CN1069336C - Preparation of sintered PES non-stickness paint for kitchenware and household appliance - Google Patents
Preparation of sintered PES non-stickness paint for kitchenware and household appliance Download PDFInfo
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- CN1069336C CN1069336C CN97112079A CN97112079A CN1069336C CN 1069336 C CN1069336 C CN 1069336C CN 97112079 A CN97112079 A CN 97112079A CN 97112079 A CN97112079 A CN 97112079A CN 1069336 C CN1069336 C CN 1069336C
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- pes
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- stick
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009766 low-temperature sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001023 inorganic pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 claims 2
- OTYYBJNSLLBAGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N CN1C(CCC1)=O.[N] Chemical compound CN1C(CCC1)=O.[N] OTYYBJNSLLBAGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010215 titanium dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZPOLNCDBPYJDSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]-2-formamidopropanoic acid Chemical compound O=CNC(C(=O)O)CC1=CC=C(N(CCCl)CCCl)C=C1 ZPOLNCDBPYJDSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000233855 Orchidaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920012266 Poly(ether sulfone) PES Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000872198 Serjania polyphylla Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920004463 Voltalef® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- VQLYBLABXAHUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)silane;methyl n-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1.C=1C=C(F)C=CC=1[Si](C=1C=CC(F)=CC=1)(C)CN1C=NC=N1 VQLYBLABXAHUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021067 refined food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
本发明属于炊具、家电用高、低温烧结PES防沾涂料的制备技术，它是在原PET耐高温防腐涂料的基础上，仍以PES为主成份，通过添加氟聚合物作防沾成份，各种颜料和珠光粉为着色装饰成份，可采用高温和低温烧结，以满足不同使用要求的需要，本发明的涂层具有比传统不沾涂料附着力强，硬度高的特点。The invention belongs to the preparation technology of high- and low-temperature sintered PES anti-stick coatings for cooking utensils and household appliances. On the basis of the original PET high-temperature anti-corrosion coatings, PES is still the main component, and fluoropolymers are added as anti-stick components. Pigment and pearlescent powder are the coloring and decoration components, which can be sintered at high temperature and low temperature to meet the needs of different application requirements. The coating of the present invention has the characteristics of stronger adhesion and higher hardness than traditional non-stick coatings.
Description
The invention belongs to the technology of preparing of cooker, the anti-stickness paint of household electrical appliances usefulness high and low temperature sintering PES.
Polyethersulfone (PES) resin except that stronger acid-alkali-corrosive-resisting is arranged, also has the bonds well power with metal material such as steel, cast iron, aluminium etc., and it is very good therefore being used for high-temperature anticorrosion with its solution as protective system.We are once in the spraying coating process patent (application number is 85107781.1, and certificate of patent book number is 3872) of 89 years application polyethersulfone fire-resistant anticorrosion paints for this reason.And in chemical anticorrosion, obtained successful application.
The high-temperature anticorrosion on chemical industry equipment, many cookers and household electrical appliances also begin to adopt high temperature to prevent stickness paint but in recent years.The coating of this purposes, except that require coating high temperature resistant with the metal strong adhesion, also requiring to have has certain anti-being stained with property and beautiful ornamental to processed food.We are on the basis of the PES of former patent fire-resistant anticorrosion paint for this reason, through succeeding in developing as anti-formulation for coating material and the corresponding spray sintering technology of being stained with coating in metal productss such as cooker, household electrical appliances, mould surface various screenings of not being stained with composition and decoration composition repeatedly, thereby finished the present invention, its technical requirements comprises:
One, prescription
1, coating is main composition with PES, is meant that the gross weight of each composition in the gained coating is 100%, and the amount of PES resin is greater than 50% in the coating.
2, solvent system is: the mixed solvent of three major types such as ketone, benzene class, amine, wherein ketones solvent can be selected one or both among n-formyl sarcolysine base pyrrolidone (N-MP), butanone, the acetone for use, benzene kind solvent can be selected one or both in the benzene,toluene,xylene for use, and amine solvent can be selected one or both in N,N-DIMETHYLACETAMIDE (DMAc), the dimethyl formamide.
3, prevent that being stained with component is fluoropolymer, can select polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) for use, voltalef, any one or two kinds of above mixed compositions in perfluor second, the propylene copolymer (being fluoro-4.6) etc.
