CN107036913B - Method for measuring shear strength between ice layer and solid material in icing wind tunnel experiment section - Google Patents
Method for measuring shear strength between ice layer and solid material in icing wind tunnel experiment section Download PDFInfo
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- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/24—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady shearing forces
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- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring the shear strength between an ice layer and a solid material in an icing wind tunnel experiment section, which comprises connecting plates arranged on an upper tunnel wall and a lower tunnel wall of a wind tunnel, wherein an experiment inner model is arranged between the two connecting plates, an experiment outer model is sleeved on the surface of the experiment inner model, both ends of the experiment inner model are of boss structures, a protruding part penetrates through a through hole in the connecting plate to be fixedly connected with a facility outside the connecting plate, and a window is arranged on the surface of the experiment outer model in the blowing direction of the wind tunnel experiment section; the invention can realize the rule of the influence of different icing meteorological input conditions on the adhesion characteristics of the ice layer and the solid wall surface by the ice wind tunnel experiment platform and the icing meteorological environment of the experiment section and by combining the experiment methods of solid mechanics, fracture mechanics and the like and related technologies.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of icing wind tunnel force measurement tests and solid mechanics tests, in particular to a shear strength measuring method and device for an icing wind tunnel experimental section.
Background
The icing of the airplane is a physical phenomenon widely existing in flight practice, and is one of the main hidden dangers of flight safety accidents. When an airplane flies under the icing meteorological condition that the environmental temperature is lower than the freezing point or is near the freezing point, supercooled water drops in the atmosphere impact the surface of the airplane, and the icing phenomenon is easy to occur on the surfaces of components such as wings, empennages, rotors, air inlet channels, windshield glass, antenna covers, instrument sensors and the like. The icing of the airplane not only increases the weight of the airplane, but also destroys the aerodynamic appearance of the surface of the airplane, changes the streaming flow field, destroys the aerodynamic performance, causes the descending of the maximum lift force of the airplane, the ascending of the flight resistance, the descending of the operating performance and the reduction of the stability performance, and causes great threat to the flight safety, the flight accidents caused by the icing are rare, and the serious icing can even lead to the death of the airplane.
Statistics of the national transportation safety administration of the United states show that, from 19 years between 1982 and 2000, icing accidents of airplanes occur 583 times in total, and about 20-30 times per year on average. From 2003 to 6 years 2008, 380 new flight accidents related to icing are added.
In order to prevent or reduce the damage of icing to the aircraft, the federal aviation administration and the european union aviation administration both set strict regulations on airworthiness approval of aircraft under icing conditions, which stipulate that effective anti-icing systems must be installed at ice-prone locations such as windshields, wings, empennages, propellers, engine leading edges, and the like. The united states air force is equipped with deicing devices even on unmanned scouts, and thus the ice protection problem of airplanes is considerably emphasized in developed countries.
The mechanical deicing method is a method of mechanically flexing the surface of the skin, and breaking and removing surface ice through deformation. The method generally adopts a method of expansion and contraction or small amplitude vibration to achieve the effect of crushing ice, has the advantages of energy saving and the defect that when the expansion or vibration amplitude is too large, the aerodynamic appearance of the airplane is damaged, so that the aerodynamic characteristic and the flight safety are influenced, and the other key problem is that the ice is not completely removed. Mechanical de-icing methods are therefore rarely used on wings, but are still used on the tail wing.
According to the mechanical deicing method, an adhesion ice layer between the ice layer and the solid material is destroyed in a mechanical mode, mainly the shear strength and normal tensile/compressive strength between the ice layer and the solid material are destroyed, and a large number of foreign researches show that the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material is far smaller than the normal tensile/compressive strength. Therefore, researchers have focused their efforts on studying the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material, which is a prerequisite and fundamental data for mechanical deicing methods and systems for aircraft. The icing wind tunnel is a key experimental device for the airplane icing research. At present, dozens of icing wind tunnels are existed abroad, and the icing of airplanes is researched for decades, so that a great deal of research results are obtained, and for example, in the United states, the icing wind tunnels are built in NASA (national aeronautical administration and transportation), AEDC (acoustic wave and noise), and other mechanisms, wherein 3 icing wind tunnels exist in Boeing companies. Research work on exploring the adhesion strength properties between aircraft component materials and ice layers directly in icing tunnels has been reported only rarely. The adhesion characteristic experiment between the ice layer and the aircraft component material is usually carried out in a refrigeration house, and the adhesion strength between the ice layer and the solid material, including normal tensile/compressive strength and tangential shear strength, is tested by utilizing a solid mechanics experiment device built in the refrigeration house.
