CN106803390A - A kind of hookup being made up of triode - Google Patents
A kind of hookup being made up of triode Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A kind of hookup being made up of triode,Belong to instruments used for education demonstration field,By push button electronic switch,Complementary pulse unit,Instrument connection,One tubular type lifts circuit,Stepped-up voltage system,Display system,Voice level composition,When testing capacitor is connected in instrument connection two ends,The electric current that complementary pulse unit is produced is by after the frequency element surveyed,Enter into tubular type lifting circuit,It is exaggerated,The output drive of circuit stepped-up voltage system etc.,So as to formation sound and the display of light,The signal of output is stronger,Display system is bright must be more,Complementary pulse unit can turn into the pulse power form of tool frequency,Again can as frequency be zero be direct current form,Performed by push button electronic switch,Beholder is allowed to understand physical phenomenon of the electric capacity with inductance under the electric current for having frequency with DC state,Dynamic effect can attract spectators simultaneously,Numerous teenagers can be cultivated to have deep love for science,Basic quality to improving student plays a role.
Description
Technical field
Belong to instruments used for education demonstration field.
Background technology
Innovation is the soul of nationality, and young student are the strength of innovation.
The prosperity of country is talent, and the culture of talent is to educate.The emphasis teenager of education, juvenile Qiang Ze Guoqiang, the progressive then state progress of teenager, will cultivate teenager and science is had deep love for, it is crucial to improve the quality of teaching, and laboratory apparatus is precisely a key factor for improving teaching, laboratory apparatus is good, the experiment done more convincingness, so that students ' understanding things, understand natural phenomena, inspire the thinking of student, played an important role to improving level of education.Therefore, the various laboratory apparatus in teaching are all constantly being lifted, but also there are many weak points：One is the species deficiency of laboratory apparatus, and the laboratory apparatus especially for the students of the junior years is not also comprehensive.Two be the spirit taught through lively activities in instruments used for education not enough, three is the cost village school too high thus remote to some of majority instruments used for education now, can't spread to many universal instruments used for education.
Electricity is most important a kind of class in physics, full of magical Experiments of Electricity, the interest of teenager can be excited, play the role of to the basic conception for setting up electricity simultaneously important, if a kind of outstanding hookup can be developed, and this hookup can visualize electricity part concept and law by abstract, it is clear that there is positive help to educatee.If this circuit can turn into the self-control hookup of beginner again, will undoubtedly there is positive meaning to the quality-oriented education for lifting student.
But design a kind of a kind of self-control hookup that can turn into beginner again simultaneously with circuit of demonstration instrument and there is difficult point, one is from demonstrating effect, because the concept in electricity is a lot, it is to make the demonstration in terms of that, two is that this instrument is drafted primarily directed to electric capacity, inductance etc. has the element being closely connected to make the demonstration of physical property with frequency, and to make the demonstration of that several respect, its physical could sufficiently be shown, three are, especially it is important that, although some circuits can reach demonstration purpose, but a kind of outstanding self-control experimental circuit can not be turned into, because a kind of outstanding self-control experimental circuit move back relate to each unit experiment theme be suitable for beginner, move back simultaneously and relate to the interest of beginner, and whether success easy to install etc. series of problems, so this kind of outstanding circuit must also enrich, innovation, development.
The content of the invention
In order to allow instruments used for education to spread to school of every institute, the species of abundant instruments used for education, measure of the invention is to develop a kind of outstanding experiment circuit, its purpose one is understanding of the circuit with the physical characteristic to capacitor and inductor, component structure is contacted with the close of frequency, and then understand the meaning of capacitive reactance and induction reactance, thus allow beginner to lay the first stone, a kind of instrument in the popularization of vast school can be turned into.Two is the instrument because of three kinds of displays of color with light with sound, therefore with certain interest, can cultivate numerous teenagers and science is had deep love for.Three is to turn into a kind of outstanding making experimental line, and the circuit has various features, thus is conducive to making, and the basic quality to improving student plays a role.
The measure for being used is：
1st, a kind of hookup being made up of triode is collectively constituted by push button electronic switch, complementary pulse unit, instrument connection, tubular type lifting circuit, stepped-up voltage system, display system, voice level.
