CN107005084B - 用于分送电能的系统 - Google Patents

用于分送电能的系统 Download PDF

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CN107005084B
CN107005084B CN201580048773.XA CN201580048773A CN107005084B CN 107005084 B CN107005084 B CN 107005084B CN 201580048773 A CN201580048773 A CN 201580048773A CN 107005084 B CN107005084 B CN 107005084B
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CN107005084A (zh
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亨利克斯·D·斯托科曼
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Colombos Ip Co ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00004—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the power network being locally controlled
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H02J13/0004—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers involved in a protection system
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    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
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    • H02H3/52—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to the appearance of abnormal wave forms, e.g. ac in dc installations responsive to the appearance of harmonics
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    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00002—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by monitoring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于分送电能的系统，所述系统包括被配置成供给电能到终端用户的电网，其特征在于所述电网以直流电压运行。

Description

用于分送电能的系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于交换电能的系统。这种通常被称为电能分送网络的系统已经家喻户晓。多年来，电能通过这种网络从发电处传输到终端用户，其中通常情况下从发电处到接近于终端用户的分送处之间使用高的交流电压，并且从所述接近终端用户的分送处以中低电压网络进一步分送。在世界各地，这些中低电压网络在实践中是交流电压网，并且它们应用50到60Hz的频率。由于标准化和人们长期以来相信该分送电能方式尤其在保护能力和低传输损失方面具有优势，所以直流电压分送从未被普及。
发明内容
然而，本发明的一个目的是提供上述交流电分送的一种备选方式，尤其是消除多个与所述交流电分送相关的推测的缺陷。
为此目的，本发明建议一种用于分送电能的系统，所述系统包括被配置成将电能供给到终端用户的电网，所述电网以直流电压运行。
为了便于使用这种电网，本发明进一步建议一种用于上述系统的保护装置，所述保护装置被配置成检测在连接终端用户时的功率消耗的变化，并且如果该变化大于预定阈值，限制在连接终端用户时的功率消耗。
与其中使用电流或电压阈值的常见保护装置相反，通过检测消耗的功率的过度增加，例如消耗的电流的过度增加来检测不规律情形，例如不期望的短路或者其他过度的功率消耗。尤其是当突然发生这种增加并且因此可以在功率消耗曲线图中看到阶跃时，根据本发明判定正在发生不规律情形。
这种阶跃形式可以通过监测功率消耗的频率分析结果而容易地进行检测。这是因为阶跃形式包括在平缓过渡时不出现的大量谐波。在优选实施方式中，保护装置因此被配置成根据测量到存在谐波电流或电压分量来检测变化。另外，所述保护装置可被配置成检测功率消耗，并且如果功率消耗大于预定阈值就限制或断开终端用户的连接。
虽然在LF(低频率)时域具有可用的功率，但在HF时域不存在可用的功率。用户可因此不根据方波方法而是通过斜坡上升方法进行通电。简而言之，谐波HF(高频率)信号不可以存在，因为这表明出现了故障。
