CN106932271A - A kind of ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method based on reverse-engineering - Google Patents
A kind of ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method based on reverse-engineering Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention proposes a kind of ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method based on reverse-engineering, is used to examine the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of heat resistance of nonmetal material in more particularly to a kind of electrical safety standards, and method includes：1) impression sample surfaces are scanned using three-dimensional laser scanner, obtains impression sample surfaces three-dimensional point cloud coordinate data；2) cloud data is pre-processed；3) impression curved surface is rebuild with the B-spline surface approximating method based on Triangle Cell Parameterization；4) cutting impression curved surface, obtains indentation feature curve；5) impression diameter is measured.The inventive method can accurately distinguish transition indented area and true indented area, and accurate measurement impression size, certainty of measurement is high；After collecting the cloud data of impression sample to be measured, follow-up measurement process is automatically performed by algorithm, measuring speed is fast, easy to operate；Whether impression curved surface pattern or the form of indentation feature curve according to rebuilding also can determine whether load biases occur in impression forming process.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of impression dimension measurement method, more particularly to one kind is used to examine non-in electrical safety standards
The ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of metal material heat resistance.
Background technology
High temperature can be impacted to the electric property of nonmetallic materials, mechanical strength and hardness.Particularly temperature is increased to
After first-class degree, the characteristic of some nonmetallic materials can occur the change of essence, such as under the condition of high temperature or during the hurried change of temperature
Can melt or gradually softening, the reduction of mechanical strength dramatic decrease, insulaion resistance.In electronics, electrical equipment, for heat damage
May influence afterwards the case member of equipment safety, other external insulation parts, supporting part dangerous voltage insulating materials should be abundant
Heat-resisting, otherwise high temperature is easily caused the failure of equipment, short circuit can be caused when serious, causes the accidents such as fire, electric shock.Ball indentation test
It is one of method of heat resistance of nonmetal material in common test electronics, electric product, is electronics, electric product associated safety
The important content of Product Safety, GB4706.1 are examined in standard《The safety first part of family expenses and similar applications electrical equipment：It is general
It is required that》30.1st article of regulation " exterior part that is made for nonmetallic materials, for supporting the exhausted of charging member (including connection)
The thermoplastic material part of edge material parts and offer superinsulation or reinforced insulation, its deterioration may cause utensil not meet mark
Alignment request, should be fully heat-resisting ".GB2099.1《Family expenses and similar applications electrical appliance plug jack》Etc. also having made similar rule in standard
It is fixed.
The determination methods of requirement and heat resistance of nonmetal material in GB to ball indentation test are made that clear stipulaties：By ball
Compression testing device and sample holder are put into heater box in the lump, and test specimen is placed on into sample after the temperature that the standard of being heated to specifies
About center position on bearing, then pressure ball is placed on sample center position and applies a 20N at the appointed time
The down force of ± 0.2N, then removes pressure ball from sample, and it is 20 DEG C ± 5 that test specimen is immersed into temperature in 10s
In DEG C water and after being kept for 6min ± 2min times, test specimen is taken out from water, moisture removal is removed in the 3min after and is measured
Impression size d, if diameter d is no more than 2.0mm, the heat resistance of insulating materials meets national standard.Defined in GB
Impression diameter d refers to that pressure ball is in contact the maximum gauge in region with sample in ball indentation test.The impression shape that ball indentation test is formed
Becoming region can be divided into true indented area and the part of transition indented area two, wherein the part being in contact with pressure ball is true impression
Area, the region for not contacted with pressure ball but being deformed upon is transition indented area.In GB clear stipulaties obtain the method for impression with
Step, but do not provide the specific method of impression diameter measurement.Current Inspection Unit's measurement impression diameter mainly has three kinds of sides
Method：Sciagraphy, patterning method and it is measured microscopically method.But impression size is small, patterning method is difficult accurately along center line to impression
Cut and cutting process is easily destroyed impression sample.And project or be measured microscopically method, there are complex steps, true again
Indented area cannot accurately recognize with transition indented area, the problems such as testing staff's subjective impact is big.For a long time, pressed in ball indentation test
The accuracy and objectivity of trace measurement result are always to perplex a big problem of quality inspection personnel.