Wherein：Push button electronic switch is managed by button switch, N mono-, N bis- is managed, N tri- is managed, N tetra- is managed, the pipe collector resistance of N mono-, the pipes of N mono- indicate branch road, the pipe collector resistance of N bis-, the pipes of N bis- to indicate branch road, commissure resistance one, commissure resistance two, the pipe collector resistance of N tetra-, the pipe collector resistance of N tri-, clamp diode one, clamp diode two, diac, commissure resistance three, conversion switching diode one, switching diode two to constitute.
One end ground wire of button switch,Two negative poles of switching diode of another termination,The positive pole of two switching diodes connects the base stage of the pipes of N tri- and the pipes of N tetra- respectively,The output of the current collection of the pipes of N bis- extremely push button electronic switch level,Connect the pipe collector resistance of N bis- to power supply,The pipes of N bis- indicate branch road to be connected between output and the power supply of push button electronic switch level,The indirect commissure resistance one of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N mono- and the base stage of the pipes of N bis-,The indirect commissure resistance two of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- and the base stage of the pipes of N mono-,Also the pipes of N mono- have been connect between the colelctor electrode and power supply of the pipes of N mono- and has indicated branch road and the pipe collector resistance of N mono-,N tri- is managed and is connect a collector resistance respectively and the colelctor electrode and power supply of the pipes of N tetra- between,The indirect clamp diode one of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N mono- and the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tetra-,The indirect clamp diode two of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- and the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tri-,Diac is connect between the output of push button electronic switch level and the base stage of the pipes of N tri-,The indirect commissure resistance three of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tri- and the base stage of the pipes of N tetra-,N mono- is managed,N bis- is managed,N tri- is managed,Emitter stage all ground wires of the pipes of N tetra-.
Complementary pulse unit is made up of guiding resistance, steering diode, pulse N pipes base resistance, pulse N pipes, pulse P pipes, feedback resistance, feedback capacity, pulse P pipes earth resistance, output resistance, pulse emitter follower：It is oriented to resistance and steering diode is connected between output and the base stage of pulse N pipes of push button electronic switch level, N pipe base resistances are connected between the base stage of power supply and pulse N pipes, the grounded emitter line of pulse N pipes, the colelctor electrode of pulse N pipes connects the base stage of pulse P pipes, the grounded emitter line of pulse P pipes, pulse P pipe earth resistances are connected between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and ground wire, feedback resistance serial Feedback electric capacity is between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and the base stage of pulse N pipes, output resistance is connected between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and the base stage of pulse emitter follower, the colelctor electrode of pulse emitter follower connects power supply, the emitter stage of pulse emitter follower connects an instrument connection.
One tubular type lifted circuit by rectifying tube, commutation diode, commutation capacitor, riser collector resistance, integration diode one, one-level integrating capacitor, riser, riser base resistance, anti-interference resistance, integration diode two, second order product point electric capacity, penetrate and constituted with pipe.
The colelctor electrode of rectifying tube connects power supply,The base stage of rectifying tube connects another instrument connection,The transmitting of rectifying tube extremely three tunnels,An anti-interference resistance to ground wire is connect all the way,Another road connects the positive pole of commutation diode,The negative pole of commutation diode connects commutation capacitor to ground wire,3rd tunnel connects one end of riser base resistance,The base stage of another termination riser of riser base resistance,Riser collector resistance is connected between the positive pole of commutation capacitor and the colelctor electrode of riser,The grounded emitter line of riser,The positive pole of commutation capacitor connects the positive pole of integration diode one,One-level integrating capacitor is connected between the negative pole of integration diode one and the colelctor electrode of riser,Integration diode two be connected on the negative pole of integration diode one and penetrate with pipe base stage between,Penetrate the indirect second order product point electric capacity of the base stage and ground wire with pipe,Penetrate and connect power supply with the colelctor electrode of pipe,Penetrate with the emitter stage of pipe be voltage increase level output.
Voice level is indicated to constitute by multiple voices.
Stepped-up voltage system is made up of multiple ladder units；Each ladder unit is put level and constituted by partial pressure level with aobvious.
Partial pressure level by inclined resistance under partial pressure with multiple partial pressures on constitute partially.
Connected partially in each partial pressure, the output of an inclined termination voltage increase level in first partial pressure, inclined one end in the second partial pressure of another termination, inclined one end in the 3rd partial pressure of another termination inclined in the second partial pressure, to the last under another termination inclined in a partial pressure inclined resistance to ground wire.
