CN107056614A - 一种金银合金催化剂的制备及其用于气相光催化甲醇和乙醇一次性合成多种酯类的方法 - Google Patents
一种金银合金催化剂的制备及其用于气相光催化甲醇和乙醇一次性合成多种酯类的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/39—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by oxidation of groups which are precursors for the acid moiety of the ester
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
- B01J23/52—Gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/39—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by oxidation of groups which are precursors for the acid moiety of the ester
- C07C67/40—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by oxidation of groups which are precursors for the acid moiety of the ester by oxidation of primary alcohols
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种金银合金催化剂的制备及其用于气相光催化甲醇和乙醇一次性合成多种酯类的方法,提供了一种二氧化钛负载的纳米金银催化剂的制备方法及其在气相条件下光催化部分氧化甲醇和乙醇制备甲酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯等的应用。以锐钛矿型或锐钛矿与少量金红石的混相二氧化钛为载体,以可溶性金盐和可溶性银盐为前驱体,硼氢化钠为还原剂,制备二氧化钛负载的纳米金银合金催化剂,该催化剂在紫外光照射下,可以在含氧气氛中将甲醇与乙醇混合气体部分氧化成甲酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯等产物。所制备的催化剂具有稳定性好,甲醇与乙醇转化率高,总酯类选择性高的特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种光催化剂的制备及其在低温下气相光催化部分氧化乙醇和甲醇制备多种酯类产物的应用,属能源化工和精细化工领域,提供催化剂的制备方法和催化反应条件。
背景技术
甲酸甲酯被誉为“万能的化学中间体”,可用于生产甲酸、甲酰胺以及其他几十种化工产品,也可直接用作杀虫剂、杀菌剂、熏蒸剂、烟草处理剂和汽油添加剂[G. Jenner.Appl. Catal. A. 1995, 121, 25-44]。传统的甲酸甲酯生产方法主要有甲醇酯化法、甲醇羰基化法、甲醇脱氢法和合成气一步法,其中甲醇脱氢法包括甲醇直接脱氢和氧化脱氢两种方法。酯化法工艺落后、生产成本高、设备腐蚀严重,生产工艺基本淘汰;羰基化法反应压力高(4.0MPa)、工艺复杂、催化剂甲醇钠易水解堵塞管路且生产成本高;合成气一步法反应压力高(美国大于0.69MPa,国内4.0-5.0MPa)。
与其他传统方法相比,传统的甲醇脱氢法具有原料单一、反应条件温和、反应选择性和活性高、设备投资低等优点,因而受到广泛关注。但常用的催化剂最佳反应温度比较高(约280℃),不能满足低能耗的要求。
H. Kominami 等[H. Kominami, et al. Chem. Comm. 2010, 11, 426-429.]报道了使用锐钛矿型二氧化钛在紫外光条件下实现了从甲醇到甲酸甲酯的气相氧化脱氢反应,室温下(25℃)甲酸甲酯转化率近10%,选择性超过91%。杨绪壮等报道利用负载的银催化剂在液相条件下实现甲醇到甲酸甲酯的转化[Xuzhuang Yang, et al. CatalysisCommunications. 2014, 43, 192-196]。
乙酸甲酯的生产主要有以乙醇和甲酸为原料的直接酯化法、以甲醇为原料的甲醇羰基化法和甲醇脱氢法以及二甲醚羰基化法等。直接酯化法要采用硫酸或固体酸做催化剂,其他几种方法反应温度一般在200℃以上,压力几兆帕到几十兆帕不等[吴文炳等,醋酸甲酯合成研究新进展, 天然气化工, 2004,29. C. Zuo, et. al,Industrial &Engineering Chemistry Research,2014,53, 10540-10548. H. Xue, et al,Industrial& Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52, 11510-11515.],副产物较多。甲酸乙酯一般以甲酸和乙醇为原料用硫酸做催化剂直接酯化生产,污染严重。乙酸甲酯和甲酸乙酯的研究报道较少。
乙酸乙酯是应用广泛的脂肪酸酯之一,具有优异的溶解性、快干性,最大的
作用是作为有机溶剂。乙酸乙酯还被广泛用于合成橡胶工业、乙烯树脂纤维素、乙酸酯纤维素、乙酸丁酯、乙基纤维、硝酸纤维等产品的生产。[刘冲等编.石油化工手册(三).北京:化学工业出版社,1987: P259.]。[程能林,胡声闻.溶剂手册(下册)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1987:14-15]。
乙酸乙酯合成方法通常有直接酯化法,乙醛缩合法,乙醇催化脱氢法,乙酸
/乙烯合成酯化法等。其中直接酯化法存在以下缺点:反应温度高、乙酸利用率低、易发生副反应;同时生产过程中由于催化剂浓硫酸的强腐蚀性,导致设备腐蚀严重,废液污染环境,副产物处理困难,导致生产成本高。乙醛缩合法受原料乙醛的限制,催化剂难制备、易水解、反应过程需冷却。