Chinese patent CN201773041U disclose a bulb compacting test impression dimension measuring device, be provided with lighting device,
Optical information transformation system 2CCD video cameras, image pick-up card, white dynamic focusing objective table and computer.The patent described device makes
The method converted with optical information measures vickers indentation, but optical information transformation system is high to the requirement of each eyeglass assembly precision, micro-
Small rigging error may cause the larger error of measurement result, and the patent does not provide the scaling method of measurement apparatus, survey
Amount device is difficult to demarcate.
The content of the invention
Deficiency it is an object of the invention to overcome prior art, proposes a kind of ball indentation test impression based on reverse-engineering
Dimension measurement method, by obtaining impression sample surfaces three-dimensional point cloud coordinate data, cloud data is pre-processed, with being based on
The B-spline surface approximating method of Triangle Cell Parameterization rebuilds impression curved surface and cutting impression curved surface obtains indentation feature curve,
Impression diameter is measured, the inventive method can accurately, quickly measure impression size.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is：
A kind of ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method based on reverse-engineering, including：
Step 1, using 3 D laser scanning device scan impression sample surfaces, obtains the three-dimensional point cloud of impression sample surfaces
Data；
Step 2, pre-processes to cloud data, including：Set up cloud data topological relation；Reduce point cloud noise；Essence
Simple cloud data；
Step 3, impression curved surface is rebuild with the B-spline surface approximating method based on Triangle Cell Parameterization, including：
3.1) triangle gridding discrete point cloud data, forms a triangle mesh curved surface；
3.2) fairing processing is carried out to triangle gridding, homogenizes triangular plate, it is to avoid long and narrow triangular plate influence curve reestablishing；
3.3) trigonometric framework lattice are obtained using Triangle Cell Parameterization method；
3.4) trigonometric framework lattice Reparameterization is obtained into quadrangle control grid；
3.5) B-spline surface fitting is carried out to quadrangle control grid, rebuilds impression curved surface；
Step 4, cutting impression curved surface obtains indentation feature curve, including：
4.1) transverse cross sectional impression sample, obtains impression horizontal section；
4.2) the edge point coordinates of impression horizontal section is obtained, by Hough circle transformation, the circle of impression horizontal section is determined
Heart coordinate, crosses the impression horizontal section center of circle and makees impression center line；
4.3) cross impression center line and make cutting planes longitudinally cutting impression sample, obtain the longitudinal profile of impression, obtain pressure
Trace indicatrix L1；
4.4) longitudinally cutting plane is turned clockwise 120 ° and 240 ° of longitudinally cutting pressures respectively by axle of impression center line
Trace sample, obtains longitudinally cutting 120 ° and 240 ° corresponding indicatrix L of Plane Rotation2、L3；
Step 5, measures impression diameter, including：
5.1) indentation feature curve L is determined1Center, and pressure ball center is calculated by Hough circle transformation；
5.2) distance of each point on indentation feature curve to pressure ball center is calculated, the situation of change according to distance accurately identifies
True indented area and the separation of transition indented area；
5.3) air line distance between true indentation curves and transition indentation curves separation is calculated, impression diameter is obtained
One measured value d1；
5.4) according to step 4.4) obtain indicatrix L2、L3, respectively obtain 120 ° of longitudinally cutting Plane Rotation corresponding
240 ° of measured value d3 of corresponding impression diameter of the measured value d2 of impression diameter and rotation, last pressure trace diameter measurements it is flat
Average d=(d1+d2+d3)/3 are used as measurement result.
Further, the method that cloud data topological relation is set up described in step 2 is：Using based on cloud data space
The K neighborhood search methods of division.
Further, the method for the cloud noise of reduction point described in step 2 is：According to the K neighborhood topology relations set up, make
Noise reduction process is carried out to a cloud with median filtering algorithm.
Further, cloud data is simplified described in step 2 cloud data is simplified using the algorithm of simplifying based on curvature, wrapped
Include：
A) the least square section for being fitted the K neighborhoods of each point calculates the normal vector of each point；
B) global normal vector is adjusted, all of normal vector is directed to the same side of curved surface to be reconstructed；
C) it is local coordinate system z directions with normal vector direction, by least square method, the K neighborhoods of each point Xi is fitted
One parabola, and with parabola curvature at this point as the curvature estimation result；
D) curvature and the average curvature of cloud data put according to each simplify cloud data.
