CN106992510A - Suppress the magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear - Google Patents
Suppress the magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear Download PDFInfo
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- CN106992510A CN106992510A CN201710378733.2A CN201710378733A CN106992510A CN 106992510 A CN106992510 A CN 106992510A CN 201710378733 A CN201710378733 A CN 201710378733A CN 106992510 A CN106992510 A CN 106992510A
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- air gap
- saturation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
- H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
- H02H9/045—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage adapted to a particular application and not provided for elsewhere
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/02—Permanent magnets [PM]
- H01F7/0205—Magnetic circuits with PM in general
- H01F7/021—Construction of PM
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- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention is on a kind of magnetic ring device for suppressing very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear, including magnet ring string, copper foil tape and fixing shell, magnet ring string is made up of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings, is closely connected by adhesive between two neighboring open loop anti-saturation magnet ring；Air gap is provided with open loop anti-saturation magnet ring；Fixing shell is set outside the outer surface parcel copper foil tape and magnet ring string of magnet ring string.Air gap of the invention by opening up suitable length on magnet ring, can effectively improve the saturated characteristic of device, and more energy expenditures are caused to traveling wave, reduce the VFTO values in GIS caused by disconnecting switch operation；Copper foil tape effectively can prevent the magnetic line of force from revealing, and strengthen the eddy-current loss of magnetic ring device, and influences of the reduction VFTO to equipment can also improve the Electric Field Distribution in magnet ring string list face, it is to avoid partial discharge phenomenon caused by local field strength is too high.Fixing shell can improve the overall strength and stiffness of magnetic ring device.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to suppress express speed in overvoltage technical field, more particularly to a kind of suppression gas-insulated switchgear
The magnetic ring device of transient overvoltage.
Background technology
In network system, accounted for because GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear, gas-insulated switchgear) has
The advantages of ground area is small, reliability is high, security is good, installation period is short and easy to maintenance so that GIS, which turns into, constitutes electricity at different levels
The important component of net and it is widely used in power network.From composition structure open, GIS be by breaker, bus, every
Leave the high voltage distribution installation of pass, voltage transformer, current transformer, arrester and sleeve combination.When operation isolation is opened
Multiple arc reignition or prebreakdown can be produced between Guan Shi, the fracture of disconnecting switch, arc reignition each time can all be produced necessarily
The transient overvoltage of amplitude, transient overvoltage is transmitted along the fracture of disconnecting switch to both sides, by repeatedly reflecting and reflecting to form
The higher VFTO of amplitude (Very Fast Transient Overvoltage, very fast transient overvoltage), VFTO can serious prestige
GIS and GIS is coerced adjacent to the insulation safety of secondary device, is the one of the main reasons of GIS failures, therefore, is suppressing overvoltage skill
How art field, research effectively suppresses the problem of VFTO is individual important in GIS.
There is a kind of magnetic ring device at present, the magnetic ring device is closed loop configuration, main application bead, which suppresses high-frequency electromagnetic, to be done
The principle disturbed is designed.Magnetic ring device is installed on conducting rod in GIS, is equivalent to add equivalent resistance and inductance, changes
The circuit parameter become near conducting rod.Therefore, when producing VFTO in GIS, the amplitude and steepness of traveling wave also will be because of increases
Magnetic ring device and reduce.I.e.：Current magnetic ring device suppresses VFTO by magnet ring equivalent resistance in high frequency and inductance
Steepness and amplitude, suppressing VFTO in GIS so as to realize.
If however, the current magnetic ring device of large-scale use, or current magnetic ring device is applied into super-pressure, spy
In the GIS of high pressure level, during disconnecting switch operation, under extreme conditions, the magnitude of voltage that isolation switch contact gap is produced is about
For 2 times of power-frequency voltage amplitudes, therefore, the current peak flowed through in the conducting rod near disconnecting switch inside bus also easily reaches
KA ranks.Because current magnetic ring device uses closed loop configuration, from Ampere circuit law, when the current value for flowing through conducting rod
When I is very big, the magnetic field intensity H that formation is sensed on closed loop magnet ring is also very big, understands that magnetic field intensity H is very in conjunction with B-H loop
When big, magnet ring is easily accessible saturation state；Finally, from the relation of magnetic flux density, magnetic field intensity and magnetic conductivity, magnet ring is worked as
When the magnetic field intensity H that upper sensing is formed is very big, the magnetic conductivity of magnet ring is close to 0, now, equivalent inductance and impedance all significantly under
Drop, causes the inhibitory action of magnet ring also substantially to fail.Therefore, current magnetic ring device is as a result of closed loop configuration so that magnetic
The easy saturation of loop device, large-scale use magnet ring or by magnet ring be applied to super-pressure, the GIS of extra-high voltage grade in when, at present
Magnetic ring device can not effectively suppress VFTO.