Foreign researchers invent a measuring device for the shearing strength between an ice layer and a solid material, study the mechanical property of water drop impact icing, and find that the adhesion strength of frost ice is smaller than that of open ice, and the adhesion strength of impact icing is far smaller than that of static icing. The biggest problem of the device is that the frozen experimental model is required to be moved out of an icing wind tunnel experimental section to a freezing environment such as a similar refrigeration house and the like, and a shear strength measurement experiment is carried out on the frozen experimental model by utilizing a solid mechanical stretching device in the low-temperature environment; secondly, the icing experimental model is moved out from the experimental section of the icing wind tunnel, so that the phenomenon of damaging the ice layer can occur in the process of moving the experimental model, and the data of the shearing strength between the ice layer and the solid material can be greatly influenced. In addition, foreign researchers also invent a device for measuring the rotary shear strength, the device is also placed in a low-temperature environment such as a refrigeration house, a blade model is placed in an icing wind tunnel to carry out an icing experiment, then the iced blade model is taken out from an experiment section and is installed in a rotary shear strength device to carry out a rotary de-icing experiment, so that the shear strength between an ice layer and a solid blade material is calculated according to centrifugal force, and the method and the device also have to move the blade model out of the icing wind tunnel experiment section.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method and a device for measuring the shear strength between an ice layer and a solid material in an icing wind tunnel experiment section, which are used for carrying out a shear strength measurement experiment between the ice layer and the solid material in a low-temperature and high-humidity environment of an icing wind tunnel and realizing a device for measuring the shear strength while icing an experiment model.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the method for measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the icing wind tunnel experiment section comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: fixedly arranging the experimental model in an icing wind tunnel experimental section, and debugging and calibrating a low-temperature environment under a non-spraying condition to fully consider the influence of the low-temperature environment on the force measuring sensor, consider the friction force between an inner model and an outer model in the experimental model and deduct the friction force from a calibrated mechanical curve;
starting a fan of the icing wind tunnel, establishing a flow field of the icing wind tunnel, starting a refrigerating system of the icing wind tunnel, refrigerating the icing wind tunnel body and the air flow, and after sufficient stabilization time, establishing a stable flow field in an experimental section of the icing wind tunnel and enabling the surface temperature of the experimental model to be consistent with the environmental temperature;
regulating compressed air and liquid water pressure and temperature spraying parameters of an icing wind tunnel spraying system to meet experimental requirements, starting the icing wind tunnel spraying system, formally performing spraying and icing experiments, establishing icing cloud and mist parameters required by the experiments in an icing wind tunnel experiment section, and establishing a uniform and stable cloud and mist field;
step four: when the spraying time reaches the time required by an icing experiment, closing a spraying system of an icing wind tunnel, closing a fan of the icing wind tunnel, maintaining a refrigerating system of the icing wind tunnel to operate, starting a loading mechanism for measuring the shear strength, measuring the shear force between an ice layer and a solid material by using a force measuring sensor, simultaneously starting a data acquisition system to record the time history of force load loading until the adhesive ice layer between an inner model and an outer model is broken, stopping recording and data acquisition, recording the maximum loaded force load, and analyzing and calculating the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material;
step five: finishing a measurement experiment of the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material, removing ice on the surface and in a gap of an experiment model, starting a loading mechanism and a data acquisition system, measuring the friction force between the inner model and the outer model by using a force transducer, determining that the ice layer on the surface of the experiment model is removed if the friction force is close to a value calibrated before the experiment, and detaching and removing the experiment model if the friction force is greatly different from the value calibrated before the experiment until the friction force between the inner model and the outer model is close to or equal to the value calibrated before the experiment; the difference between the friction force and the value calibrated before the experiment is larger than a set threshold value, and the difference between the friction force between the inner model and the outer model and the value calibrated before the experiment are close to the difference between the friction force between the inner model and the outer model and the value calibrated before the experiment is smaller than the set threshold value;
step six: and after the ice-water film on the surface of the experimental model is completely removed, repeating the steps from the first step to the sixth step, and acquiring experimental data of the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material under different icing meteorological conditions.