短时内没有可用的功率，例如，在短路的情形中。当10A的电流流动并且发生短路时，10A的电流在0伏特电压下仍旧流动，所以功率是0瓦特。如果电流增加，那么在该时刻断开电路，从而不产生火花、电弧或者不产生热量。
根据现有技术的DC的商业解决方案是允许故障逐步升级，从而最弱的部分失效，其中最弱的部分通常是被损坏的保险丝的形式和具有半导体也经常损坏的缺陷。
本发明能够建立一种高效并且可靠的基础设施。在正常情形中，如在所谓的硬网络中那样运行，即用户能够在他们被允许的范围内消耗功率。然而如果产生不可预料的电流，这被看作是故障并且相关的LVDC连接件将会变得没有能量。
保护被配置成使得观察到具有绝对名义保护的HF电流行为。这导致用户必须遵守确定的通电行为以便确保不激活所述保护。
本发明还涉及一种位于根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统内的对电能消耗进行计费的装置，所述装置包括用于消耗来自电网的电能的连接件、将电能供给到消耗电能连接件的连接件、用于与电网的管理者数据通信的连接件、计量器件(device)和数据处理单元，其中所述计量器件连接到所述消耗电能连接件和所述数据通信连接件并且被配置成：监测在消耗点处消耗的电能的量和监测电能被消耗的时刻；所述数据处理单元连接到所述计量器件和所述数据通信连接件并且被配置成：通过所述数据通信连接件确定在连接时可供消耗的电功率、通过连接到所述计量器件确定所消耗的功率；使在输出时能够数据输出在连接时可供消耗的电功率的量。
在优选实施方式中，这种用于对电能消耗进行计费的装置联接到控制构件，所述控制构件被配置成：设定电能消耗的目标值；消耗目标值的电能；当由连接到所述控制构件的用户实际消耗的电能小于所述目标值时，供给电能到联接至所述控制构件的能量缓冲器，并且当连接到所述控制构件的用户实际消耗的电能大于目标值时，从联接到所述控制构件的能量缓冲器汲取电能。
所述装置提供了供电者(网络管理者)与消耗者(客户)之间严格的分隔(至少就数据而言)并导致私密性最大化的优点。供电者仅可以看到消耗数据和通信可用的功率水平，而用户自由选择是否接受所述可用的功率。如果使用控制面板，那么消耗者可以形成恒定的用电，从而不能取得用户分布图。通信在此以商业和能量供给驱动而不是如现有技术中那样以能量需求驱动的方式来控制。
本发明的另一个方面涉及一种装置，其中为了测量电流电平的目的，布置有与将电能传送到消耗电能连接件的连接件的第一电极串连的测量器件，并且为了根据测量的信号来切断用于消耗来自电网的电能的连接件与将电能传送到消耗电能连接件的连接件之间的连接的目的而设置了控制器，并且为了防止电流电平快速波动的目的而布置有与第二电极串连的线圈。
这种线圈保护半导体，并且为此目的，这种线圈具有足够大的值以保证在短路情形下在控制器测量所需的时间内电流还没有发生变化。在短路期间，电流依据线圈的值随着时间的推移而增加。当电流超过阈值时，电子开关打开。此刻流动的电流随后被二极管接收；此刻电压等于二极管两侧的电压降，它一般来说小于一伏特。如果在网络中发生电弧，那么将产生谐波电流。
当用于消耗来自电网的电能的连接件与将电能传送到消耗电能连接件的连接件之间的连接被切断时，控制器尤其把所述将传送电能到消耗电能连接件的连接件连接到电源。
本发明的又一个方面涉及一种用于防止在上述系统附近的建筑物中金属增强部分被腐蚀的装置，所述装置包括用于确定穿过金属增强部分的电流-尤其是泄漏电流的测量器件以及用于引入电流到所述系统中的机构，其中控制机构被设置成引入所述电流以使得穿过所述金属增强部分的电流变成零。
DC中的泄漏电流可导致腐蚀。然而，通过补偿接地系统中的泄漏电流，例如在停车库中的混凝土增强杆可以通过接地构造来进行保护，从而使得弱DC性能现将有益于保护建筑物或结构件。
本发明进一步提供一种用于校准用在根据权利要求1所述的系统中的泄漏电流检测装置的方法，所述方法包括下述步骤：在运行期间引入已知的测试电流；测量响应；将与测试电流不关联的响应标识为泄漏电流；将随后测量的不同于泄漏电流的电流标识为有故障的并且以预定间隔重复前述步骤。
DC泄漏电流检测的巨大问题此前在于很难检测由故障导致的偏差与泄漏电流之间的差别。这是由本发明通过在运行期间引入已知的正和负泄漏电流以便因此能够看到所述系统是否工作来解决的。在关闭位置中针对偏差来校准所述系统，并且在打开位置中监测正确的泄漏测量。为了能够高可靠性地确定系统是可以运行的，能够选择每小时都做上述动作以便连续地检查接地泄漏系统。
本发明的又一个方面涉及一种用于确定梯形网络中电气元件的顺序的方法，其中所述电气元件设置有用于测量它们的供给电压的测量器件以及用于通过它们的功率连接件将至少测量电压和唯一编码传递到控制器件的通信器件，并且所述电气元件配置成通过所述通信器件接收通电或断电指令，所述方法包括：在所述电气元件被放置到梯形网络中之前供给参照电压到每个电气元件；将所述电气元件放置在梯形网络中；检测存在于所述控制器件中的所述电气元件的唯一编码；将所述电气元件逐个通电和断电并且用所述控制器件接收通过所述电气元件测量的电压；以及基于测量电压越高、距离电压源越近的基本原理来确定电气元件在梯形中存在的顺序。
附图说明
现将参照下面的附图来更详细地阐述本发明，于此：
图1示出了用于对电能消耗进行计费的装置；
图2示出了根据图1的装置的细节；
图3示出了根据本发明的保护装置；
图4示出了用于防止建筑物中金属增强部分的腐蚀的装置；
图5a示出了一种用于校准电流泄漏检测装置和执行用于校准电流泄漏检测的方法期间电流曲线的曲线图；
图5b示出了指示何时出现故障的曲线图；
图5c示出了具有通信功能的DC保护系统；