The content of the invention
To overcome problem present in correlation technique, the present invention provides express speed in a kind of suppression gas-insulated switchgear
The magnetic ring device of transient overvoltage.
The magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in a kind of suppression gas-insulated switchgear, including magnet ring string, copper foil
Adhesive tape and fixing shell, wherein：Magnet ring string is set on the conducting rod inside GIS, and is brought into close contact with conducting rod, magnet ring string by
Multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings are constituted, and the axis of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings is overlapped and close connection, adjacent two vertically
Closely connected by adhesive between individual open loop anti-saturation magnet ring；Length identical gas is provided with multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings
Gap；The outer surface parcel copper foil tape of magnet ring string, is enclosed with outside the magnet ring string of copper foil tape and sets fixing shell.
Alternatively, insulating oil cardboard, and insulating oil cardboard and gas are closely embedded at the air gap of single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring
Closely connected by adhesive between gap；
Two sides of the insulating oil cardboard contacted with air gap are matched with air gap, the thickness of insulating oil cardboard and the length of air gap
Degree matching.
Alternatively, the length of air gap is 1mm-2mm.
Alternatively, adhesive is set to modified epoxide resin adhesive.
Alternatively, fixing shell is set to aluminum hull.
Alternatively, open loop anti-saturation magnet ring is set to ferrite soft magnetic open loop anti-saturation magnet ring.
Alternatively, the cut-out direction of the air gap of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings is consistent.
Alternatively, the sectional area of fixing shell is identical with the sectional area of single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring.
The technical scheme that embodiments of the invention are provided can include the following benefits：
The present invention provides a kind of magnetic ring device for suppressing very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear, including magnetic
Ring string, copper foil tape and fixing shell, wherein：Magnet ring string is set on the conducting rod inside GIS, and is closely pasted with conducting rod
Close, magnet ring string is made up of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings, the axis of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings is overlapped and close vertically
Closely connected by adhesive between connection, two neighboring open loop anti-saturation magnet ring；It is provided with multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings
Length identical air gap；The outer surface parcel copper foil tape of magnet ring string, is enclosed with outside the magnet ring string of copper foil tape and sets fixed outer
Shell.
Air gap of the invention by opening up suitable length on magnet ring, is designed as open loop structure by magnet ring, is operated in GIS
During disconnecting switch, even if the magnitude of voltage that isolation switch contact gap is produced is very big, the electric current for flowing through conducting rod is also not too large,
The magnetic field intensity for sensing formation on magnet ring is caused to greatly reduce, therefore, magnet ring is not easily accessed saturation state, that is to say, that this hair
The setting of bright middle open loop anti-saturation magnet ring, can effectively improve the overall saturated characteristic of magnetic ring device.In addition, in the feelings of transient state
Under condition, due to being provided with air gap in magnetic ring device, air gap can cause more energy expenditures to traveling wave, so as to reduce traveling wave
Amplitude, and then reduce the VFTO values in GIS caused by disconnecting switch operation, that is to say, that the setting of air gap in magnetic ring device,
VFTO values can also effectively be suppressed.In addition, the copper foil tape in the present invention effectively can prevent the magnetic line of force from revealing, so as to strengthen
The eddy-current loss of magnetic ring device, influences of the reduction VFTO to equipment, moreover, the setting of copper foil tape can also improve magnet ring string list
The Electric Field Distribution in face, thus magnet ring string list face avoid local field strength it is too high caused by partial discharge phenomenon.Fixing shell is set
The overall strength and stiffness of magnetic ring device can be improved by putting, it is to avoid device is collided with and damaged during carrying.
It should be appreciated that the general description of the above and detailed description hereinafter are only exemplary and explanatory, not
Can the limitation present invention.
Brief description of the drawings
Accompanying drawing herein is merged in specification and constitutes the part of this specification, shows the implementation for meeting the present invention
Example, and for explaining principle of the invention together with specification.