In the technical scheme, in the icing process in the third step and the measurement process of the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the fourth step, the shape change of the ice layer on the surface of the experimental model is shot and recorded by adopting an imaging device.
In the technical scheme, the experimental model comprises two connecting plates arranged in an experimental section of the wind tunnel, one connecting plate is arranged on the upper tunnel wall of the wind tunnel, the other connecting plate is arranged on the lower tunnel wall of the wind tunnel, an experimental inner model is arranged between the two connecting plates, an experimental outer model is sleeved on the surface of the experimental inner model, both ends of the experimental inner model are of boss structures, a protruding part penetrates through a through hole in the connecting plate to be fixedly connected with a facility outside the connecting plate, and a window is arranged on the surface of the experimental outer model in the blowing direction of the experimental section of the wind tunnel;
the two connecting plates are in close contact with the experiment outer model, so that the experiment outer model cannot move along the axial direction or the radial direction of the wind tunnel experiment section, and the experiment inner model cannot move along the axial direction of the wind tunnel experiment section but can move along the radial direction of the wind tunnel experiment section due to the close contact between the experiment inner model and the experiment outer model;
and the convex part of the experimental inner model penetrates through the upper hole wall connecting plate to be connected with the connecting and measuring device.
In the technical scheme, the boss structures at two ends of the experimental inner model are provided with the protruding parts and the plane parts, and sliding spaces are formed between the plane parts and the connecting plates.
In the technical scheme, a gap is arranged between the experiment inner model and the experiment outer model and is arranged at one end close to the lower hole wall connecting plate.
In the above technical scheme, the gap is a groove, and the groove is arranged on the experimental inner model.
In the technical scheme, a layer of super-hydrophobic coating is arranged on the surface of the experimental outer model and the surface of the experimental inner model in the gap.
In the above technical solution, the experimental inner model and the experimental outer model are made of the same material.
In the technical scheme, the connection measuring device comprises a steel cable connected with the protruding structure of the end part of the model in the experiment and a force measuring unit arranged on the steel cable, wherein the force measuring unit is a force measuring sensor, and a layer of low-temperature-resistant epoxy resin adhesive is arranged on the surface of a strain gauge of the force measuring sensor.
In the technical scheme, the epoxy resin adhesive is not separated from the surface of the strain gauge of the force sensor in a low-temperature environment of-40 degrees at the lowest.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining an icing appearance on the surface of an experimental model in an icing wind tunnel experimental section, taking the icing experimental model out of a cold storage and other low-temperature environments, installing the icing experimental model in a shear strength measuring device placed in the cold storage, and carrying out a shear tensile experiment by using the experimental device so as to obtain the shear strength between an ice layer and a solid material. According to the invention, an experiment method and technology for coupling upper and lower tunnel wall connecting plates of an icing wind tunnel experiment section are adopted, and the shear strength between the ice layer on the surface of an experiment model and the experiment model is measured at the same time, so that the same icing wind tunnel low-temperature and high-humidity experiment environment is ensured, and errors and damage to the shear strength measurement caused by moving the icing experiment model are avoided, thus errors and negative effects on the experiment due to more experiment links can be reduced, the accuracy and precision of experiment results are improved, the shear adhesion characteristic between the ice layer and real aircraft component materials under icing meteorological conditions in the flight process of the aircraft is more truly simulated, and a good experiment effect is obtained;
the invention is based on the icing meteorological environment in the icing wind tunnel experimental section, couples the icing experimental model, the mechanical stretching device and the experimental section tunnel wall together, achieves the purpose of fully utilizing the icing meteorological environment in the icing process, and can dynamically measure the shear strength between an ice layer and a solid material in real time in the icing process.
The method and the device can be used for researching the adhesion characteristics, mainly the shear strength characteristics, between the ice layer and the solid material under the icing meteorological conditions, exploring the difference of the adhesion characteristics of the ice layer under different icing meteorological conditions, and can also be used for researching the influence rule of parameters such as different surface characteristics (such as surface roughness), different solid material differences, different surface temperatures and the like on the shear strength characteristics between the ice layer and the solid material, thereby providing an experimental basis for the research of the airplane deicing mechanism.
The invention can realize the rule of the influence of different icing meteorological input conditions on the adhesion characteristics of the ice layer and the solid wall surface by the ice wind tunnel experiment platform and the icing meteorological environment of the experiment section and by combining the experiment methods of solid mechanics, fracture mechanics and the like and related technologies.
