CN107006274B - Method and system for improving water utilization efficiency of winter wheat - Google Patents
Method and system for improving water utilization efficiency of winter wheat Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method and a system for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat, which comprises the following steps: evaluating the drought degree of crops; selecting a root breaking period; determining the root cutting amount; calculating the spatial distribution of root systems of winter wheat in the current growth period; determining the depth of the broken root; determining the position of a broken root; and (5) root cutting. The method of the invention adopts the evaluation of the climate and the field moisture degree, and determines the root breaking amount according to the early growth and drought evaluation of the winter wheat. The development condition of the wheat root system is judged by establishing a root system distribution mathematical model, so that parameters such as the root breaking time, the position, the depth and the like are determined. The system adopts a method of root breaking and condensation, prevents the nutrient liquid from flowing out of the cutting knife after the root system of the crop is cut off, reduces the flow impairment as much as possible, ensures that the crop after the root breaking quickly returns to the original growth vigor, avoids crop yield reduction and even withering caused by the necrosis of the root breaking part, improves the utilization rate of water resources in the growth process of the crop, and improves and maintains the soil moisture and the fertility of the farmland.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method and a system for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat, which are water-saving and environment-friendly farmland management measures and are a method and a system for improving the crop yield and the water utilization efficiency.
Background
Wheat is a main grain crop, water resource shortage becomes a main factor limiting high yield of wheat in semiarid dry farming agricultural areas, the most strongly competitive environmental resource among plant individuals is soil moisture, and a root system is the most important organ for water competition. The growth and development conditions of the root system are closely related to the crop yield, the coordinated development of the overground part and the underground part of the crop can be promoted by reasonably regulating and controlling the growth of the root system, and the improvement of the crop yield is facilitated.
In the practice of agricultural production, the coordinated development of overground and underground groups is promoted through reasonable agricultural measures, the efficient utilization of crop water resources is realized, and the method is always the key point of dry land agricultural research.
At present, the water utilization efficiency of crops is improved by using a root breaking (root damaging) mode under the condition of little yield change. However, the method can cause the 'bleeding' of the broken root part, the liquid flowing out of the broken root part is rich in nutrients required by the growth of crops, the loss is too much, the growth vigor is weakened, the growth vigor of the crops is influenced within a period of time after the root is broken, and even the crop yield is reduced or even the crops wither due to the necrosis of the broken root part.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems of the prior art, the invention provides a method and a system for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat. The method and the system determine the amount of the broken roots according to early growth and drought evaluation of winter wheat, determine the position, depth and angle of the broken roots according to the development condition of the root system of the wheat, and heat the broken root part at the same time of the broken roots by using a mechanical device, thereby avoiding the 'bleeding' of the broken root part, avoiding the evaporation of bleeding liquid and the entering of foreign matters, reducing or even eliminating the condition that the growth of crops is affected after the broken roots, and effectively improving the water resource utilization efficiency and the drought-resistant yield-preserving benefit and effect of the wheat.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: a method for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of evaluating the drought degree of crops: firstly, evaluating the drought degrees of crops in different growth periods under the condition of a historical long sequence, and evaluating the real drought degree of the crops in the current growth period; if: the real drought degree is greater than the historical drought degree, and meanwhile, the evaluation of the historical drought degree shows that the drought is in a strengthening trend, namely the drought degree in the next growth period is greater than the current growth period, and the root cutting amount needs to be determined according to the real drought degree in the current growth period;
selecting a root breaking period: selecting the winter wheat within a range of two days before and after entering a green turning period as a time for root breaking treatment according to the growth process of the winter wheat;
determining the root cutting amount: according to the climate and the dry and wet degree of soil, determining 10-40% of the root cutting amount of the broken roots;
the method comprises the following steps of calculating the spatial distribution of root systems of winter wheat in the current growth period: fitting by using various functions according to the information of a development stage with a complete root system, establishing a root system growth model of the winter wheat according to the principle that relative errors are small and correlation is obvious, and determining the root system distribution of the winter wheat according to the root system growth model of the winter wheat;
determining the root breaking depth: calculating the root system distribution of the wheat in the current growth period according to a root length density formula:
wherein RLD is root length density and Z is soil depth (cm); a. b, c and d are parameters which are determined according to accumulated temperature influencing root system development of winter wheat, soil moisture, rainfall factors, winter wheat varieties and a growth period;
determining the root breaking position: according to the distribution of the winter wheat root system determined by a winter wheat root system growth model, a circle is drawn by taking a main stem as the center, the dry weight of the root system contained in the circle accounts for 25% -50% of the total dry weight, and a tangent line parallel to the plant row of the circle is taken as a root breaking position;
root cutting: and cutting off the root system of the winter wheat according to the selected root cutting time, the root cutting position and the root cutting depth, removing part of secondary roots, cutting off the root system of the winter wheat and simultaneously condensing the cut part, preventing the injury flow and reducing the injury of the root cutting to the root system of crops.