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing
There is the accompanying drawing used required in technology description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, for those of ordinary skill in the art
Speech, on the premise of not paying creative work, can also obtain other accompanying drawings according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a kind of magnetic for suppressing very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear provided in an embodiment of the present invention
The structural representation of loop device；
Fig. 2 is very fast transient overvoltage in another suppression gas-insulated switchgear provided in an embodiment of the present invention
The structural representation of magnetic ring device.
Symbol in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is represented：
1- open loop anti-saturations magnet ring, 2- fixing shells, 3- copper foil tapes, 4- adhesive, 5- insulating oil cardboards.
Embodiment
Here exemplary embodiment will be illustrated in detail, its example is illustrated in the accompanying drawings.Following description is related to
During accompanying drawing, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different accompanying drawings represent same or analogous key element.Following exemplary embodiment
Described in embodiment do not represent and the consistent all embodiments of the present invention.On the contrary, they be only with it is such as appended
The example of the consistent apparatus and method of some aspects be described in detail in claims, the present invention.
Gas-insulated switchgear GIS is the electrical equipment commonly used in power network, in super-pressure, the GIS of extra-high voltage grade
During disconnecting switch operation, isolation switch contact gap can produce a kind of very fast transient overvoltage VFTO, and VFTO can cause to flow through
Current peak in conducting rod reaches kA ranks.By taking 550kV GIS device as an example, the wave impedance model of China's 550kV GIS devices
Substantially 70~100 Ω are enclosed, in the case of the folding of traveling wave, reflection process is not considered, are likely to occur by isolation switch contact gap
2 times of power frequency supply crest voltages estimation, produce VFTO when travelling wave current in more than 4.49kA.Therefore VFTO is seriously threatened
Secondary device in GIS simultaneously causes GIS failures, and in order to effectively suppress VFTO, the present invention provides a kind of gas-insulated that suppresses and opened
Close the magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in equipment.
Below with reference to accompanying drawing to very fast transient overvoltage in the suppression gas-insulated switchgear of the embodiment of the present invention
Magnetic ring device be described in detail.
Embodiment one
Referring to Fig. 1, Fig. 1 is very fast transient mistake in a kind of suppression gas-insulated switchgear provided in an embodiment of the present invention
The structural representation of the magnetic ring device of voltage.As shown in Figure 1, the invention mainly comprises three parts：Magnet ring string, copper foil tape 3
And fixing shell 2.Wherein, magnet ring string is set on the conducting rod in GIS median generatrixs, and magnet ring string is closely pasted with conducting rod
Close.Magnet ring string is made up of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings 1, and the axis of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings 1 is overlapped and tight vertically
Closely connected by adhesive 4 between close connection, two neighboring open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1；Set on multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings 1
It is equipped with length identical air gap.
Magnetic ring device is installed on GIS inner conductive bars, i.e., circuit is filtered, no matter magnetic ring device is open loop magnet ring
Or closed loop magnet ring, all equivalent to adding equivalent resistance and inductance to conducting rod, therefore can change the circuit near conducting rod
Parameter.In this case, when producing VFTO in GIS, the amplitude and steepness of traveling wave will drop because magnetic ring device is added
It is low.It is both provided with an air gap on each open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1 in the embodiment of the present invention, therefore open loop anti-saturation magnet ring
The similar annular jaggy of cross sectional shape.Air gap of the invention by opening up suitable length on magnet ring, magnet ring is designed
For open loop structure, in GIS during disconnecting switch operation, even if the magnitude of voltage that isolation switch contact gap is produced is very big, due to
Magnet ring is not closed loop configuration, and the electric current for flowing through conducting rod is also not too large, therefore the magnetic field intensity of formation is sensed on magnet ring significantly
Reduce, magnet ring is not easily accessed saturation state, this is equivalent to improve the overall saturated characteristic of magnetic ring device.Moreover, temporary
In the case of state, due to the presence of air gap, energy expenditures more more than closed loop magnet ring can be caused to traveling wave, so can result in row
The amplitude and steepness of ripple are further reduced.Therefore, the present invention can effectively improve the saturated characteristic of magnetic ring device, and can show
Write the inhibition improved to VFTO.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the length of air gap is 1mm-2mm in open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1, and optimal selection is 1.5mm,
This size requirement of open loop anti-saturation magnet ring, can either improve the saturated characteristic of whole magnetic ring device, magnet ring not interfered with again
Other performances.