Drawings
The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a shear strength measuring device based on an icing wind tunnel experimental section;
FIG. 2 is a time history of the force load loading process when measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material.
Detailed Description
All of the features disclosed in this specification, or all of the steps in any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations of features and/or steps that are mutually exclusive.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a shear strength measuring device based on an icing wind tunnel experimental section. In the figure:
0 is the air flow and the supercooling water drop incoming flow at the inlet of the icing wind tunnel experiment section;
1 is an upper tunnel wall connecting plate of an icing wind tunnel experimental section;
2, a lower tunnel wall connecting plate of an icing wind tunnel experimental section;
3, an experimental external model which can be a hollow square column, a hollow rectangular column, a hollow cylinder, a hollow wing section and the like, is restrained by upper and lower hole wall connecting plates of an icing wind tunnel experimental section and cannot move in the axial direction and the radial direction of the model;
4, an experiment inner model which can be a solid square column, a solid rectangular column, a solid cylinder, a solid wing section and the like, is restrained by an experiment outer model, cannot move in the radial direction and the air flowing direction of the model, but can slide in the axial direction of the model, and is connected with a force measuring unit through a steel cable or a connecting piece;
5, the icing shape of the front edge surface of the experimental model is bonded with the experimental inner model and the experimental outer model;
the front edge of the experimental outer model is provided with a super-cooled water drop collecting window, namely the front edge of the experimental outer model is provided with a through hole, so that super-cooled water drops in air flow can impact the front edge surface of the experimental inner model and the front edge surface of the experimental outer model, and the collecting window is an accurate part for carrying out a shearing and stretching experiment;
7 is a connecting piece or a cable used for connecting the experimental inner model and the force measuring unit, and can be a rigid body or a tensile steel cable;
the force measuring unit 8 is composed of a single-component or multi-component force measuring sensor, can measure the force along the stretching direction or the compressing direction, and can transmit the measured mechanical signal to a data acquisition unit for analyzing and calculating the shearing strength;
9 is a biasing mechanism composed of a biasing screw capable of biasing a load in a tensile direction, a biasing screw capable of biasing a load in a compression direction, a manual cable capable of biasing a load in a tensile direction, or an electric motor capable of biasing a load in a tensile direction;
10, a data acquisition unit, wherein the electric signals measured by the force measuring unit are input into the data acquisition unit, are used for converting into mechanical data, are recorded in a computer and are used for data processing and analysis in the later period of an experiment;
11 is a loading mechanism controller, which is used for remotely controlling the loading process of the force load and can also be manually operated by an operator in an icing wind tunnel experiment section;
12 is a wide gap between the inner and outer models, which is located at the lower part of the model in order to prevent supercooled water droplets from being frozen immediately and overflowing or infiltrating into the gap between the inner and outer models, thereby generating additional adhesion;
13 is a computer, can be an industrial control computer, can also be a portable computer, is used for storing, transmitting, analyzing, calculating and mapping the experimental data in the data acquisition unit;
14 is a lower connecting boss of the experimental inner model, which is used for being inserted into a through hole of a lower tunnel wall connecting plate of an icing wind tunnel experimental section to realize clearance fit;
and 15, a connecting boss on the experimental inner model is used for being inserted into a through hole of a tunnel wall connecting plate on the icing wind tunnel experimental section to realize clearance fit.
As shown in fig. 1, the test device comprises an experiment inner model, an experiment outer model, a supercooled water drop collecting window, a force measuring unit, a loading mechanism controller, a data acquisition unit, a computer, an upper tunnel wall connecting plate of an icing wind tunnel experiment section and a lower tunnel wall connecting plate of the icing wind tunnel experiment section; and the upper and lower tunnel wall connecting plates of the icing wind tunnel experiment section are provided with through holes for connecting solid experiment internal models. The lower part design of this interior model has a less cylindrical lower connection boss of diameter, can insert down in the circular through-hole on the hole wall connecting plate, realizes clearance fit, perhaps designs into a rectangle and connects the boss down, inserts down in the through-hole of corresponding shape on the hole wall connecting plate, can prevent like this that the lateral rotation phenomenon from taking place under aerodynamic action of interior model, guarantees that the adhesion ice sheet is not destroyed. The force measuring unit can be composed of a single-component balance or a single-component force measuring sensor, or a tension sensor or a pressure sensor, and the force sensor is connected with an upper connecting boss of the model in the experiment and is connected with the loading mechanism. The upper hole wall connecting plate and the lower hole wall connecting plate of the experimental section are provided with through holes for connecting the experimental inner model, the lower part of the experimental inner model is provided with a lower connecting boss with a smaller diameter, the lower connecting boss can be inserted into the through holes on the lower hole wall connecting plate to realize clearance fit, the shape of the connecting boss is consistent with that of the through holes, and the lower connecting boss can be designed into a square shape, a rectangular shape or a circular shape to prevent the inner model from laterally rotating under the action of aerodynamic force; the experimental model is divided into an inner model and an outer model, the inner model is a solid body, the outer model is a hollow body and is made of the same solid material, and the inner model can be just inserted into the outer model to realize clearance fit.