Furthermore, the root cutting positions are two sides which are 2.0cm, 1.8cm, 1.5cm and 1.3cm away from the main stem, and the root cutting depth is as follows: vertically cutting 10cm, or cutting 3.0cm, 2.8cm, 2.5cm, 2.3cm away from main stem to main root at 45 deg.C, and cutting root at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%.
A system for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat for realizing the method comprises the following steps: the root cutting knife is characterized by comprising at least one root cutting knife and a knife rest, wherein the root cutting knife is arranged on a tractor frame, the knife rest is provided with the root cutting knife, a coagulator is arranged on the root cutting knife or the knife rest, and the coagulator is connected with a coagulator power supply arranged on a tractor.
Furthermore, the root cutting knife and the knife rest are arranged in a group of two sets, the distance between the two root cutting knives in one group is 15-25 cm, and 4-5 groups of root cutting knives and knife rests are connected with the frame of the tractor through connecting frames.
Furthermore, a cutting depth control mechanism is arranged on the tool rest or the connecting frame, and a cutting position control mechanism is arranged between the root cutting tools.
Furthermore, the root cutting knife and the coagulator are provided with ultrasonic transducer cutters, and the ultrasonic transducers are connected with an ultrasonic power supply arranged on a tractor.
Further, the cutter with the ultrasonic transducer is a sickle-shaped cutter or a disc-shaped cutter.
Furthermore, the root breaking knife is a disc-shaped cutter with cutting teeth at the outer edge, the coagulator is an electrocoagulator, and the electrocoagulator is connected with a power supply of the electrocoagulator arranged on the tractor.
Furthermore, the electrocoagulator is narrow slits formed along the radial direction of the cutter head, and electrodes are arranged in pairs in the narrow slits.
Furthermore, the disc-shaped cutter is connected with a power shaft of the tractor through a transmission shaft.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the method of the invention adopts the evaluation of the climate and the field moisture degree, and determines the root breaking amount according to the early growth and drought evaluation of the winter wheat. The development condition of the wheat root system is judged by establishing a root system distribution mathematical model, so that parameters such as the root breaking time, the position, the depth and the like are determined. The system adopts a method of root breaking and condensation, prevents the nutrient liquid from flowing out of the cutting knife after the root system of the crop is cut off, reduces the flow impairment as much as possible, ensures that the crop after the root breaking quickly returns to the original growth vigor, avoids crop yield reduction and even withering caused by the necrosis of the root breaking part, improves the utilization rate of water resources in the growth process of the crop, and improves and maintains the soil moisture and the fertility of the farmland.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a root system of winter wheat and the position of root cutting at both sides of a row of a winter wheat plant according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the position of root cutting at both sides of a row of winter wheat plants according to example two of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a system according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a system according to a third embodiment of the present invention, which is a sectional view taken along line A-A in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a plurality of root cutters according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a disc-shaped root-breaking blade of an electrocoagulator according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows:
the embodiment is a method for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat. The method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of (I) evaluating the drought degree of crops: firstly, evaluating the drought degrees of crops in different growth periods under the condition of a historical long sequence, and evaluating the real drought degree of the crops in the current growth period; if: the real drought degree is larger than the historical drought degree, and meanwhile, the evaluation of the historical drought degree shows that the drought is in a strengthened trend, namely the drought degree in the next growth period is larger than the current growth period, and the root cutting amount needs to be determined according to the real drought degree in the current growth period.
Drought assessment: the calculation of the parmer method and the modified PDSI index can be used.
(1) The pamer method: palmer (Palmer, translated by Permer) states that the drought phase is a sustained loss of waterThe duration of Drought, which can be considered as a function of water deficit and its duration, was based on this definition in 1965 on which a Palmer Drought Index (somebody translated as "Drought pattern") was proposed that enables analysis of Drought Severity and expressed as a Palmer Drought Index (PDSI). In establishing the mode, Palmer firstly proposes the precipitation amount of 'proper current climate' (CAFEC) different from the long-term average precipitation amount (CAFEC)
) The concept of (1), namely meeting the requirements of regional economic operation and the proper water demand for biological growth water, is called the 'current climate-appropriate' precipitation.
