressure release, in order to which high-pressure fluid can smoothly be pumped into test casing
In short circuit 4.
In above-described embodiment, tubular connection 8 can use hollow studs, it is easy to and end cap 3 and fluid delivery tube
Line is connected.Further, pressure-control valve 19 is set on hollow studs, it is used to be pumped into the process of high-pressure fluid
Middle implementation pressure control.
In above-described embodiment, relief valve is installed in the small end of simulated defect sphenoid 6, relief valve may be mounted at simulation
In relief hole 24 on defect sphenoid 6, relief valve is used for pressure release, in order to which completion fluid can be smoothly injected into cavity 7.
In above-described embodiment, as shown in fig. 6, pressure gauge 21 is set on first pressure sensor 11, in tubular connection 8
On pressure gauge 21 is also set, easy to be intuitively read out to pressure value.
In above-described embodiment, as shown in figure 3, gasket 22 is set between end cap 3 and simulation wellbore hole 2, in end cap 3 and test
Gasket seal 23 is set between casing short joint 4.
In above-described embodiment, simulated defect sphenoid 6 has certain thickness, ensures the big end of simulated defect sphenoid 6
After being contacted with test casing short joint 4, ensure that the small end of simulated defect sphenoid 6 is higher by 2 outside wall surface of simulation wellbore hole about 1cm.
The present invention is only illustrated with above-described embodiment, and structure, setting position and its connection of each component are all to have
Changed.On the basis of technical solution of the present invention, improvement or be equal that all principles according to the present invention carry out individual part
Conversion, should not exclude outside protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
- A kind of 1. experimental provision for simulating compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation, it is characterised in that：Including two A spaced apart base, two base common rotation support simulation wellbore holes, respectively can at the both ends of the simulation wellbore hole End cap is removably installed, in the coaxially arranged test casing short joint in the inside of the simulation wellbore hole, the test casing short joint and two A end cap is removably connected, and toroidal cavity is formed between the test casing short joint and the simulation wellbore hole；Described The wedged hole that internal orifice is big, collar extension is small is provided with the side wall of simulation wellbore hole, simulated defect sphenoid is clamped in the wedged hole, The lateral wall profile of the simulated defect sphenoid is matched with the wedged hole；Set in the big end of the simulated defect sphenoid Groove, the recess edge are arc surface, and the arc surface is bonded with the test casing short joint makes the simulated defect wedge shape Cavity is formed between body and the test casing short joint；Tubular connection, the tubulose are set on an end cap wherein The inside of test casing short joint is stretched into one end of connector, and the other end is connected by topping-up pump with fluid source, described in another First pressure sensor is set on end cap, and the measurement end of the first pressure sensor stretches into the interior of the test casing short joint Portion；Second pressure sensor and temperature sensor, the second pressure sensing are installed in the small end of the simulated defect sphenoid The measurement end of device and temperature sensor stretches into the cavity；Set and the cavity phase in the small end of the simulated defect sphenoid Logical liquid injection hole.
- 2. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：One protective cover is set in the outside of each end cap, the protective cover is made of two semicircle lids, and two A semicircle lid is slidably arranged on a guide rail by pulley, and two guide rails are between parallel distribution and difference Every the outside for being arranged in the base；When two semicircle lids fasten, the protective cover covers the end cap；Institute State end cap side it is circumferentially distributed have multiple bolts hole, be provided with positioning bolt hole on the side of the semicircle lid.
- 3. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：The simulation wellbore hole uses metallic cylinder.
- 4. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：The both ends of the test casing short joint are connected through a screw thread with the end cap.
- 5. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：Explosive valve and pressure release silk plug are installed on the end cap where the first pressure sensor.
- 6. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：The tubular connection uses hollow studs, and pressure-control valve is set on the hollow studs.
- 7. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：Relief valve is installed in the small end of the simulated defect sphenoid.
- 8. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：Pressure gauge is put in the first pressure covers disposed on sensor, pressure gauge is also set on the tubular connection.
- 9. the experimental provision of simulation compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation as claimed in claim 1, it is special Sign is：Gasket is set between the end cap and the simulation wellbore hole, between the end cap and the test casing short joint Gasket seal is set.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710261455.2A CN107060745B (en) | 2017-04-20 | 2017-04-20 | Simulate the experimental provision of compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation |
| PCT/CN2017/082842 WO2018192008A1 (en) | 2017-04-20 | 2017-05-03 | Simulation test system and method for cementing defect-induced local deformation of fracturing casing |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201710261455.2A CN107060745B (en) | 2017-04-20 | 2017-04-20 | Simulate the experimental provision of compact reservoir horizontal cementing defect inducing casing deformation |
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| CN107060745A CN107060745A (en) | 2017-08-18 |
| CN107060745B true CN107060745B (en) | 2018-04-27 |
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| CN110219645B (en) * | 2019-07-16 | 2021-03-30 | 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 | Formation thermal boundary simulation system and method |
| CN111127997B (en) * | 2020-02-14 | 2022-03-08 | 东北石油大学 | Variable inclination angle shaft gas-liquid two-phase flow experiment device |
| CN113465569B (en) * | 2021-06-02 | 2022-03-25 | 王艳彦 | Civil engineering structure deformation monitoring devices |
| CN113550727B (en) * | 2021-08-25 | 2022-10-21 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Method for calculating strength of volume fracturing sleeve in fracture development area |
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| GB2069154B (en) * | 1979-02-06 | 1983-11-16 | Leyland Vehicles | Hydrostatic load cell |
| CN202991008U (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2013-06-12 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Dynamometric device for simulating mechanical characteristic of bottom-hole assembly |
| CN103234508B (en) * | 2013-04-02 | 2015-10-28 | 华东理工大学 | The measurement of high-temperature pipe circumferential deformation is extended device |
| CN103267689A (en) * | 2013-05-07 | 2013-08-28 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Pipe hydrobulging forming limit diagram construction method and test apparatus |
| CN203996397U (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2014-12-10 | 蒂森克虏伯富奥汽车转向柱(长春)有限公司 | A kind of steering column |
| CN104153760B (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2016-08-24 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Oil/gas Well cement sheath sealing characteristics simulating test device and experimental technique |
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