图5d示出了安全通电电路，所述安全通电电路确保用户能够在非短路网络的情形中接通；
图5e示出了能够实现非短路网络的电路；
图6a和6b示出了用于确定梯形网络中电气元件的顺序的方法；以及
图7a-c示出了消耗电能连接件，其中电气设备通过USB连接件来连接。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于平衡电能消耗的装置1，装置1包括用于消耗来自电网3的电能的连接件2、用于将电能传送到消耗电能连接件的连接件4、用于与电网的管理者进行数据通信的连接件5、计量器件6和数据处理单元7，其中计量器件6连接到消耗电能连接件和数据通信连接件，并且配置成监测在消耗点处所消耗的电能的量并且监测消耗电能的时刻；数据处理单元7连接到所述计量器件和数据通信连接件，并且配置成：通过数据通信连接件确定在连接件处可供消耗的电功率，通过连接到计量器件来确定所消耗的功率，并且使在输出时能够数据输出在连接时可供消耗的电功率的量。
在优选实施方式中，这种用于对电能消耗进行计费的器件联接到控制构件8，控制构件8被配置成设定电能消耗的目标值，消耗目标值的电能，当连接到控制构件的用户实际消耗的电能小于该目标值时，将电能供给到能量缓冲器，并且当连接到控制构件的用户实际消耗的电能大于该目标值时，从联接到控制构件的能量缓冲器汲取电能。并且设定目标值。
图2示出了根据图1的系统的细节部分9，其中执行了所谓的汇集管理(congestionmanagement)。具有可以完整地计划/调节的恒量供给。可以从电网获得具有确定的低阈值的恒量功率，可选地补充供给以“幸福时光”功率，从而在计量器件的下游(在标示的圆内)而不是在计量器件的上游构造“聪明电网”。这就实现了每个设备都根据优先进度表来消耗功率。系统中没有管理器，每个设备本身都包含智能装置。
图3示出了根据本发明的保护装置10，其中，为了测量电流电平目的，测量器件12布置成与将电能传送到消耗电能连接件的连接件的第一电极11串连，并且为了根据测量的信号来切断用于消耗来自电网的电能的连接件与将电能传送到消耗电能连接件之间的连接的目的而设置了控制器13，并且为了防止电流电平快速波动的目的，线圈15布置成与第二电极14串连。
当用于消耗来自电网的电能的连接件与将电能传送到消耗电能连接件之间的连接被切断时，控制器尤其把将电能传送到消耗电能连接件的连接件连接到电源。
图4示出了用于防止建筑物中的金属增强部分被腐蚀的装置16，装置16包括用于确定通过金属增强件18的电流-尤其是泄漏电流的测量器件17，以及用于将电流引入到系统中的器件19，其中控制器件被设置成用于引入所述电流以使得通过金属增强部分的电流变成零。标识为AgSO4的单元是在所述装置内用来测量原电池电位的参照电池。硫酸银和硫酸铜都可以用于该用途。
图5a示出了一种用于校准电流泄漏检测的装置和执行用于校准电流泄漏检测的方法期间电流曲线的曲线图，所述用于校准电流泄漏检测的方法包括下述步骤：在运行期间引入已知的测试电流；测量响应；将与测试电流不关联的响应标识为泄漏电流；将随后测量的不同于泄漏电流的电流标识为有故障的并且以预定间隔重复前面的步骤。
图5b是示出何时出现故障的曲线图。
图5c示出了具有包括功率线通信(PLC)的通信、过载保护、短路保护和接地漏电保护的DC保护系统。
图5d示出了安全通电电路，所述安全通电电路确保用户能够在非短路网络的情形中接通。
图5e示出了能够实现非短路网络的电路。用户可以在没有短路功率的情况下通过该电路接通，这通常是不可能的，但在此能够实现，因为已经限定了条件-电流全部位于LF范围内，从而不妨碍保护，电流完全受控，并且根据斜坡上升方法来运行。
图6a和6b示出了用于确定梯形网络中电气元件的顺序的方法，其中电气元件设置有用于测量它们的供给电压的测量器件以及用于通过它们的功率连接件将至少测量电压和唯一编码传递到控制器件的通信器件，所述电气元件配置成通过所述通信器件接收通电或断电指令，所述方法包括在电气元件被放置到梯形网络中之前供给参照电压到每个电气元件，将电气元件放置在梯形网络中，用控制器件检测现存的电气元件的唯一编码，将电气元件逐个通电和断电并且用控制器件接收通过所述电气元件测量的电压，以及基于测量电压越高、距离电压源越近的基本原理来确定电气元件在梯形网络中存在的顺序。引入的DC电压是通过低功率控制器来测量的。每个器件本身都包括ADC，所述ADC通过源来校准。随后为随机器件通电，并且再次进行测量。值之间的差值表示电压差(例如精确地16位)并且总线上的ID顺序以其为基础来确定。这些数字可被用于定位。
图7a-c示出了消耗电能连接件，其中电气设备通过USB连接件来连接，功率和数据通过所述USB连接件进行传送。
小的用户可以通过USB PD1.0连接件供电。在这种设定标准内现在可以获得多个高达100W的功率分布；这些可以在未来扩展到例如在5A时60V，这可以产生300W的功率。选择尤其是为USB电源构建具有安全低压的网络并且选择在连接处设置非绝缘DC/DC。这些是非常紧凑和高效的，从而它们可被构建在其中。USB连接件还可以被配置成使数据可用于电视或计算机，从而所有设备都需要单个连接件。这可以例如还作为标准灯，所述标准灯可以通过网络来运行。通过主电源来实现运行，并且小的电源在局部使用以便与用作以太网的USB数据组合来提供功率。这例如意味着笔记本计算机设置有以太网(TCP/IP)并且通过USBPD来提供功率，所以每个用户都被随后连接到以太网，从而将家庭自动化和功率供给相组合。
上述示例仅是示例性的并且绝非旨在用于限制如下面的权利要求中限定的本申请的保护范围。