The humidity range in the icing wind tunnel experimental section is from 90% to 100%, the environmental temperature can be as low as minus 40 ℃, the icing wind tunnel experimental section is an extreme low-temperature high-humidity environment, if the force transducer is not isolated and protected, moisture is particularly easy to attach to the surface of a strain gauge of the force transducer, if the environmental temperature rises, the moisture attached to the surface of the strain gauge of the force transducer is changed into water drops, particularly the moisture is easy to occur, and the water drops can permeate into the strain gauge at the moment to damage the performance of the strain gauge of the force transducer.
In fig. 1, the force sensor in the force cell needs to be specially treated with a low temperature resistant epoxy glue. Conventional glue, such as silica gel, the hardening takes place very easily under this kind of low temperature high humidity environment in freezing wind tunnel experiment section to also will produce bad influence to the elastic deformation of force sensor foil gage, in order to prevent the influence of low temperature high humidity environment to the force sensor foil gage, adopt low temperature resistant epoxy glue to cover and bond the foil gage on force sensor surface, play the effect of protective properties and reduction environmental impact. Or other types of low temperature resistant glue are arranged to reduce the influence of low temperature environment on the strain gauge. The low-temperature-resistant epoxy resin adhesive adhered to the surface of the strain gage of the force transducer can ensure that the force transducer can normally work in a low-temperature environment of 40 ℃ below zero at the lowest.
As shown in fig. 1, the method and the device for measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material based on the icing wind tunnel experimental section must perform a calibration experiment in the icing wind tunnel experimental section under a low-temperature and high-humidity environment before formally measuring the shear strength. The measuring device is directly calibrated in a low-temperature high-humidity environment in an icing wind tunnel experiment section by adopting a static calibration device such as a standard weight, the lowest calibration temperature reaches-40 ℃, and the conversion relation between the electric signal of the force sensor and the force load signal under the low-temperature high-humidity condition is obtained, and the relation curve comprises the influence of low-temperature high-humidity on the load curve.
As shown in fig. 1, the loading mechanism may be a manual force application screw, a stepping motor type electric force application screw, or other tension or compression type force application device.
The cross section of the axial plane in the experimental inner model can be a square cross section, a rectangular cross section, a circular cross section, an oval cross section or an airfoil cross section. The experimental internal model can be the cross section shape, and can also be the shape of any other cross section. The experimental model can be made of real materials of airplane parts, such as aviation aluminum, and can also be made of other metal or nonmetal materials, such as composite materials of novel airplanes and the like.
The inner model and the outer model of the experimental model are both made of the same solid material. The model is the solid body in the experiment, and the outer model of experiment is the hollow body, and interior model just can insert outside the model inside and realize clearance fit. The front edge part of the experimental outer model is provided with a through hole which is similar to a window and is used for collecting supercooled water drops in air flow, so the window is also called as a supercooled water drop collecting window, is positioned in the middle part in the vertical direction and is positioned in a uniform region of a mist field with 60 percent of cross section area of an icing wind tunnel experimental section. By arranging the super-cooled water drop collecting window, super-cooled water drops in the air flow can not only impact the front edge of the outer model, but also impact the front edge of the inner model through the window, so that the shearing and stretching effects of the inner model and the outer model can be realized, and the super-cooled water drop collecting window is used for measuring the shearing strength between the ice layer and the solid material.