The PDSI index calculation method comprises the following steps: the calculation process of the Palmer index is complex, firstly, each water balance component is calculated, and the related climate coefficient, evapotranspiration coefficient, water supplement coefficient, runoff coefficient and water loss coefficient are solved, so that the climatically proper precipitation amount for the current situation is obtained
。
The first step is as follows: calculating actual values, possible values and average values of components of the monthly water balance by the long-term meteorological data sequence, wherein the actual values, the possible values and the average values comprise actual evapotranspiration ET, possible evapotranspiration PE, actual runoff RO, possible runoff PRO, actual water supplement R, possible water supplement PR, actual water loss L and possible water loss PL;
the second step is that:α、β、γandδthe evaporation coefficient, the water supplement coefficient, the runoff coefficient and the water loss coefficient are respectively called, and the calculation expressions are respectively
；
；
；
。
The third step: calculating the amount of the climatically suitable precipitation:
in the formula
-the amount of evapotranspiration that is suitable in climate,
。
the fourth step: calculating the water filling and shortage value of the water,
。
the fifth step: the water content abnormality index is calculated,
。
in order to obtain a drought index which is independent from time and space, the Palmer is subjected to experience processing for many times, a climate characteristic constant K reflecting the supply and demand relationship of a region is given as a weight factor, and the calculation expression of the K is as follows:
wherein D is the average of the absolute values of each month D. And writing the weight factor K as K after correction, wherein the final water content pitch index is as follows:
。
and a sixth step: on the basis, a Palmer drought index calculation formula is established by further considering the duration factor:
in the formula: i-month i;X i -drought index in the month;X i-1-drought index of previous month.
(2) Calculation method of corrected PDSI index:
researchers obtain a corrected PDSI index formula according to the data of China Jinan and Zhengzhou:
X i =Z i /57.136+0.805X i-1 (1.5)
determining the drought level in North China: by adopting the average data of 160 temperature and rainfall months in China from 1951 to 2000 which are compiled by the China weather bureau, the monthly average PDSI index in the North China is calculated, and compared with the dry and wet grades of the Palmer index, the North China is determined to be mostly moderate drought and has very strong drought and flood persistence, particularly 1999 to 2000, the drought in the North China is very serious. In order to ensure that the winter wheat has a certain yield under the drought condition, a root breaking mode is provided, the root water utilization efficiency is improved, and the yield is stable as much as possible.
(II) selecting a root breaking period: according to the growth process of the winter wheat, selecting the winter wheat within a range of two days before and after entering the green turning period as the time for carrying out root breaking treatment.
The growth process of winter wheat is generally divided into a seeding period, an overwintering period, a green turning period, a jointing period, a heading period, a flowering period, a filling period and a maturation period. After the winter wheat enters the green-turning stage and roots are damaged, the influence of the damaged roots on the growth of the wheat is firstly inhibited and then promoted, the increase of leaf area and biomass of the winter wheat is inhibited in the early stage after the roots are damaged, and then the growth of the spring wheat is inhibited, so that the formation and the growth of ineffective tillers are inhibited (tillering of the wheat refers to branches occurring below the ground or close to the ground); but in the later period (about 20-30 days after the root is damaged generally), the later growth of the main stem and the effective tillering is promoted, the photosynthesis and the accumulation of photosynthetic products of wheat can be promoted, the horizontal water utilization efficiency of the leaves can be improved, and finally the yield and the thousand-grain weight can be increased. Therefore, the root cutting time is selected in the spring return period according to the growth period of winter wheat. The growth process of winter wheat is generally divided into a seeding period, an overwintering period, a green turning period, a jointing period, a heading period, a flowering period, a filling period and a maturation period. After the winter wheat enters the green-turning stage and roots are damaged, the influence of the damaged roots on the growth of the wheat is firstly inhibited and then promoted, the increase of leaf area and biomass of the winter wheat is inhibited in the early stage after the roots are damaged, and then the growth of the spring wheat is inhibited, so that the formation and the growth of ineffective tillers are inhibited (tillering of the wheat refers to branches occurring below the ground or close to the ground); but in the later period (about 20-30 days after the root is damaged generally), the later growth of the main stem and the effective tillering is promoted, the photosynthesis and the accumulation of photosynthetic products of wheat can be promoted, the horizontal water utilization efficiency of the leaves can be improved, and finally the yield and the thousand-grain weight can be increased. Therefore, the root cutting time is selected in the spring return period according to the growth period of winter wheat.
(III) determining the root cutting amount: according to the climate and the dry and wet degree of soil, the root cutting amount of 10-40 percent of the broken roots is determined.