Further, step 3.2) in carry out fairing processing to the triangle gridding of cloud data and use to become based on Laplce
The Smoothing Algorithm for changing.
Further, step 3.3) described in trigonometric framework lattice are obtained using Triangle Cell Parameterization method, including：
Using the Triangle Cell Parameterization method optimized based on strain energy of distortion, by each edge in triangle gridding as one
, first be mapped on the polygon for pre-defining on the border of triangle gridding, then by minimizing triangle gridding by individual spring
Elastic potential energy parameterizes inner space point, obtains trigonometric framework lattice.
Further, step 3.4) described in by trigonometric framework lattice Reparameterization obtain quadrangle control grid, bag
Include：
Triangular surface piece in trigonometric framework lattice is combined, two-by-two with reference to quadrangularly patch, so as to obtain
Quadrangle control grid required for B- spline-fits.
Further, step 3.5) described in quadrangle control grid carry out B-spline surface fitting, including：
It is fitted using the biquadratic and cubic B-batten of tensor product type, distance function is used during fitting
To control error of fitting.
The present invention has the advantages that：
(1) certainty of measurement is high, can accurately distinguish transition indented area and true indented area, correct identification transition indented area with it is true
The separation of real indented area, accurate measurement impression size；
(2) measurement process is simple to operate, and measuring speed is fast；By the method for the invention programming realization, three-dimensional laser is used
After scanner collects the cloud data of impression sample to be measured, the measurement of impression diameter just can be automatically performed using program；
(3) according to the impression curved surface pattern or the form of indentation feature curve rebuild can determine whether in impression forming process whether
Generation load biases, and determine whether whether the impression acquired in ball indentation test meets Standard.
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, but it is of the invention a kind of based on reverse work
The ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of journey is not limited to embodiment.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is schematic flow sheet of the invention；
Fig. 2 is the three dimensional point cloud of impression sample surfaces；
Fig. 3 is the impression sample surfaces rebuild；
Fig. 4 is impression model schematic；
Fig. 5 is transverse cross sectional impression sample schematic diagram；
Fig. 6 is impression horizontal section；
Fig. 7 is the determination of impression center line；
Fig. 8 is the longitudinally cutting of impression；
Fig. 9 is the longitudinal profile of impression；
Figure 10 is indentation feature curve；
Figure 11 is characterized the determination at curve upper pressing ball center；
Figure 12 is characterized the distance of curve each point and pressure ball center.
Reference：M1, reference planes, M2, transverse cuts plane, M3, longitudinally cutting plane, N1, impression horizontal section,
N2, impression longitudinal profile, O1, the impression horizontal section center of circle, O2, pressure ball center, L, the center line of impression, Q, indicatrix, Q1,
True indentation curves, Q2, transition indentation curves, C, central point, A1 and A2, separation.
Specific embodiment
As shown in figure 1, a kind of ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method based on reverse-engineering that the present invention is provided, passes through
5 steps realize the accurate measurement of ball indentation test impression size, wherein the step of it is 2~5 flat as exploitation with Visual Studio
Platform, using C Plus Plus programming realization, that is, after gathering the cloud data of indentation surface, just can be automatically performed follow-up by program
Impression dimensional measurement process.Measuring method of the invention is described further below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Step 1, obtains the three dimensional point cloud of impression sample surfaces.
Pressure is obtained using the 3 D laser scanning device scan scanned based on line-structured laser impression sample surfaces to be measured
The three dimensional point cloud of trace sample surfaces, cloud data is by measurement point set discrete one by one into each measurement point records one
Independent three-dimensional coordinate data.Line-structured laser scanning survey method is also known as light cross-section method, is that one kind is based on principle of triangulation
Active structure light coding e measurement technology.Relative to laser dot scans method and projection grating method, light cross-section method in certainty of measurement and
The aspect of speed two is all more satisfactory.Fig. 2 is the three dimensional point cloud of the impression sample surfaces acquired in 3 D laser scanning equipment, point
2,000,000 measurement points are there are about in cloud, measurement point is in disordered state at random, without obvious geometry distribution characteristics.
Step 2, pre-processes to cloud data.