The experiment inner model is inserted into the cavity in the experiment outer model, and the experiment inner model and the experiment outer model are in clearance fit. The outer model of the experiment is restrained and fixed by upper and lower tunnel wall connecting plates in the icing wind tunnel experiment section, cannot move in the axial direction, the radial direction and the like, and is used as a fixed end of a shearing and stretching experiment. A certain gap must be left between the axial direction of the experimental inner model and the upper and lower tunnel walls of the icing wind tunnel experimental section, so that the experimental inner model can slide under the action of force load in the axial direction. There is a wide gap between the inner and outer models, which is located at the lower portion of the model, in order to prevent supercooled water droplets from being frozen immediately and overflowing or infiltrating into the gap between the inner and outer models, thereby causing additional adhesion. The wide gap outer surface between the inner model and the outer model is coated with a super-hydrophobic coating for reducing icing on the gap surface and reducing the adhesion force of the icing parts.
FIG. 2 is a time history of the force load loading process when measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material.
When the device of the invention is used for carrying out experiments:
before the experiment, the icing wind tunnel and the refrigerating system are started, and the incoming flow speed and the incoming flow temperature of the experiment section of the icing wind tunnel are calibrated. And then, adjusting the water pressure, the air pressure and the water temperature of the spraying system to meet the experimental requirements. The icing wind tunnel experiment is carried out under the conditions of certain incoming flow and icing cloud and mist parameters, meanwhile, the icing process of the experiment model is subjected to aerodynamic force measurement experiment by using a five-component external balance, and the change process of the icing appearance on the surface of the experiment model is recorded by adopting a camera device. And after the icing is finished, closing the spraying system, starting the electric heating device to deice the experimental model, and measuring the aerodynamic force of the model by using the external balance in the deicing process until the ice layer on the surface of the experimental model falls off. And finally, finishing aerodynamic force experimental data, and wiping the surface of the experimental model to prepare for the next experiment.
Specific experimental procedures
a. Firstly, a driving fan of an icing wind tunnel is started, a refrigerating system is started to refrigerate a wind tunnel body and a flow field, the flow field and a temperature field of the icing wind tunnel are established, after sufficient stabilization time, flow field parameters in an icing wind tunnel experiment section are stabilized, the surface temperature of an experiment model is balanced with the ambient temperature, and the flow field and the temperature field with stable parameters such as incoming flow speed, ambient temperature and the like in the icing wind tunnel experiment section are established;
b. adjusting parameters such as pressure and temperature of compressed air and purified water in a freezing wind tunnel spraying system, starting the spraying system to perform spraying operation when the parameters accord with a calibration curve, and establishing freezing weather cloud parameters required by an experiment in the freezing wind tunnel so that the Liquid Water Content (LWC) and the average diameter (MVD) of water drops in a cloud field meet the requirements of the freezing experiment, and establishing a uniform and stable cloud field;
c. and after the spraying time reaches the time requirement of the experiment, closing a spraying system of the icing wind tunnel (the spraying time is also the icing experiment), and at the moment, icing occurs on the surface of the experiment model.
d. The driving fan of the icing wind tunnel is closed, or the power of the driving fan of the icing wind tunnel is greatly reduced, the speed of the flow is reduced to zero or very low, the power of a refrigerating system of the icing wind tunnel is kept unchanged, and the ambient temperature in the experiment section of the icing wind tunnel is prevented from rising, so that the influence on the adhesion strength of the ice layer is generated. At the moment, an operator carries out force measurement operation in an icing wind tunnel experiment section, or uses an electric loading mechanism to carry out remote operation, a force measurement device is adopted to measure the shear strength between an ice layer on the surface of the experiment model and a solid substrate material, and a manual or electric mode is adopted to gradually load a load;
d. and recording and storing the time history of the force measurement by using a data acquisition unit, finishing the loading process after the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid substrate material is completely destroyed, finishing the shear strength measurement process, and obtaining the maximum loading load through analysis, thereby calculating and obtaining the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid substrate material.
e. And (4) cleaning ice, water films and the like formed on the surface of the experimental model, and repeating the step a to perform the next experiment.
The invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed in this specification and any novel method or process steps or any novel combination of features disclosed.