The root cutting amount is generally between 10% and 40%, and according to four dry and wet grades in North China: mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought, the root-cutting amount was rated as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, respectively, as shown in the following table.
(IV) calculating the spatial distribution of root systems of winter wheat in the current growth period: fitting by using various functions according to the information of the development stage with complete root systems, establishing a winter wheat root system growth model according to the principle that relative errors are small and correlation is obvious, and determining the distribution of the winter wheat root system according to the winter wheat root system growth model.
According to the main index condition influencing the root development of the winter wheat in the early stage, the parameters of the root calculation model of the winter wheat are selected, then the root distribution condition of the winter wheat is calculated by using the model, and in addition, for crops with main roots such as wheat, particularly in loess plateau areas, under the condition of a certain depth, a soil dry layer exists, the root cutting angle needs to be considered, so that the main roots can be cut off. The principle is that under the irrigation condition, the water used for wheat growth mainly comes from irrigation, and the water used in the growth period is concentrated within 0.5m of the ground surface. And finally, determining the position, the depth and the angle of the incised root by combining the incised root quantity determined in the above.
The mathematical simulation method of the root system distribution of the winter wheat comprises the following steps: in order to better describe the distribution of roots, a plurality of functions are used for fitting according to the information of a more complete development stage of the roots, and finally, an exponential function form is selected and a winter wheat root growth model is established according to the principle that the relative error is smaller and the correlation is more obvious. Root length density rld (root length diversity) follows the form of an exponential distribution:
wherein Z is the soil depth (cm)); a. b, c and d are parameters; and determining model parameters according to factors such as accumulated temperature, soil moisture and rainfall which influence the root system development of the winter wheat, the variety and the growth period of the winter wheat and related measurement data. Here, take a =1.554 × 104(ii) a b = 1.3829; c = 27; d =69.42 as an example.
Determining root system distribution of winter wheat: the general distribution trend of winter wheat root systems in soil is as follows: the root amount of the soil layer of 0-5 cm is small, and the root amount of the soil layer of 5-10 cm is maximum; the maximum diameter value of the root system of the winter wheat is 0-10 cm of soil layer, the diameter of most root systems of the winter wheat is less than 0.5mm, the diameter of deep root systems is smaller, and the thin roots in the interval of more than 0.1mm and less than or equal to RD and less than or equal to 0.25mm are the main components of the root system of the winter wheat. The root system of the winter wheat grows most vigorously from the green turning to the heading stage, and the root surface area and the diameter of the winter wheat reach the maximum value during the period.
And (V) determining the root breaking depth: calculating the root system distribution of the wheat according to a root length density formula:
wherein RLD is root length density and Z is soil depth (cm); a. b, c and d are parameters, and are determined according to accumulated temperature influencing root system development of winter wheat, soil moisture and rainfall factors, winter wheat variety and growth period.
When the soil depth Z =7cm, the corresponding RLD =8.9cm · cm is obtained by trial calculation of the formula (1.6)-3The root length density is substantially the maximum root length density at the developmental stage. Because the root length and the density are the maximum in the soil layer of 5-10 cm, the cutting depth is determined to be 10cm in consideration of the convenience of the operation of mechanical equipment for cutting the root, and the corresponding RLD =7.6 cm-3. Researches show that root systems of winter wheat are mainly distributed at a position 0-10 cm away from the center of a plant, and the dry weight of the root systems within a range of 2.5cm away from a main stem accounts for about 75% of the total dry weight proportion, so that the rooting systems are mainly and intensively distributed near the main stem, and the cutting mode adopts an alternate root cutting and vertical cutting mode.
Sixthly, determining the position of the broken root: according to the distribution of the root system of the winter wheat determined by a root system growth model of the winter wheat, a circle is drawn by taking a main stem as the center, the circle D in figure 2 indicates that the dry weight of the root system contained in the circle accounts for 25% -50% of the total dry weight, and a tangent line parallel to the plant row of the circle is taken as a root breaking position.
The root system distribution of winter wheat is mainly concentrated in a 0-10 soil layer, and the dry weight of the root system within a range of 2.5cm from the main stem accounts for about 75% of the total dry weight proportion. Therefore, the main distribution of root systems is regarded as a cylinder with the radius r =2.5cm and the height h =10cm, and the volume V of the root systems is assumed to be that the cylinder is uniformly filled with the root systems, 10cm is vertically cut downwards from a position 2.5cm away from the plant to serve as a cutting position with the root breaking amount of 30 percent, and the root systems3=πr2h=196cm3Therefore, V =280 cm3. When the root breaking rate is 10%, the volume V1=0.9V=252cm3Corresponding radius r1And similarly, the distances from the root cutting position to the center of the winter wheat plant are respectively calculated to be 1.8cm, 1.5cm and 1.3cm when the root cutting rate is 20%, 30% and 40%.