The inclined other end connects the aobvious input for putting level in each partial pressure, each aobvious level of putting is constituted by triggering resistance, N pipes, P pipes, the inclined other end in one termination partial pressure of triggering resistance, trigger the base stage of another termination N pipes of resistance, the grounded emitter line of N pipes, the colelctor electrode of N pipes connects the base stage of P pipes, and the emitter stage of P pipes connects power supply, the colelctor electrode of P pipes is the aobvious output for putting level, connects a power supply for display unit；One voice of another termination inclined in each partial pressure is indicated.
Display system is made up of multiple display units：Each aobvious output one display unit of correspondence for putting level, the indicator lamp composition that display unit is connect by three triodes, three commissure electric capacity, the base resistance of each triode and collector resistances, differential circuit, three transistor collectors.
An indirect base resistance of the base stage of each triode and the corresponding aobvious output for putting level, an indirect collector resistance of the colelctor electrode of each triode and the corresponding aobvious output for putting level, the indirect first commissure electric capacity of the base stage of the colelctor electrode of the first triode and the second triode, the indirect second commissure electric capacity of the base stage of the colelctor electrode of the second triode and the 3rd triode, the indirect 3rd commissure electric capacity of the colelctor electrode of the 3rd triode and the base stage of the first triode, the colelctor electrode of each triode and an indirect indicator lamp of ground wire.
Differential circuit is made up of differential capacitance, discharge resistance, differential resistance：The one aobvious output for putting level of termination correspondence of differential capacitance, the other end is two-way, and discharge resistance to ground wire is connect all the way, and another road connects differential resistance to the base stage of the 3rd triode.
2nd, it is formed in parallel by balance resistance and voltage-stabiliser tube partially in partial pressure.
3rd, all diodes are face fit type diode.
4th, pulse emitter follower, rectifying tube, penetrate with pipe all use NPN triode.
Meaning interpretation to above-mentioned measure is as follows：
First, the principle produced by whole circuit diagram.
When the frequency element surveyed（That is electric capacity, inductance）When being connected in instrument connection two ends, the electric current that complementary pulse unit is produced is by after the frequency element surveyed, entering into tubular type lifting circuit, it is exaggerated, the output drive of circuit stepped-up voltage system etc., the signal of output is stronger, then the number of degrees for being encouraged is more, aobvious level of putting in due to each stepped-up voltage system encourages a display unit, so with stronger by the signal after the frequency element surveyed, then the number of degrees for being encouraged is more, and produced display unit is more.Its display effect is flowing water pattern, and its benefit is abstract electric current can be become into the familiar current of institute, is readily appreciated, while dynamic effect can more inhale the eyeball of beholder.
For demonstrating effect is abundant, this measure notice it is following some：
One is, complementary pulse unit can turn into tool frequency pulse power form, again can as frequency be zero be direct current form, with two kinds of different power supplys, the understanding to frequency part can be promoted.Because two kinds of power supplys will produce very different effect to frequency element.And the conversion of two kinds of power supplys is performed by push button electronic switch, so with various advantages（It is aftermentioned）.
Two is the increased frequency-adjustable in complementary pulse unit, can further look at influence of the frequency height to element.
Three is that light and sound effective value are employed on demonstrating effect.
In the design as the outstanding circuit made, one is to highlight the understanding to transistor, because all units are made up of triode.Two is relatively independent each unit, and each unit contact science, debugging is simple, substantially once filling into.Three is have certain interest when each unit is checked, is conducive to exciting the learning enthusiasm of youth, it is to avoid produce tired, tired situation about doing at above-mentioned 3 points.
2nd, the explanation of complementary pulse unit.
The unit is by guiding resistance（In Fig. 1 2.1）, steering diode（In Fig. 1 2.2）, pulse N pipe base resistances（In Fig. 1 2.3）, pulse N pipe（In Fig. 1 2.4）, pulse P pipe（In Fig. 1 2.5）, feedback resistance（In Fig. 1 2.6）, feedback capacity（In Fig. 1 2.7）, pulse P pipe earth resistances（In Fig. 1 2.8）, output resistance（In Fig. 1 2.9）, pulse emitter follower（In Fig. 1 2.10）Composition：It is oriented to resistance and steering diode is connected between output and the base stage of pulse N pipes of push button electronic switch level, N pipe base resistances are connected between the base stage of power supply and pulse N pipes, the grounded emitter line of pulse N pipes, the colelctor electrode of pulse N pipes connects the base stage of pulse P pipes, the grounded emitter line of pulse P pipes, pulse P pipe earth resistances are connected between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and ground wire, feedback resistance serial Feedback electric capacity is between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and the base stage of pulse N pipes, output resistance is connected between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and the base stage of pulse emitter follower, the colelctor electrode of pulse emitter follower connects power supply, the emitter stage of pulse emitter follower connects an instrument connection.