Claims (4)
1. The method for measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the icing wind tunnel experiment section is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: fixedly arranging an experimental model in an icing wind tunnel experimental section, debugging and calibrating a low-temperature environment under a non-spraying condition so as to fully consider the influence of the low-temperature environment on a force transducer, consider the friction force between an inner model and an outer model in the experimental model and deduct the friction force from a calibrated mechanical curve;
starting a fan of the icing wind tunnel, establishing a flow field of the icing wind tunnel, starting a refrigerating system of the icing wind tunnel, refrigerating an icing wind tunnel body and air flow, and after enough stabilization time, establishing a stable flow field in an icing wind tunnel experiment section and enabling the surface temperature of an experiment model to be consistent with the ambient temperature;
regulating compressed air and liquid water pressure and temperature spraying parameters of an icing wind tunnel spraying system to meet experimental requirements, starting the icing wind tunnel spraying system, formally performing spraying and icing experiments, establishing icing cloud and mist parameters required by the experiments in an icing wind tunnel experiment section, and establishing a uniform and stable cloud and mist field;
step four: when the spraying time reaches the time required by an icing experiment, closing a spraying system of an icing wind tunnel, closing a fan of the icing wind tunnel, maintaining a refrigerating system of the icing wind tunnel to operate, starting a loading mechanism for measuring the shear strength, measuring the shear force between an ice layer and a solid material by using a force transducer, simultaneously starting a data acquisition system to record the time history of force load loading until an adhesive ice layer between an inner model and an outer model is broken, stopping recording and data acquisition, and recording the maximum loaded force load for analyzing and calculating the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material;
step five: finishing the measurement experiment of the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material, removing ice on the surface of the experimental model and the ice accumulated in the clearance, starting a loading mechanism and a data acquisition system, measuring the friction force between the inner model and the outer model by adopting a force transducer, determining that the ice layer on the surface of the experimental model is removed if the friction force is close to the value calibrated before the experiment, and detaching and removing the experimental model if the friction force is different from the value calibrated before the experiment until the friction force between the inner model and the outer model is close to or equal to the value calibrated before the experiment; the difference between the friction force and the value calibrated before the experiment is larger than a set threshold value, and the difference between the friction force between the inner model and the outer model and the value calibrated before the experiment are close to the difference between the friction force between the inner model and the outer model and the value calibrated before the experiment is smaller than the set threshold value;
step six: after the ice-water film on the surface of the experimental model is completely removed, repeating the first step to the sixth step, and acquiring experimental data of the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material under different ice-forming meteorological conditions;
the experimental model comprises two connecting plates arranged in an experimental section of the wind tunnel, one connecting plate is arranged on the upper tunnel wall of the wind tunnel, the other connecting plate is arranged on the lower tunnel wall of the wind tunnel, an experimental inner model is arranged between the two connecting plates, an experimental outer model is sleeved on the surface of the experimental inner model, both ends of the experimental inner model are of boss structures, a protruding part penetrates through a through hole in the connecting plate to be fixedly connected with a facility outside the connecting plate, and a window is arranged on the surface of the experimental outer model in the blowing direction of the experimental section of the wind tunnel;
the two connecting plates are in close contact with the experiment outer model, so that the experiment outer model cannot move along the axial direction or the radial direction of the wind tunnel experiment section, and the experiment inner model cannot move along the axial direction of the wind tunnel experiment section but can move along the radial direction of the wind tunnel experiment section due to the close contact between the experiment inner model and the experiment outer model;
the convex part of the experimental inner model penetrates through the upper hole wall connecting plate to be connected with the connecting and measuring device;
the boss structures at two ends of the experimental inner model are provided with a convex part and a plane part, and a sliding space is formed between the plane part and the connecting plate;
a gap is arranged between the experiment inner model and the experiment outer model and is arranged at one end close to the lower hole wall connecting plate;
the gap is a groove, and the groove is arranged on the experimental inner model;
a layer of super-hydrophobic coating is arranged on the surface of the experimental outer model and the surface of the experimental inner model in the gap;
connect measuring device include with the experiment in the steel cable that the protruding structure of model tip is connected and set up the force cell on the steel cable, the force cell is force cell sensor, force cell sensor's foil gage is provided with the epoxy glue of low temperature resistant of one deck on the surface.
2. The method for measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the icing wind tunnel experimental section according to claim 1, wherein in the icing process in the third step and the measurement process of the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the fourth step, an image device is used for shooting and recording the shape change of the ice layer on the surface of the experimental model.
3. The method for measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the icing wind tunnel experimental section according to claim 2, wherein the experimental inner model and the experimental outer model are made of the same material.
4. The method for measuring the shear strength between the ice layer and the solid material in the icing wind tunnel experimental section according to claim 3, wherein the epoxy resin glue is not separated from the surface of the strain gauge of the load cell in a low-temperature environment of 40 degrees below zero.
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