Claims (5)

1.用于分送电能的系统，包括：
被配置成供给电能到终端用户的电网，
其中，
所述电网以直流电压运行，
保护装置，其被配置成检测在连接终端用户时功率消耗的变化，并且如果所述变化大于第一预定阈值，就限制在连接终端用户时的功率消耗，
其特征在于，所述保护装置被配置成根据测量到所述电网中存在谐波电流或电压分量来检测变化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述保护装置还配置成检测功率消耗，并且如果功率消耗大于第二预定阈值，就限制或断开终端用户的连接。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的系统，其特征在于包括用于确定穿过金属增强部分的电流的测量器件以及用于输入电流到所述系统中的器件，其中设置了控制器件，所述控制器件用于引入电流以使得穿过所述金属增强部分的电流变成零。
4.根据权利要求3所述的系统，其特征在于，所述电流是泄漏电流。
5.用于校准在根据上述任一权利要求所述的系统中的泄漏电流检测装置的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括下述步骤：
-在运行期间引入已知的测试电流；
-测量响应；
-将与所述测试电流不关联的响应标识为泄漏电流；
-将随后测量的不同于泄漏电流的电流标识为有故障的；
-以预定间隔重复前面的步骤。
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CN107005084A (zh) 2017-08-01
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JP2017524333A (ja) 2017-08-24
NL2013296B1 (nl) 2016-09-21
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BR112017002134A2 (pt) 2017-11-21
JP6712269B2 (ja) 2020-06-17
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US10592879B2 (en) 2020-03-17
US20170255913A1 (en) 2017-09-07

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