(VII) root breaking: and cutting off the root system of the winter wheat according to the selected root cutting time, the root cutting position and the root cutting depth, removing part of secondary roots, cutting off the root system of the winter wheat and simultaneously condensing the cut part, preventing the injury flow and reducing the injury of the root cutting to the root system of crops.
The root system of winter wheat belongs to the fibrous root system, only has a plurality of slender beard-like roots, the main root is not obvious, the adventitious root is developed and mainly consists of the adventitious root, which is the root growing from the hypocotyl of wheat, as shown in figure 1. The winter wheat is generally sown for 1 month, the root depth can reach 50cm, and the mature period can reach 220 cm. The root system of the winter wheat is huge, and the winter wheat can absorb water from a deeper soil layer.
The general distribution trend of winter wheat root systems in soil is as follows: the root amount of a 0-5 cm soil layer is small, and the root amount of a 5-10 cm soil layer is maximum; the maximum diameter value of the root system of the winter wheat is 0-10 cm of soil layer, the diameter (RD) of most root systems of the winter wheat is less than 0.5mm, the diameter of deep root systems is smaller, and the thin roots in the interval of more than 0.1mm and less than or equal to RD and less than or equal to 0.25mm are the main components of the root system of the winter wheat. The root system of the winter wheat grows most vigorously from the green turning to the heading stage, and the root surface area and the diameter of the winter wheat reach the maximum value during the period. Research shows that the dry weight of the root system within 2.5cm from the main stem accounts for about 75 percent of the total dry weight. Thus according to the wet-dry rating: the root cutting amount of the mild drought, the medium drought, the severe drought and the extreme drought is respectively determined to be 10 percent, 20 percent, 30 percent and 40 percent, the cutting depth is 10cm, and the root cutting depth is respectively 2.0cm, 1.8cm, 1.5cm and 1.3cm away from the center of the wheat plant. The numerical range not only protects the main root system to ensure the growth of wheat, but also achieves the purpose of damaging the root.
The growth process of winter wheat is generally divided into a seeding period, an overwintering period, a green turning period, a jointing period, a heading period, a flowering period, a filling period and a maturation period. Winter wheat is generally sown in about ten days in the middle of 10 months, the green-turning period is started in about 3 months in the next year, leaves of wheat seedlings are changed from bluish purple to bright green, and the green-turning period of the winter wheat is set when part of central leaves are exposed. The jointing stage is entered around month 4, and the harvest is carried out at the beginning of month 6.
After the winter wheat enters the green-turning stage and roots are damaged, the influence of the damaged roots on the growth of the wheat is firstly inhibited and then promoted, the increase of leaf area and biomass of the winter wheat is inhibited in the early stage after the roots are damaged, and then the growth of the spring wheat is inhibited, so that the formation and the growth of ineffective tillers are inhibited (tillering of the wheat refers to branches occurring below the ground or close to the ground); but in the later period (about 20-30 days after the root is damaged generally), the later growth of the main stem and the effective tillering is promoted, the photosynthesis of wheat and the accumulation of photosynthetic products can be promoted, the horizontal water utilization efficiency of the leaves can be improved, and finally the yield and the thousand-grain weight can be increased; on the other hand, it is also stated that the time for root injury cannot be too late, and that too late has an inhibitory effect on the growth of wheat. If the root of the winter wheat is damaged in the jointing stage, the jointing is generally carried out to about 20 days of heading, the recovery period after the root damage is just the key period (heading period) of yield formation, and if the growth of the wheat is inhibited at the time, the yield and thousand kernel weight of the winter wheat can be greatly reduced.
Example two:
this example is an implementationThe improvement of the embodiment one is the refinement of the embodiment one about the position of the broken root. In this embodiment, the root cutting positions are at two sides of the main steml 1=2.0cm、l 2=1.8cm、l 3=1.5cm、l 4At 1.3cm, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the depth of roothComprises the following steps: vertically cutting 10cm below the stem (see figure 1), or cutting 3.0cm, 2.8cm, 2.5cm, 2.3cm above the stem at 45 deg.C to obtain main root with root cutting amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%.