Before impression curved surface is rebuild, cloud data is pre-processed first, set up topological relation, the drop of cloud data
Low spot cloud noise, the number for reducing effective measurement point in cloud data.
2.1) foundation of cloud data topological relation
Original point cloud data is in disordered state at random, without obvious topological relation, is divided using based on cloud data space
K neighborhood search methods set up syntople between each measurement point, song to be reconstructed is reflected using the neighborhood relationships of every bit
Face shape information at this point.
Space division is carried out to cloud data first：Cloud data is read in, X, the Y of cloud data is calculated, Z coordinate is most
Small, maximum, so as to form a cuboid bounding box parallel with reference axis, surrounds all of data point；Calculate son cube
Body length of side Len, and cuboid bounding box is divided into by m × n × l sub-cube according to Len；Where judging each data point
Sub-cube, and the sequence number of data point is appended in the corresponding linear linked list of the cube, deposit each with ltsh chain table structure
The data point included in individual sub-cube.Hash table passes through call number direct addressing of the cubic lattice in tri- directions of X, Y, Z.
If the min coordinates of cloud data are Min_x, Min_y, Min_z, maximum coordinates are Max_x, Max_y, Max_z,
Then the computing formula of the sub-cube length of side L of cloud data is：
In formula, N is the sum of cloud data, and K is the number of neighbor point.After cube length of side Len determines, sub-cube exists
The number of three coordinate directions is：
WhereinTo round up.
For any point Xi (xi, yi, zi), the hash function of the sub-cube where seeking the point is：
WhereinTo round downwards；I is integer, and xi represents the coordinate value on X-coordinate direction, and yi represents Y-coordinate direction
On coordinate value, zi represents the coordinate value on Z coordinate direction；T, j, k are respectively the call number of sub-cube where the point.
All points in a cloud are carried out after the division of space, and the sub-cube not comprising data point is deleted, to reduce
Need the sub-cube quantity of search.
Next on the basis of space divides, K neighborhood search is carried out, the K neighborhoods of point Xi is denoted as Nbhd (Xi), K is adjacent
The searching method in domain is：Coordinate value Xi (xi, yi, zi) according to each candidate point, the index of the sub-cube where finding out it
Number t, j, k, with this cube as initial search area；Calculate the point to the beeline ds in six faces of cube；This is counted to search
The number N1 of rope region point, if N1 is not less than k, calculates the ultimate range dmax of the point and other points in region of search, if
Dmax is less than ds, takes the K neighborhoods point that preceding k point is the point, and search is finished, and is enclosed to external expansion one otherwise centered on this region and made
For new region of search re-searches for.
2.2) cloud noise reduction is put
During impression sample surfaces three dimensional point cloud is obtained, due to equipment certainty of measurement in itself and measurement
Vibrations, mirror-reflection, human factor of environment etc. so that the cloud data that measurement is obtained is inevitably with a certain degree of
Noise.Noise be with testee configuration of surface wide of the mark geological information, 3-D geometric model has been upset to a certain extent
Authenticity.In order to weaken the influence of noise, impression dimensional measurement precision is improved, opened up based on the cloud data K neighborhoods set up
Relation is flutterred, noise reduction process is carried out to a cloud using median filtering algorithm.Medium filtering can preferably eliminate data burr can also
Preferably keep the minutia of model.
2.3) cloud data is simplified
3 D laser scanning equipment retouches the up to a million data points that impression sample surfaces can be obtained in scanning area.Point cloud number
According to very intensive, there is bulk redundancy, if being directly used in curved surface structure will bring huge time and resource consumption, and excessively
Intensive cloud data easily influences to rebuild the fairness of curved surface, and storage to data and transmission belt come constant, is keeping surveying
Under conditions of enough critical-geometry characteristic informations needed for amount object subsequent treatment link, maximum is carried out to cloud data
Degree simplify treatment will greatly improve point cloud surface reconstruction efficiency and quality.
Point cloud model curvature is corresponding with the distribution of impression geometric properties, and the big region of curvature correspond to the true of impression sample
Real indented area and transition indented area, the region is the key area of impression measurement, and the less region of curvature correspond to impression sample
In non-indented region, the subregion do not interfere with impression measurement accuracy.Impression is simplified using the algorithm based on curvature
Cloud data, the geometric properties that enough points carry out expression model are retained in the big region of curvature, and relatively small in curvature
Data area is significantly simplified, and only retains a small amount of point, at utmost reduces the redundancy of data point.