Wherein N is managed and is formed complementary oscillating circuit with P pipes, and the 3rd pipe N pipes are formed and penetrated with isolation, to ensure oscillation effect.
The oscillation principle of formation is：After energization, pulse N pipes are triggered by pulse N pipe base resistances, although the triggering dynamics of pulse N pipe base resistances is small, but pulse N is managed and is formd complementary type with pulse P pipes, so when pulse N pipes have slight action, pulse P pipes can all produce greatly action, form the saturation of pulse P pipes, the rapid pulse N that is delivered to of feedback is managed, the saturation of acceleration pulse N pipes, when feedback terminates, the voltage of pulse N pipe base resistances is by feedback resistance, by the positive pole of feedback capacity negative pole to feedback capacity, again through pulse P pipes earth resistance to ground wire, form the reverse charging of feedback capacity, pulse N is managed and is changed into cut-off with pulse P pipes.Due to producing strong feedback, two pipes open cut-off simultaneously simultaneously, form a cycle of vibration, when the current discharge of feedback capacity opposite direction is finished, at this moment because pulse N is managed again into the gesture opened, similarly produce second period, the 3rd cycle etc..
Easily, the cooperation with charhing unit is formed when low-end trim of the pulse N pipes in saturation, and charhing unit is open-minded, is charged to being electrically charged pond for the vibration starting of oscillation of this circuit, and when pulse N pipes are in cut-off state, charhing unit open circuit is electrically charged pond and stops charging.
Feedback adjustable resistance can form the adjustment of feedback time constant, the saturation of adjustable whole pulse N pipes and deadline with feedback resistance.
3rd, the explanation of push button electronic switch.
By button switch（In Fig. 1 1.0）, N mono- manages（In Fig. 1 1.1）, N bis- manages（In Fig. 1 1.2）, N tri- manages（In Fig. 1 1.3）, N tetra- manages（In Fig. 1 1.4）, the pipe collector resistance of N mono-（In Fig. 1 1.5）；The pipes of N mono- indicate branch road（In Fig. 1 1.6）；The pipe collector resistance of N bis-（In Fig. 1 1.7）；The pipes of N bis- indicate branch road（In Fig. 1 1.8）；Commissure resistance one（In Fig. 1 1.9）；Commissure resistance two（In Fig. 1 1.10）；The pipe collector resistance of N tetra-（In Fig. 1 1.11）；The pipe collector resistance of N tri-（In Fig. 1 1.12）；Clamp diode one（In Fig. 1 1.13）；Clamp diode two（In Fig. 1 1.14）；, diac（In Fig. 1 1.15）；Commissure resistance three（In Fig. 1 1.16）；Switching diode one（In Fig. 1 1.17）；Switching diode two（In Fig. 1 1.18）Composition.
Its main purpose controls the working condition of complementary pulse unit, and one is the electric current for making complementary pulse unit have frequency, for demonstrating active part such as capacitive element or inductance part, allows beholder to understand electric capacity and physical phenomenon of the inductance under the electric current for having frequency.Two is to produce direct current, so as to demonstrate electric capacity and reaction of the inductance under DC state.
Forming the reason for controlling is, the current collection extremely logic output terminal of the pipes of N bis-, the end is by steering diode and guiding resistance, directly control complementary pulse unit, when the current collection extremely low level of the pipes of N bis-, steering diode therein is in reverse bias, and on complementary pulse unit without influence, unit output has the electric current of frequency.
When the current collection of the pipes of N bis- is extremely high-order, by steering diode complementary pulse unit is delivered to resistance is oriented to, the now unit failure of oscillation, simultaneously because pulse N pipes base stage is input into a high position, current collection extremely low level, pulse P pipes base stage is low level, and its colelctor electrode is output as a high position, produced frequency is zero electric current, is direct current.