Length identical air gap is provided with multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings 1, and multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings constitute one
Individual magnet ring string is set on conducting rod.It is in multiple open loop anti-saturation 1 axially close-packed arrays of magnet ring, multiple open loops are anti-full
It is consistent with the cut-out direction of magnet ring, is conducive to improving the overall stability of magnetic ring device.
Further, in multiple open loop anti-saturation 1 axially close-packed arrays of magnet ring, the otch side of air gap can be made
To unanimously vertically downward, during due to execute-in-place, the arm of operator needs to go deep into pipeline, gas in open loop anti-saturation magnet ring is made
The cut-out direction of gap is unanimously conducive to operator easily to unify arrangement magnet ring vertically downward, so as to further ensure that device
Stability.
With continued reference to Fig. 1, in the embodiment of the present invention, the copper foil tape 3 is wrapped up in the outer surface of magnet ring string, is enclosed with copper foil
Fixing shell 2 is provided with outside the magnet ring string of adhesive tape 3.Copper foil tape 3 is wrapped in around magnet ring string by the viscose glue carried, can be with
Effectively prevent the magnetic line of force from revealing, strengthen the eddy-current loss of magnetic ring device, so as to cause more energy expenditures to traveling wave, be conducive to
The amplitude of traveling wave is reduced, reduces influences of the VFTO to GIS and other secondary devices.Moreover, copper foil tape can also improve magnetic
The Electric Field Distribution in ring string list face, it is to avoid magnet ring string list face produces shelf depreciation because local field strength is too high.
Fixing shell 2 can improve the overall strength and stiffness of magnetic ring device, it is to avoid equipment is collided with during carrying
And cause magnet ring to damage.Fixing shell 2 can select aluminum hull or stainless steel casing.Aluminum hull is manufactured from aluminum alloy, and aluminium alloy is strong
Degree is higher, close to high-quality steel, and with excellent mechanical performance, physical property and corrosion resistance, can preferably carry
The strength and stiffness of high magnetic ring device, so as to preferably protect the inner member of whole magnetic ring device.
In terms of the apparent size of fixing shell 2, the sectional area of the sectional area of fixing shell 2 and single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring
It is identical, depending on the length of fixing shell 2 can be according to the quantity of open loop anti-saturation magnet ring in actual magnetic ring device.This structure is set
Meter, it can be ensured that fixing shell 2 is conducive to improving magnet ring dress together with being enclosed with the magnet ring string of copper foil tape 3 and being brought into close contact
The stability put.
By Fig. 1 it can also be seen that closely being connected by adhesive 4 between two neighboring open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1.Pass through glue
Stick 4 will closely be connected between two neighboring open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1, it can be ensured that the fastness of magnet ring string, avoid list
Loosening is produced between individual open loop anti-saturation magnet ring, so as to improve inhibition of the whole magnetic ring device to VFTO.
Specifically, the adhesive 4 in the embodiment of the present invention can use modified epoxide resin adhesive, modified epoxy
Adhesive is modified processing to epoxy resin using polyurethane prepolymer, can overcome the fragility of general epoxyn
The poor shortcoming with heat-resisting quantity, and with good characteristics such as oil resistant, water-fast and organic solvent-resistants, it is accordingly possible to ensure opening
Connection between ring anti-saturation magnet ring is even closer and firm.
Embodiment two
Referring to Fig. 2 on the basis of the embodiment shown in above-mentioned Fig. 1, Fig. 2 is provided in an embodiment of the present invention another
Suppress the structural representation of the magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear.As shown in Figure 2, it is of the invention
Closely be embedded in insulating oil cardboard 5 in embodiment at the air gap of single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1, and insulating oil cardboard 5 and air gap it
Between pass through adhesive 4 closely connect.Two sides of the insulating oil cardboard 5 contacted with air gap are matched with air gap, insulating oil cardboard 5
Thickness matched with the length of air gap.
Insulating oil cardboard 5 is a kind of non-magnet material, and the sky in magnetic field will not be both had influence on to magnetic field generation beam magnetic action
Between distribution again will not reduce the saturated characteristic of open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1.In the gas of open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1 in the embodiment of the present invention
Insulating oil cardboard 5 is closely embedded at gap, the shelf depreciation of air gap surface can be effectively prevented, so as to improve whole magnetic ring device
Security.The part that the embodiment is not described in detail can refer to the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, between the two can reference mutually,
This is no longer elaborated.