The soil water content of the wheat field is measured before root cutting, the field water capacity is taken as a reference, when the soil water content of the wheat field is kept about 50% of the field water capacity (medium drought), the root cutting position is 1.5cm away from the main stem, the wheat field is vertically cut down by 10cm, the upper layer of roots is less, the lower layer of roots is more, the root amount after root cutting is more than 70%, the distance from the main stem to the outside can be expanded by 1 cm to reach 2.5cm, the wheat field is obliquely cut down to the main root at an angle of 45 degrees, and the yield and the water utilization efficiency are obviously improved after the root cutting. When the water content of the soil in the wheat field is about 75 percent of the field water capacity (sufficient water supply), the same root cutting measures are adopted, the water utilization efficiency is obviously improved, but the yield is basically unchanged.
Example three:
the embodiment is a system for improving yield and water utilization efficiency of winter wheat, which realizes the method, and the system comprises: the root cutting machine comprises at least one root cutting knife 1 and a knife rest 2, wherein the root cutting knife 1 is installed on a tractor frame, the knife rest 2 is provided with the root cutting knife, a condenser 3 is installed on the root cutting knife or the knife rest, and the condenser is connected with a condenser power supply 5 installed on a tractor 4, as shown in figures 3 and 4.
The embodiment is a system for realizing the mechanized root breaking operation of the root breaking method. The system comprises:
a root cutting knife: can be an ultrasonic root breaking knife or an electrocoagulation root breaking knife.
The tool rest can be provided with a positioning device: and measuring the distance between the middle shaft and the plant by adopting a laser range finder, a carry stepping motor and an inclined stepping motor, and adjusting the relative position and angle of the cutter.
A control console can be mounted on the tractor: and displaying the distance between the cutter and the plant and the cutting angle of the cutter so as to be convenient to adjust.
A power device: in the case of a condenser requiring a large power: the special diesel generator is provided, and the inverter is configured to convert approximate voltage, current and frequency.
Appropriate weighting: the self-weight adjusting device is used for adjusting the self-weight of the whole cutting system according to the soil resistance during root cutting.
The root cutter can be directly inserted into soil by adopting an appliance similar to a sickle, is driven by a tractor to move forward, and cuts off the root system by utilizing the cutting capability of the blade point. The disc-shaped root cutting knife can be adopted, a sharp knife edge is formed at the edge of the disc-shaped root cutting knife, or a tool for generating vibration by using ultrasonic waves is used, so that the excessively sharp knife edge is not needed at the edge of the disc-shaped root cutting knife, and the root cutting operation can be effectively carried out. The outer edge of the disc can be provided with cutting teeth, the power shaft of the tractor is used for driving the disc to rotate, and the cutting teeth are used for cutting off the root system.
The tool rest is a connecting piece for connecting the tractor and the root breaking knife, when the root breaking knife is a disc-shaped root breaking knife needing rotary motion, the tool rest is also provided with a rotating shaft, and when the root breaking knife is provided with an ultrasonic transducer, the tool rest also has the effect of isolating vibration so as to avoid the transmission of the ultrasonic vibration to the tractor frame.
The coagulator may be an ultrasonic coagulator and an electrocoagulator. The ultrasonic coagulator utilizes the action of ultrasonic vibration to generate frictional heat to coagulate the fracture of the root system. The electric condenser is a condensing mode which utilizes the breakdown heat generated between electrodes due to the liquid filling. Both methods can achieve obvious coagulation effect and have respective advantages.
When winter wheat is in the jointing stage, the height of the plant is not high, and a mode of simultaneously operating a plurality of root cutters can be adopted to improve the operation efficiency. Such as: two root-cutting knives are arranged in pairs at two sides of the plant row to cut off secondary roots at two sides of the plant simultaneously.
Example four:
the embodiment is an improvement of the third embodiment, and relates to the root breaking knife of the third embodimentAnd (5) thinning. The root cutting knife and the knife rest of the embodiment are combined into a group, and the distance between the two root cutting knives in the group is 15-25 cm, namely 2l(ii) a 4-5 groups of root breaking knives and knife rests (only three groups are shown in figure 5) are arranged and connected with the frame of the tractor through a connecting frame 6, as shown in figure 4.
In order to improve the efficiency, 4-5 groups of root breaking cutters and cutter rests can be simultaneously arranged on two sides of the tractor, and the two sides can simultaneously operate.
Example five:
this embodiment is a modification of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment with respect to the connection bracket. In this embodiment, the knife rest or the connecting frame is provided with a cutting depth control mechanism, and a cutting position control mechanism is arranged between a group of root cutting knives.
In the operation of root cutting, the crop growth vigor in each field is different, and the size of plant, root system is different, and consequently, the distance and the degree of depth of root cutting have needs to be adjusted, and consequently, this embodiment has set up and has cut a position control mechanism with the distance between position and the plant stem of adjustment cutting root system. Meanwhile, a cutting depth control mechanism is also arranged to adjust the depth of the root cutter cutting into the soil.