The step of impression Cloud Points Reduction based on curvature, is as follows：
A) calculating of normal vector
For point Xi, its normal vector direction is equivalent to the normal vector direction that the point rebuilds curved surface section at this point.
It is intended to ask the section of point Xi, K neighborhoods Nbhd (Xi) that point Xi is tackled first carry out surface fitting, and curved surface is rebuild in the point.Due to
Cloud data is intensive, and each point in Nbhd (Xi) has similar curvature, therefore Nbhd (Xi) can be fitted into plane, with this
Plane approximation represents the reconstruction tangent plane to a surface of point Xi.It is used herein as least square method and Nbhd (Xi) is fitted to plane, point
The normal vector of Xi is the normal vector of the least square plane.The solution of the normal vector can be converted into and solve covariance matrix CV's
The corresponding characteristic vector of minimal eigenvalue：
In formula, tiIt is the center in the section,K represents the number of point in K neighborhoods in formula, and x is the K
The abscissa of point in neighborhood, if characteristic vectors of the λ i corresponding to the minimum characteristic value of the absolute value of CV, then normal vector ni=± λ
i。
B) adjustment of global normal vector
Each point on curved surface to be reconstructed has two normal vectors in opposite direction, is respectively directed to the inner side of curved surface to be reconstructed
And outside, the adjustment of global normal vector is exactly to adjust normal vector direction at random, all of normal vector is directed to song to be reconstructed
The same side in face.
For adjacent discrete point, if curved surface to be reconstructed is more smooth and to put cloud density larger, then adjacent is discrete
The section of point is almost parallel, and its normal vector is also almost parallel.If discrete point X1, X2 are adjacent on curved surface to be reconstructed
Point, n1、n2The respectively normal vector of point X1, X2, i.e. n1×n2≈±1.If the direction of the normal vector in section points to one
Cause, then have n1×n2≈ 1, otherwise normal vector are in opposite direction, and one of normal vector needs reverse.
The key step of normal vector adjustment is as follows：Find the maximum data point of Z coordinate value and as normal vector adjustment
Starting point, adjust the direction of its normal vector, be allowed to the dot product of vector (0,0,1) more than 0, the normal vector after adjustment points to bent
Face outside；Then in the K contiguous ranges of starting point, carry out the adjustment in normal vector direction, until a little normal vector adjustment
Finish.
C) parabola fitting process seeks curvature
Using the normal vector after adjustment and the local curvature of K neighborhood relationships estimated data's point of data point.Using minimum
K neighborhoods Nbhd (Xi) of data point Xi are fitted a parabolic surface, and the curvature conduct with this curved surface at this point by square law
The estimation result of the curvature.Comprise the following steps that：
If parabola equation is：
Z=ax2+bxy+cy2
In above formula, x represents the coordinate value on X-coordinate direction, and y represents the coordinate value on Y-coordinate direction, and z represents Z coordinate side
Upward coordinate value.
It is local coordinate system origin with certain the point Xi in cloud data, the normal vector direction of the point is local coordinate system Z
Direction, by K neighborhoods point Nbhd (Xi) coordinate transforms of Xi to the local coordinate system, can obtain following system of linear equations：
AX=Z
In formula
X=[a b c]T
Z=[z1 z2 … zk]T
System of linear equations is solved using SVD converter techniques, the coefficient a, b, c of parabola equation is tried to achieve.
So as to calculate the curvature Hi=a+c at Xi.
Above procedure is repeated, the curvature H of cloud data each point is obtainedi, and by the curvature H of each pointiCalculate point cloud a little
Average curvature
D) cloud data is simplified
On the basis of cloud data space divides, the average curvature according to cloud data simplifies cloud data, specific step
It is rapid as follows：Calculate in each sub-cube average curvature a little averageIfShow that the cube is surrounded
Point be in the larger region of Curvature varying, all average curvatures in sub-cube are retained when simplifying and are more than or equal toPoint, to the greatest extent
It is possible to retain the geometric properties information that object is protruded；IfIt is smaller that the point that then cube is surrounded is in Curvature varying
Region, only retain when simplifying in sub-cube average curvature values closest toPoint.