Push button electronic switch should possess two characteristics, and one is the state variability with output end, be that can export high signal, can also export low level signal, and two are believed with self-sustaining is special, be before a kind of self-sustaining of output signal energy arrives to new signal next time.
The principle of formation is, N mono- is managed with the pipes of N bis- as two phase inverters have connected into positive-feedback circuit, when the current collection of a wherein pipe is extremely high, the base stage input of another pipe is a high position, so as to colelctor electrode is output as low level, otherwise when the current collection extremely low level of one pipe, the base stage input of the second pipe is low level, so that two pipe collectors are output as a high position.
It is respectively two phase inverters that N tri- is managed with the pipes of N tetra-, and the base stage of the wherein pipes of N tetra- is connected on the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tri- by commissure resistance three.N tri- manages the base loop for controlling the pipes of N mono- and the pipes of N bis- respectively through clamp diode with the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tetra-.The colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- is connected to the base stage of the pipes of N tri- by triggering resistance simultaneously.
When connecting ground wire when button switch is normally off, the base stage of the pipes of N tri- and the pipes of N tetra- is because by switching diode ground wire（Zero-bit）The reason for and be negative signal, the pipes of N tri- are a high position with the pipe collectors of N tetra-, and the connected clamp diode of two colelctor electrodes is in reverse bias, on the pipes of N mono- with the base stage of the pipes of N bis- without influence.
When button is converted to off-state, the pipes of N tri- do not receive button switch ground wire with the base stage of the pipes of N tetra-（Zero-bit）Influence, and only determine the original state of two pipes, if the pipe collectors of N tri- are low level, the pipe collectors of N tetra- are a high position, and now the pipe collector institute clamp diodes of N tri- are had an effect, and it is low control the base stage of the pipes of N mono-, and current collection is extremely high.Output end is the current collection extremely low level of the pipes of N bis-, the self-sustaining state as a kind of low-end trim, until the effect of next button switch.
The base stage of the pipes of N tri- is connected to due to the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis-, so now the base stage of the pipes of N tri- have input low level signal, its current collection is extremely high.The base stage of the pipes of N tetra- have input high signal, its current collection extremely low level signal.So when now button switch is in open circuit, the connected clamp diode of the pipe collectors of N tetra- plays a leading role to the base stage of the pipes of N bis-, the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- is set to export high-order, as a kind of self-sustaining state for being output as a high position, until the effect of next button switch.
Using mainly there is benefit following prominent after push button electronic switch, one be that button increases income is that one kind touches button, while also allowing for installment state instruction.It is overall high-grade, benefit from, two is that button switch does not produce fly line in production, directly can produce and contact with printed panel, thus can be further ensured that product quality.Three is that element in push button electronic switch belongs to a kind of common components, it is easy to bought.
4th, the explanation of circuit is lifted on a tubular type.
The circuit is by by rectifying tube（In Fig. 1 5.1）, commutation diode（In Fig. 1 5.2）, commutation capacitor（In Fig. 1 5.3）, riser collector resistance（In Fig. 1 5.4）, integration diode one（In Fig. 1 5.5）, one-level integrating capacitor（In Fig. 1 5.6）, riser（In Fig. 1 5.7）, riser base resistance（In Fig. 1 5.8）, anti-interference resistance（In Fig. 1 5.9）, integration diode two（In Fig. 1 5.10）, second order product point electric capacity（In Fig. 1 5.11）, penetrate with pipe（In Fig. 1 5.12）Composition.
The main purpose of the circuit is, when the voltage of complementary pulse unit can produce the situation of voltage decline after frequency element is testing capacitor, inductance（Because there is a capacitive reactance, or induction reactance pressure drop）, by after tubular type lifting circuit, energy has been lifted, thus is more macroscopical display effect.
The circuit must have two characteristics of weight, and one is that, with good amplification characteristic, two is when lifting the input no signal of circuit, to export no signal, is that output does not produce additional static current potential.
Circuit is lifted for this and employs two times of one tubular type lifting circuit.
The principle of formation is, after frequency element is connected, emitter follower one has output, DC voltage is filled with one-level integrating capacitor after over commutation, when the current collection of riser is extremely low, one-level integrating capacitor charges by integration diode two to second order product point electric capacity, when the current collection of riser is extremely high-order, the voltage of one-level integrating capacitor by the voltage superposition after the collector resistance of riser with second order product point electric capacity, as double voltage, so as to form lifting circuit.