4, be decorated and be divided into various mineral dyes or pigment dyestuff, can select iron oxide black with the purposes difference, red iron oxide, the coating of color and lusters such as that non-toxic pigments such as high luminance relay carbon black are modulated into is black, grey, palm fibre is used for the goods that food utensil and cooker etc. have nontoxic requirement, can select cadmium red for use to the purposes that does not have nontoxic requirement, all kinds of high temperature resistant inorganic pigment such as cadmium is green.
Also can adopt versicolor pearly pigment or ultrafine metal powders simultaneously, as aluminium powder, copper powder etc., gold, silver color etc. are mixed with and are the photochromic coating of metallic bead of all kinds.
Two, the preparation technology of coating.At first, be hybridly prepared into mixed solvent with certain solvency power and evaporation rate by the difference requirement of purposes and the balance of cost with above-mentioned listed solvent.(wherein the consumption of each component is adjustable 1%～50%).Then, get a certain amount of solvent and the required anti-composition fluoropolymer of being stained with, mixed grinding becomes uniform suspension in colloidal mill or sand mill, emits standby; Remaining mixed solvent is injected colloidal mill or sand mill under cycling condition, substep adds the PES resin of aequum, after treating all dissolvings, a certain amount of pigment that adds required color again continues circular grinding after evenly, add giving the earlier ground standby anti-composition fluoropolymer suspension of being stained with, row ground 10 minutes again, formed PES coating suspension fully uniformly.Be the of all kinds anti-stickness paint that is not the pearly-lustre look after emitting.
Be the coating of pearly-lustre look as need preparations, then can be at the above-mentioned pearlescence that adds a certain proportion of required color and luster in the uniform coating that ground, be stirred to by hand be uniformly dispersed till.Make sure to keep in mind and can not grind in machines such as colloidal mill or sand mill this moment, otherwise poor effect.
Three, spray sintering technology
1, high temperature sintering type
When adopting tetrafluoroethylene to do to prevent being stained with component (being used for cooker), the sintering process after its spraying is identical with preceding patent of invention more.Promptly spraying back is earlier 120 ℃ of left and right sides low temperature oven oven dry 20 minutes, treats that solvent removed about 80%, and the High Temperature Furnaces Heating Apparatus sintering that moves on to 380 ℃ again can form required coating in 20 minutes.
2, low-temperature sintering type
When adopting trifluorochloroethylene, perfluor ethylene-propylene copolymer (fluoro-4.6) is done anti-when being stained with component, its spraying with give that stoving process is identical with the former fully, just in the end during sintering, can carry out at a lower temperature, its lower limit must not be lower than 280 ℃, otherwise can not form the ideal coating.Its reason be lower than this temperature above-mentioned anti-be stained with component can not the fusion film forming.The advantage of this low temperature modification coating has two aspects, and the one, because the low fine aluminium article coatings that can be used for of sintering temperature, as the impeller of smoke exhaust ventilator etc.The 2nd, the reduction of sintering temperature has been created condition for adopting the allochroic organic dye of high temperature, and it is more extensive that coating can be obtained, more bright-coloured color and luster.
Embodiment:
One, high temperature sintering type
Use N-MP10%, DMAc40%, toluene 26%, butanone 25% is mixed with mixed solvent.
Embodiment 1 (black) gets the 300g mixed solvent, 80g PTFE, in colloidal mill, grind formed in 10 minutes emit behind the uniform suspension standby.Again the 430g mixing solutions is added in the colloidal mill, under loop condition, slowly the 180gPES resin-oatmeal is added, treat to dissolve fully the back and add the 10g carbon black, continue to be ground to evenly after, again will above-mentioned ground PTFE suspension add continue to be ground to even till.Put into encloses container, can get 1000g coating finished product.
After spraying on the set iron, 120 ℃ of oven dry in baking oven were warmed up to 380 ℃ of sintering and can obtain coating sample in 20 minutes in 20 minutes again.Referring to accompanying drawing A-2-1
Embodiment 2 (grey)
Other component dosage just reduces to 1g with carbon black fully with embodiment 1 in the prescription, and other adds the 30g titanium white.Grind order fully with embodiment 1, spraying, oven dry, sintering condition are fully with embodiment 1.The coating sample that obtains is shown in accompanying drawing A-2-2.
Two, low-temperature sintering type
Use N-MP5%, DMAc50%, toluene 39%, butanone 6% is made into mixed solvent.