The cutting depth control mechanism described in this embodiment is actually a mechanism for adjusting the vertical displacement of the root cutting knife, and the root cutting knife is tightly locked after the adjustment is finished, and cannot be loosened during the root cutting operation.
Similarly, the cutting position control mechanism is also a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the two root cutting knives, and the root cutting knives are fastened and locked after the adjustment is finished, so that the root cutting knives cannot loosen in the root cutting operation.
Example six:
this embodiment is a modification of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment with respect to the condenser. The root cutter and the coagulator are provided with ultrasonic transducer cutters, and the ultrasonic transducers are connected with an ultrasonic power supply arranged on a tractor.
The condenser used in this embodiment utilizes the principle that ultrasonic waves vibrate at a high speed to promote the surfaces of objects to generate heat by friction. The specific scheme of this embodiment is that an ultrasonic transducer is installed on the root breaking knife, so that the knife face of the root breaking knife and the cut root fracture rub against each other and generate heat, the fracture is promoted to be condensed, and the bleeding injury is prevented.
The cutter of the ultrasonic root cutter can be in the shape of a sickle with a wide and thick cutter face and also can be in the shape of a disc.
When the knife is sickle-shaped, the blade can be sharp, and mechanical cutting can be performed by using the sharp blade. The blade may also be less sharp, i.e. cut by ultrasonic vibrations, but the energy required to use ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonic cutting is greater, necessitating the installation of a special ultrasonic power supply with a generator and corresponding inverter equipment on the tractor.
When the cutter is disc-shaped, cutting teeth may be provided on the outer edge of the disc shape, the cutting teeth being used to mechanically cut the root system and the coagulation being performed using ultrasonic waves. Or the outer edge of the disc is not provided with cutting teeth, and the cutting is directly carried out by utilizing ultrasonic vibration.
The disc-shaped cutter has the advantage that the cutter face and the fracture are directly in large contact area, so that the coagulation of the fracture of the root system is facilitated.
Example seven:
the present embodiment is a modification of the above-described embodiments, and is a refinement of the above-described embodiments with respect to the tool. The tool with the ultrasonic transducer according to the present embodiment is a sickle-shaped tool or a disc-shaped tool.
Example eight:
the present embodiment is a modification of the above-described embodiments, and is a refinement of the above-described embodiments with respect to the tool. The root cutter is a disc-shaped cutter with cutting teeth on the outer edge, the coagulator is an electrocoagulator, and the electrocoagulator is connected with an electrocoagulator power supply arranged on a tractor.
The root system fracture coagulation mode that this embodiment adopted utilizes the electric shock mode of heating, burns the root system fracture department, prevents the torrent. The electrodes can be mounted on the knife surface, or narrow slits can be formed at the time, and the electrodes are arranged in pairs in the narrow slits. When the fracture passes through the electrodes, liquid flowing out of the fracture fills the space between the two electrodes which are installed in pairs, and due to the conductivity of the liquid, the two electrodes break down to form sparks to generate heat, so that the fracture is condensed.
Example nine:
this embodiment is a modification of the above-described embodiment, and is a refinement of the above-described embodiment with respect to the electrocoagulator. The electrocoagulator of this embodiment is a narrow slit 101 formed along the radial direction of the cutterhead, in which electrodes 102 are arranged in pairs, as shown in fig. 6.
In this embodiment, a plurality of narrow slits are formed in the cutter head, four narrow slits are formed in fig. 6, and electrodes are disposed in the narrow slits. The more narrow slits are provided, the better the electrocoagulation effect, but the disk-shaped cutter has poor strength. The edge of the cutter head in this embodiment is provided with cutting teeth 103 for mechanically cutting the root system, and therefore the cutter head in this embodiment needs power to drive the cutter head to rotate 104 around the rotating shaft to complete the cutting movement, see fig. 6.
Example ten:
this embodiment is a modification of the above-described embodiment, and is a refinement of the above-described embodiment with respect to the disc cutter drive. The disc-shaped cutter is connected with a power shaft of a tractor through a transmission shaft.
Because the disc-shaped cutter with the gear cutting needs to be driven by power to complete the root cutting function, the power of the tractor needs to be transmitted to each disc-shaped root cutting cutter through the transmission shaft, and therefore the transmission shaft is arranged in the embodiment, all the cutters are connected with the power shaft of the tractor together, and the power transmission is realized.