In addition, the open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1 during the present invention is implemented can select ferrite soft magnetic open loop anti-saturation magnet ring, iron
Oxysome soft magnetism open loop anti-saturation magnet ring is a kind of magnet ring for opening air gap being made up of soft magnetic materials, and this magnet ring need not be grounded,
There is no particular/special requirement to its structure design, therefore be adapted to promote the use of, and the loss of this magnet ring medium-high frequency is low, is used as common mode
Choke coil is more obvious particularly with its advantage for the wire of transmission high-frequency signal in use, do not result in distorted signals.
By taking 550kV GIS as an example, when carrying out structure design for the magnetic ring device in the present invention, following chi may be referred to
It is very little：Because magnet ring string is set on the conducting rod in GIS, it is contemplated that the size of magnet ring string needs and conducting rod in existing GIS
Outer diameter parameters match, the external diameter of single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1 could be arranged to 210mm-250mm, and internal diameter is 150mm-
200mm, thickness is 15mm-35mm, wherein, the optimum size selection of single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1 is：External diameter 230mm, internal diameter
170mm, thickness 20mm.The length of air gap is 1mm-2mm in single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring, and optimal gas length is 1.5mm.Gu
Aluminum hull can be selected by determining shell 2, it is assumed that magnet ring string includes 20 magnet rings altogether, and whole aluminum hull is cylindrical, may be sized to：
The floor space of external diameter 240mm, internal diameter 230mm, thickness 400mm, aluminum hull two ends base area and single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring 1 is protected
Hold consistent.
Those skilled in the art will readily occur to its of the present invention after the disclosure that specification and practice are invented here is considered
Its embodiment.The application be intended to the present invention any modification, purposes or adaptations, these modifications, purposes or
Person's adaptations follow the general principle of the present invention and including undocumented common knowledge in the art of the invention
Or conventional techniques.Description and embodiments are considered only as exemplary, and true scope and spirit of the invention are by following
Claim is pointed out.
It should be appreciated that the invention is not limited in the precision architecture for being described above and being shown in the drawings, and
And various modifications and changes can be being carried out without departing from the scope.The scope of the present invention is only limited by appended claim.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of magnetic ring device for suppressing very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear, it is characterised in that including magnetic
Ring string, copper foil tape (3) and fixing shell (2), wherein：
The magnet ring string is set on the conducting rod inside GIS, and is brought into close contact with the conducting rod, and the magnet ring string is by multiple
Open loop anti-saturation magnet ring (1) is constituted, and the axis of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings (1) is overlapped and close connection vertically,
Closely connected by adhesive (4) between the two neighboring open loop anti-saturation magnet ring (1)；Multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings
(1) length identical air gap is provided with；
The copper foil tape (3) is wrapped up in the outer surface of the magnet ring string, is enclosed with outside the magnet ring string of the copper foil tape (3)
The fixing shell (2) is set.
2. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the air gap of the single open loop anti-saturation magnet ring (1)
The close embedded insulating oil cardboard (5) in place, and it is tight by the adhesive (4) between the insulating oil cardboard (5) and the air gap
Close connection；
Two sides of the insulating oil cardboard (5) contacted with the air gap are matched with the air gap, the insulating oil cardboard
(5) thickness is matched with the length of the air gap.
3. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the length of the air gap is 1mm-2mm.
4. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the adhesive (4) is set to modified epoxy
Adhesive.
5. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the fixing shell (2) is set to aluminum hull.
6. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the open loop anti-saturation magnet ring (1) is set to iron oxygen
Body soft magnetism open loop anti-saturation magnet ring.
7. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the air gap of multiple open loop anti-saturation magnet rings is cut
Mouth direction is consistent.
8. magnetic ring device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the sectional area of the fixing shell (2) and single institute
The sectional area for stating open loop anti-saturation magnet ring is identical.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710378733.2A CN106992510B (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2017-05-25 | Inhibit the magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201710378733.2A CN106992510B (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2017-05-25 | Inhibit the magnetic ring device of very fast transient overvoltage in gas-insulated switchgear |
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| CN113408232A (en) * | 2021-06-18 | 2021-09-17 | 国网陕西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Magnetic ring power frequency saturation characteristic simulation method |
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| CN109888757A (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2019-06-14 | 平高集团有限公司 | VFTO inhibits device and GIS device |
| CN113408232A (en) * | 2021-06-18 | 2021-09-17 | 国网陕西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Magnetic ring power frequency saturation characteristic simulation method |
| CN113408232B (en) * | 2021-06-18 | 2023-09-19 | 国网陕西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Magnetic ring power frequency saturation characteristic simulation method |
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