Step 3, impression curved surface is rebuild with the B-spline surface approximating method based on Triangle Cell Parameterization.
After cloud data is by pretreatment, will be from using the B-spline surface approximating method based on Triangle Cell Parameterization
The step of scattered impression cloud data is redeveloped into continuous impression curved surface, reconstruction impression curved surface is as follows：
3.1) triangle gridding of discrete point cloud data
The triangle gridding of discrete point cloud data is exactly that will be mutually connected in the form of triangle between each point in discrete point cloud
Connect, form one or several sheets triangle mesh curved surface.The present embodiment uses zone broadening algorithm by discrete point cloud data triangle gridding
Change, concretely comprise the following steps：Three points are selected in K neighborhoods Nbhd (Xi) of certain point of impression cloud data Xi, one is set up initially
Triangle, is added in triangular plate set queue TS, is then carried out down for each triangular plate Tc containing boundary edge in TS
State iterative calculation：Boundary edge for Tc, traversal search obtains an optimal active point O (judgment criteria can be using maximum in P
Subtended angle principle), be connected one new triangular plate Tn of generation with boundary edge, and adds TS queues；Update the state of reference point in P
And the neighbouring relations between TS intermediate cam pieces, carry out next iteration.Algorithm is due to using the optimal active point of whole traversal search
With subtended angle maximum principle, all data points in original point cloud data can be effectively utilized to generate triangular plate.
3.2) fairing of triangle gridding
Discrete data by easily there are a large amount of long and narrow triangular plates after triangle gridding, the reconstruction of affecting parameters curved surface,
Cause many defects of reconstruction curved surface.In order to avoid the reconstruction defect that strait triangle is introduced, the present embodiment uses Laplce
Smoothing method carries out fairing adjustment to model, to eliminate noise, homogenizes triangular plate.Laplacian method method defines one to each summit
Individual Laplace operator adjusts grid to determine adjustment direction by moving summit with certain speed along adjustment direction.Tool
Body implementation method is as follows：
If triangle gridding M={ V, F }, wherein V are the n set of fixed point, F is the set of tri patch.The method is to fixed
Point ViThe discrete Laplace operator of definition is expressed as：
In formula, N is Np(Vi) set element number, Laplace operator L (Vi) it is that its week is shifted on the summit in grid
Enclose the position of form center of neighborhood, make the noise of the apex to being scattered in its neighborhood, so promote grid intermediate cam piece shape and
Distribution gradually tends to uniformity.Laplacian method method is exactly by L (Vi) opposite vertexes are adjusted：
Vnew=Vold+μ·L(Vi)
μ is a positive constant, and the different values of μ can control the speed of Mesh smoothing.By multiple to each summit
After iteration, can obtain and ideal meet fairing requirement and grid is distributed than more uniform model.
3.3) Triangle Cell Parameterization obtains trigonometric framework lattice：Using the triangle gridding parameter optimized based on strain energy of distortion
Change method, regards each edge in triangle gridding as a spring, is first mapped to the border of triangle gridding and pre-defines
Polygon on, inner space point is then parameterized by minimizing the elastic potential energy of triangle gridding, so as to obtain triangle control
Grid processed.
3.4) trigonometric framework lattice Reparameterization quadrangularly is controlled into grid
Triangular surface piece in trigonometric framework lattice is combined, two-by-two with reference to quadrangularly patch, so as to obtain
Quadrangle control grid required for B- spline-fits
3.5) B-spline surface fitting is carried out to quadrangle control grid, rebuilds impression curved surface.