Embodiment 3 (dark red)
Press the prescription of embodiment 1 with above-mentioned mixed solvent, just wherein PTFE, be replaced with 80g fluoro-4.6, carbon black changes the 5g cadmium red into, and other preparation section is fully with embodiment 1, and the coating sample that obtains is shown in accompanying drawing A-1-9.
Embodiment 4 (in vain)
Ratio of components and preparation technology just are replaced with the 50g titanium white with cadmium red wherein fully with embodiment 3, and the coating sample that is sprayed into is shown in accompanying drawing A-1-10.
Embodiment 5 (orchid)
Ratio of components and preparation technology just are replaced with the 3.5g pthalocyanine blue with cadmium red composition wherein fully with embodiment 3.The coating sample that gained coating is sprayed into is shown in accompanying drawing A-1-1.
Embodiment 6 (green)
Ratio of components and preparation technology just are replaced with the 8.7g phthalocyanine green with the pthalocyanine blue composition fully with embodiment 5.The coating sample that gained coating is sprayed into is shown in accompanying drawing A-1-3.
Embodiment 7
Adding model in the coating of embodiment 4 is the golden pearlescence 2g of 922X, carbon black 1g, and after stirring by hand, the coating sample that gained coating is sprayed into is shown in accompanying drawing B-1-7.
Embodiment 8
Adding model in the coating of embodiment 4 is the silver-coloured lustre powder 2g of 1000#, carbon black 1g, and the coating sample that the back gained coating that stirs by hand is sprayed into is shown in accompanying drawing C-1-5.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97112079A CN1069336C (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1997-05-20 | Preparation of sintered PES non-stickness paint for kitchenware and household appliance |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97112079A CN1069336C (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1997-05-20 | Preparation of sintered PES non-stickness paint for kitchenware and household appliance |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1168403A CN1168403A (en) | 1997-12-24 |
| CN1069336C true CN1069336C (en) | 2001-08-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97112079A Expired - Fee Related CN1069336C (en) | 1997-05-20 | 1997-05-20 | Preparation of sintered PES non-stickness paint for kitchenware and household appliance |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN1069336C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1950466B (en) * | 2004-05-06 | 2011-05-25 | 肖特股份有限公司 | Glass ceramic or glass element that can be subjected to great thermal loads and is decorated with a metallic color |
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| CN101497764B (en) * | 2008-01-30 | 2011-12-21 | 曾志玲 | Formula and production process of polyethersulfone water soluble paint |
| CN101525518B (en) * | 2008-03-05 | 2012-05-02 | 慧智科技（中国）有限公司 | Composition of water-based polyether sulfone non-stick coating without perfluorooctanoic acid and preparation method thereof |
| CN104277612B (en) * | 2014-09-19 | 2016-07-13 | 苏州云舒新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of electric iron high-temperature resistant coating and preparation method thereof |
| CN104190862B (en) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-08-31 | 无锡康柏斯机械科技有限公司 | A kind of machinery cast steel processing adiabatic release coating and preparation method thereof |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85107781A (en) * | 1985-10-24 | 1987-05-06 | 吉林大学 | Preparation and coating process of high temperature resistant anticorrosion coating |
| CN1030433A (en) * | 1987-06-30 | 1989-01-18 | 埃德朗产品公司 | Bonding mixing material of polymer-metal and adhering method |
| CN1064292A (en) * | 1990-12-12 | 1992-09-09 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | Non-stick coating system with concentration gradient |
| CN1145627A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1997-03-19 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | Primer composition and its application in coating metal surface with fluororesin |
-
1997
- 1997-05-20 CN CN97112079A patent/CN1069336C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85107781A (en) * | 1985-10-24 | 1987-05-06 | 吉林大学 | Preparation and coating process of high temperature resistant anticorrosion coating |
| CN1030433A (en) * | 1987-06-30 | 1989-01-18 | 埃德朗产品公司 | Bonding mixing material of polymer-metal and adhering method |
| CN1064292A (en) * | 1990-12-12 | 1992-09-09 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | Non-stick coating system with concentration gradient |
| CN1145627A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1997-03-19 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | Primer composition and its application in coating metal surface with fluororesin |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1950466B (en) * | 2004-05-06 | 2011-05-25 | 肖特股份有限公司 | Glass ceramic or glass element that can be subjected to great thermal loads and is decorated with a metallic color |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1168403A (en) | 1997-12-24 |
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