发明内容
本发明的目的主要是提供一种反应温度在15—50℃,在气相和光照条件下能够将甲醇和乙醇混合气部分氧化成甲酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯等产物的高效二氧化钛负载的纳米金光催化剂制备方法及应用。
本发明首次将AuAg-TiO2光催化剂用于气相光催化部分氧化甲醇和乙醇制备多种酯类化合物的反应。实验结果表明,催化剂具有较高的甲醇和乙醇转化率和总酯类的选择性。在实验温度范围内和光照条件下,甲醇和乙醇转化率均达到80%以上,总酯类化合物选择性高达80%以上,副产物有少量乙烯、乙醛和丙酮。
本发明的催化剂AuAg-TiO2由1-10%的金银合金和90-99%(摩尔比)的二氧化钛构成,二氧化钛晶型为锐钛矿型或锐钛矿与少量(低于25%)金红石混相构成。
本发明催化剂的制备方法是采用化学还原法制备。
制备方法如下。
(1)取一定量的可溶性银盐和可溶性金盐,均用蒸馏水配置成0.005mol/L的溶液。
(2)以Ag:NaBH4=5:6(摩尔比)称取适量硼氢化钠,溶于预先冰欲冷却的蒸馏水中,称取一定量的二氧化钛超声分散于上述硼氢化钠水溶液中。
(3)保持冰欲冷却继续搅拌下将步骤(1)配置的硝酸银水溶液逐滴加入步骤(2)得到的混合溶液中,滴加完成后继续搅拌30min,停止搅拌并且静置24h。
(4)离心除去上清液后将得到的固体再分散于蒸馏水中,不断搅拌下逐滴加入适量步骤(1)所配置的可溶性金溶液,继续搅拌30min。
(5)离心分离,用浓氨水、蒸馏水、乙醇洗涤,60℃下干燥,400℃煅烧1h后得到催化剂。
本发明的催化剂比表面积与二氧化钛前体的比表面积接近,一般在50-300m2/g。
如上所述的二氧化钛可以是商用混相二氧化钛P25、商用锐钛矿型二氧化钛ST-01或者自制锐钛矿型或锐钛矿与金红石的混相二氧化钛。
如上所述的可溶性银盐可以是硝酸银、醋酸银、高氯酸银、氟化银,可溶性金盐可以是氯金酸、醋酸金。
本发明的催化剂应用于气相甲醇与乙醇混合气光催化部分氧化制甲酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯等产物反应方法如下:
催化剂粉末喷涂在固体表面上,该固体可以是玻璃、不锈钢、塑料、陶瓷,光源为紫外光或太阳光,反应温度为15-50℃, 原料气中甲醇、乙醇体积含量分别为1-3%,甲醇/乙醇/氧气比为CH3OH:CH3CH2OH:O2=1:1:2-2:1:3,平衡气为氮气,空速100-400 l﹒g-1﹒h-1。
本发明与已有技术相比具有以下创新与特点。
首次将AuAg-TiO2催化剂用于气相光催化甲醇和乙醇部分氧化制多种酯类化合物的反应。
催化反应温度为15-50℃,是目前甲醇和乙醇气相氧化制多种酯类化合物的工艺中反应温度最低操作条件。
附图说明
图1为制备的AuAg-TiO2光催化剂的固体紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)图
图2为制备的AuAg-TiO2光催化剂的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱
图3为制备的AuAg-TiO2光催化剂的透射电子显微镜(TEM)图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,本发明包括但不限于下面的实施例。
称取0.0145 g NaBH4,将其溶于100 ml预先冰欲冷却的蒸馏水中,称取0.5 g二氧化钛粉末超声分散于上述溶于中,在剧烈搅拌下逐滴加入64 ml 0.005 mol/L AgNO3水溶液继续搅拌30 min,停止搅拌并且静置24 h,离心分离,除去上清液,将得到的固体再分散于蒸馏水中,不断搅拌下继续加入16 ml 0.005 mol/L的HAuCl4溶液,继续搅拌30 min,离心分离,用浓氨水、蒸馏水、乙醇洗涤,60℃下真空干燥6 h,400℃下煅烧1h即得2.56%AuAg-TiO2光催化剂,以类似的方法,改变加入二氧化钛的量和氯金酸以及硝酸银溶液的量,可以制备不同摩尔比以及不同金银比的AuAg-TiO2催化剂。
将上述方法制备的2.56% AuAg-TiO2光催化剂喷涂在玻璃基底上,并将涂有催化剂的玻璃基底安放在光催化反应器中,通入反应原料气并打开紫外灯开始反应,利用气相色谱检测反应产物成份。催化剂用量0.02 g,反应温度15-50oC,原料气组成1%乙醇,2%甲醇,1%氧气,96%氮气,原料气流量50 ml/min,空速150 L﹒g-1﹒h-1。
以上催化剂进行光催化性能评价结果显示,该催化剂的甲醇及乙醇都为转化率为70%以上,总酯类选择性达80%以上。该催化剂对甲醇、乙醇转化率和总酯类选择性高,反应稳定性好,是优良的光催化氧化甲醇、乙醇制酯类化合物的催化剂。
Claims (1)
1.一种气相光催化部分氧化甲醇和乙醇混合气制备甲酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯等酯类化合物的方法,其特征在于催化剂的组成、制备方法和反应条件;催化剂以二氧化钛为载体,采用金银置换法,在适量的经冰浴冷却的硼氢化钠水溶液中加入二氧化钛,超声混匀后不断搅拌下,逐滴加入适量的0.005mol/L的可溶性银盐水溶液,滴加完成后停止搅拌静置24h,离心分离,用蒸馏水、乙醇洗涤,得到Ag-TiO2固体粉末,将得到的Ag-TiO2再次分散于蒸馏水中,搅拌下逐滴加入适量0.005mol/L的可溶性金盐水溶液,继续搅拌0.5h后,离心分离,用浓氨水、蒸馏水、乙醇洗涤数次,60℃下干燥,400℃下煅烧1小时得到AuAg-TiO2光催化剂,催化反应在15-50℃和紫外光照射下进行,原料气中甲醇、乙醇体积含量分别为1-3%,甲醇/乙醇/氧气比为CH3OH:CH3CH2OH:O2 = 1:1:2-2:1:3,平衡气为氮气,空速100-400 l﹒g-1﹒h-1。
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