It is fitted using the biquadratic of tensor product type, cubic B-batten, and distance function is added in fit procedure,
The precision for rebuilding impression curved surface is improved using least square fitting multi-Step Iterations algorithm so that cloud data point is with curved surface S's
Range error is minimum.The distance function of addition is in fit procedure：
E in formuladistBe the quadratic sum of cloud data point and the range error of curved surface, cloud data D by N number of group of data points into
D={ pi=(xi,yi,zi)T| i=1,2 ... ..., N }, every bit X in cloud dataiCorresponding parameter value is (ui,vi)。
The indentation surface model that above-mentioned steps are rebuild is as shown in Figure 3.Fig. 4 is impression model schematic, according to whether occurring
Deformation, impression sample surfaces are divided into indented area with non-indented area.Wherein, indented area in ball indentation test due to pressure ball extruding and
Make the region that sample is deformed upon, indented area can be further divided into transition indented area and true indented area again, wherein true impression
Area is the region that is in contact with pressure ball in indented area, excessive indented area be in indented area not with the region of pressure ball joint.GB
Described in impression diameter refer to the diameter of true indented area, next just based on the indentation surface model shown in Fig. 3,
Indentation feature curve is obtained, transition indented area and true indented area is distinguished, the boundary of transition indented area and true indented area is recognized
Point, measures impression size.
Step 4, cutting impression curved surface obtains indentation feature curve.
The step is specifically divided into following three step：
4.1) transverse cross sectional impression sample, obtains impression horizontal section；
By the M1 as a reference plane of the plane where the non-indented region of impression sample, put down with reference planes M1 by creating
Capable transverse cuts plane M2, transverse cross sectional is carried out by impression, obtains impression horizontal section N1, as shown in Figure 5, Figure 6.
4.2) the edge point coordinates of impression horizontal section N1 is obtained, by Hough circle transformation, impression horizontal section N1 is determined
Home position O1, cross impression horizontal section center of circle O1 and make a straight line L vertical with reference planes M1, then L is impression center line,
As shown in Figure 7.
4.3) a longitudinally cutting plane M3 for crossing impression center line L is made, longitudinally cutting impression sample obtains the longitudinal direction of impression
Section N2, obtains indentation feature curve Q, as seen in figs. 8-10；
Step 5, measures impression diameter.Specially：
If Figure 10 is the indicatrix Q of impression, true pressure is distinguished in it is critical only that for impression diameter measurement from indicatrix Q
Trace curve Q1 and transition indentation curves Q2, accurately identifies separation A1, A2 of true indentation curves Q1 and transition indentation curves Q2.
The measuring process of impression diameter particularly may be divided into following four step：
5.1) the intersection point C of indicatrix Q and center line L is characterized the central point of curve Q, the spy near central point C both sides
Levy curve and correspond to true indented area, true indented area is the part with pressure ball joint, be the circular arc of standard.From central point C
The point of certain amount is respectively taken on indicatrix near both sides, true indentation curves Q1 just can be calculated by Circle Hough Transform
The center of circle, the center of circle also be pressure ball center O2, as shown in figure 11.
5.2) distance of the upper each point of indicatrix Q to pressure ball center O2 is calculated, the situation of change identification according to distance is truly
Separation A1, A2 of indentation curves Q1 and transition indentation curves Q2.On true indentation curves Q1 each point away from pressure ball center O2 away from
From equal, each point on transition indentation curves Q2, C is more remote for distance center point, and the distance with pressure ball center O2 is also bigger, such as Figure 12
It is shown.The point that identification is undergone mutation with the distance of pressure ball center O2 on indicatrix Q, just can accurately recognize true indentation curves
Separation A1, A2 of Q1 and transition indentation curves Q2.
5.3) true indentation curves and the air line distance between transition indentation curves separation A1, A2 are calculated, impression is obtained
One measured value d1 of diameter.