Finally, it should be noted that the above is only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred arrangement, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solution of the present invention (such as the form of the root cutter, the connection manner between the elements of the system, etc.) can be modified or equivalently replaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The method for improving the water utilization efficiency of winter wheat is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps of evaluating the drought degree of crops: firstly, evaluating the drought degrees of crops in different growth periods under the condition of a historical long sequence, and evaluating the real drought degree of the crops in the current growth period; if: the real drought degree is greater than the historical drought degree, and meanwhile, the evaluation of the historical drought degree shows that the drought is in a strengthening trend, namely the drought degree in the next growth period is greater than the current growth period, and the root cutting amount needs to be determined according to the real drought degree in the current growth period;
selecting a root breaking period: selecting the winter wheat within a range of two days before and after entering a green turning period as a time for root breaking treatment according to the growth process of the winter wheat;
determining the root cutting amount: according to the climate and the dry and wet degree of soil, determining 10-40% of the root cutting amount of the broken roots;
the method comprises the following steps of calculating the spatial distribution of root systems of winter wheat in the current growth period: fitting by using various functions according to the data of the root development stage, establishing a winter wheat root growth model according to the principle that the relative error is small and the correlation is obvious, and determining the root distribution of the winter wheat according to the winter wheat root growth model;
determining the root breaking depth: calculating the root breaking depth according to a root length density formula:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,RLDthe root length is the density of the root length,Zsoil depth (cm);a、b、c、ddetermining the variety and growth period of the winter wheat as parameters according to accumulated temperature influencing root system development of the winter wheat, soil moisture and rainfall factors;
determining the root breaking position: according to the distribution of the winter wheat root system determined by a winter wheat root system growth model, a circle is drawn by taking a main stem as the center, the dry weight of the root system contained in the circle accounts for 25% -50% of the total dry weight, and a tangent line parallel to the plant row of the circle is taken as a root breaking position;
root cutting: cutting off the root system of the winter wheat according to the selected root cutting time, the root cutting position and the root cutting depth, removing part of secondary roots, cutting off the root system of the winter wheat and simultaneously condensing the cut part, preventing the injury flow and reducing the injury of the root cutting to the root system of crops; the root is cut off by ultrasonic wave or an appliance with a blade, an ultrasonic coagulator or an electrocoagulator is adopted for coagulation treatment, and the ultrasonic coagulator generates frictional heat by utilizing the action of ultrasonic vibration to coagulate the fracture of the root system; the electric condenser is a condensing mode which generates heat by breakdown generated between electrodes due to liquid filling.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the position of the broken root is two sides of 2.0cm, 1.8cm, 1.5cm and 1.3cm from the main stem, and the depth of the broken root is: vertically cutting 10cm, or cutting 3.0cm, 2.8cm, 2.5cm, and 2.3cm away from main stem at 45 deg.C to obtain main root, wherein the root cutting amount is 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%.
3. A system for improving moisture utilization efficiency of winter wheat implementing the method of claim 1, the system comprising: the root cutting machine is characterized in that a coagulator is arranged on the root cutting knife or the knife rest, and the coagulator is connected with a coagulator power supply arranged on the tractor.
4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the root breaking knife and the knife rest are arranged in a group of two sets, the distance between the two root breaking knives in one group is 15-25 cm, and 4-5 groups of the root breaking knives and the knife rest are connected with a frame of the tractor through a connecting frame.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the tool holder or the connecting frame is provided with a cutting depth control mechanism, and a cutting position control mechanism is arranged between a group of root cutting tools.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the coagulator is an ultrasonic transducer connected to an ultrasonic power source mounted on the tractor.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the root cutter is a sickle-shaped cutter or a disc-shaped cutter.
8. The system of claim 4, wherein the root cutter is a disc-shaped cutter having cutting teeth on an outer periphery thereof, the coagulator is an electrocoagulator, and the electrocoagulator is connected to a power source of the electrocoagulator mounted on the tractor.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein said electrocoagulator is a slit formed radially along the impeller, said slit having electrodes arranged in pairs.
10. A system according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the disc-shaped cutter is connected to the power shaft of the tractor by a drive shaft.
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| CN104170643A (en) * | 2014-08-31 | 2014-12-03 | 曹洪青 | Method for cultivating new variety of drought-tolerant wheat |
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| CN104541622B (en) * | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-22 | 中国农业大学 | A kind of grassland improvement of degenerating is with cutting root land leveller and the modification method on degeneration meadow |
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| CN104488659A (en) * | 2014-11-05 | 2015-04-08 | 于瑞德 | Under-root-mulching water-retention transplantation method used in arid region |
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