5.4) in step 4.3) in, longitudinally cutting plane M3 is turned clockwise 120 ° respectively by axle of impression center line L
And longitudinally cutting impression sample after 240 °, and successively perform step 5.1), 5.2), 5.3), respectively obtain longitudinally cutting plane M3
Rotation 120 ° and 240 ° measured value d2, d3 of corresponding impression diameters, the average value of last pressure trace diameter measurements is used as pressure
The measurement result of trace diameter d, d=(d1+d2+d3)/3。
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not intended to limit the invention, it is all it is of the invention spirit and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements made etc. should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method based on reverse-engineering, its feature is, including：
Step 1, using 3 D laser scanning device scan impression sample surfaces, obtains the three-dimensional point cloud number of impression sample surfaces
According to；
Step 2, pre-processes to cloud data, including：Set up cloud data topological relation；Reduce point cloud noise；Simplify a little
Cloud data；
Step 3, impression curved surface is rebuild with the B-spline surface approximating method based on Triangle Cell Parameterization, including：
3.1) triangle gridding discrete point cloud data, forms a triangle mesh curved surface；
3.2) fairing processing is carried out to triangle gridding, homogenizes triangular plate, it is to avoid long and narrow triangular plate influence curve reestablishing；
3.3) trigonometric framework lattice are obtained using Triangle Cell Parameterization method；
3.4) trigonometric framework lattice Reparameterization is obtained into quadrangle control grid；
3.5) B-spline surface fitting is carried out to quadrangle control grid, rebuilds impression curved surface；
Step 4, cutting impression curved surface obtains indentation feature curve, including：
4.1) transverse cross sectional impression sample, obtains impression horizontal section；
4.2) the edge point coordinates of impression horizontal section is obtained, by Hough circle transformation, determines that the center of circle of impression horizontal section is sat
Mark, crosses the impression horizontal section center of circle and makees impression center line；
4.3) cross impression center line and make cutting planes longitudinally cutting impression sample, obtain the longitudinal profile of impression, obtain impression special
Levy curve L1；
4.4) longitudinally cutting plane is turned clockwise 120 ° and 240 ° of longitudinally cutting impression samples respectively by axle of impression center line
Product, obtain longitudinally cutting 120 ° and 240 ° corresponding indicatrix L of Plane Rotation2、L3；
Step 5, measures impression diameter, including：
5.1) indentation feature curve L is determined1Center, and pressure ball center is calculated by Hough circle transformation；
5.2) distance of each point on indentation feature curve to pressure ball center is calculated, the situation of change according to distance accurately identifies truly
Indented area and the separation of transition indented area；
5.3) air line distance between true indentation curves and transition indentation curves separation is calculated, of impression diameter is obtained
Measured value d1；
5.4) according to step 4.4) obtain indicatrix L2、L3, respectively obtain 120 ° of corresponding impressions of longitudinally cutting Plane Rotation
240 ° of measured value d3 of corresponding impression diameter of measured value d2 and rotation of diameter, the average value of last pressure trace diameter measurements
D=(d1+d2+d3)/3 are used as measurement result.
2. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
The method that cloud data topological relation is set up described in 2 is：Using the K neighborhood search methods divided based on cloud data space.
3. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
Described in 2 reduce point cloud noise method be：According to the K neighborhood topology relations set up, using median filtering algorithm to a cloud
Carry out noise reduction process.
4. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
Cloud data is simplified described in 2 cloud data is simplified using the algorithm of simplifying based on curvature, including：
A) the least square section for being fitted the K neighborhoods of each point calculates the normal vector of each point；
B) global normal vector is adjusted, all of normal vector is directed to the same side of curved surface to be reconstructed；
C) it is local coordinate system z directions with normal vector direction, by least square method, the K neighborhoods of each point Xi is fitted one
Parabola, and with parabola curvature at this point as the curvature estimation result；
D) curvature and the average curvature of cloud data put according to each simplify cloud data.
5. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
3.2) triangle gridding in cloud data carries out fairing processing using the Smoothing Algorithm based on Laplace transform.
6. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
3.3) trigonometric framework lattice are obtained using Triangle Cell Parameterization method described in, including：
Using the Triangle Cell Parameterization method optimized based on strain energy of distortion, by each edge in triangle gridding as a bullet
, first be mapped on the polygon for pre-defining on the border of triangle gridding by spring, then by minimizing the elasticity of triangle gridding
Potential energy parameterizes inner space point, obtains trigonometric framework lattice.
7. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
3.4) trigonometric framework lattice Reparameterization is obtained into quadrangle control grid described in, including：
Triangular surface piece in trigonometric framework lattice is combined, two-by-two with reference to quadrangularly patch, so as to obtain B- samples
Quadrangle control grid required for bar fitting.
8. the ball indentation test impression dimension measurement method of reverse-engineering is based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that step
3.5) B-spline surface fitting is carried out to quadrangle control grid described in, including：
It is fitted using the biquadratic and cubic B-batten of tensor product type, is controlled using distance function during fitting
Error of fitting processed.
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| CN115791384A (en) * | 2023-01-09 | 2023-03-14 | 苏州熠品质量技术服务有限公司 | Ball pressure test indentation measurement system based on machine vision |
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