It is noted that in circuit is lifted, when no signal is input into, one-level integrating capacitor, no-voltage, so output can not possibly produce multiplication of voltage effect.It is zero volt, is that output does not produce additional static current potential.It is of special importance that the voltage in one-level integrating capacitor is complementary pulse unit through overfrequency part（That is testing capacitor）Voltage afterwards, testing capacitor capacitive reactance is different, and the magnitude of voltage of generation is also different, the not sample so the quantity of the multiplication of voltage for producing also differs.The output of one tubular type lifting circuit has direct relation with the electric capacity capacitive reactance demonstrated.
5th, the explanation of stepped-up voltage system.
Stepped-up voltage system is made up of multiple ladder units；Each ladder unit is put level and constituted by partial pressure level with aobvious.
Partial pressure level by inclined resistance under partial pressure with multiple partial pressures on constitute partially.It is formed in parallel with voltage-stabiliser tube by balance resistance partially in partial pressure.
Line feature is in series by the suitable voltage-stabiliser tube of multiple parameters, and the resistance in parallel with voltage-stabiliser tube is balance resistance, so as to form the ladder of voltage stabilizing, one of voltage-stabiliser tube is a unit voltage.When the voltage of the output of voltage increase unit is high, then the quantity of the voltage-stabiliser tube that can puncture is more.When the output voltage of prime suction through unit voltage-stabiliser tube and it is connected it is aobvious put level in N pipe doors when, the N pipes are changed into saturation, paired P pipe output currents, so as to encourage rear class display unit to work.
6th, the light display explanation of display system.
It is made up of multiple display units：Each aobvious output one display unit of correspondence for putting level, the indicator lamp composition that display unit is connect by three triodes, three commissure electric capacity, the base resistance of each triode and collector resistances, differential circuit, three transistor collectors.
Each unit is put level excitation by the aobvious of ladder unit respectively.It is that one correspondence display unit starts after showing to put level starting when one.Law of character graphics displaying of the invention is that the first indicator lamp was bright before this, second puts out with the 3rd indicator lamp, it is again the first indicator lamp bright with the second indicator lamp, 3rd indicator lamp puts out, it is bright with the second indicator lamp followed by the 3rd indicator lamp, first indicator lamp puts out, followed by but the 3rd indicator lamp is bright, first indicator lamp puts out with the second indicator lamp, as a kind of flowing water state, the benefit of this flowing water state is, the abstract concept of electric current is become to begin to learn intelligible streamflow regime, if the series of stepped-up voltage conducting is more, the unit for then being triggered is more, shown this current must be more remote by stream.Simultaneously this streamflow regime certainly as when be filled with certain entertaining.
The principle of generation is：Because the base stage of the 3rd pipe is connected with differential capacitance, so when being powered, the 3rd pipe collector is necessarily saturation.Now the electric capacity of the 3rd pipe collector and the first pipe base stage commissure is unable to transition, so the base stage of the first pipe is low level, the pipe collector is a high position, it is bright first to be that the first pipe collector connects indicator lamp, the first pipe collector resistance is charged by the commissure electric capacity with the second pipe base stage simultaneously, second pipe collector must be saturation shape（By after debugging, saturation can be reached）, it is to put out that the pipe collector connects indicator lamp.When the first pipe collector resistance is by after the commissure electric capacity charging complete with the second pipe base stage, second pipe collector without bias current because forming a high position, so the indicator lamp that the second pipe collector is connected is bright, similarly now the 3rd pipe collector is low, correspondence indicator lamp puts out, first pipe collector is height, and connected indicator lamp is bright, thus forms the flowing water shape of circulation.
7th, voice indicates explanation.
One voice of another termination inclined in partial pressure in each ladder unit is indicated.One partial pressure level of excitation, just one voice instruction of excitation.
Have the advantages that after implementation following prominent：
1st, electricity is important content in physics.And for beginner, understand relatively easy to galvanic, and the influence to the electric current with frequency to circuit element can feel abstract.And the demonstration of this instrument can make the abstract concept of beginner become actual.Therefore there is positive effect to studying electricity in depth.Concrete condition is as follows：
（1）, because this demonstrator in the pulse power can be changed into the pulse power, it is also possible to be changed into direct current under the switching of button switch, it is possible to clearly demonstrate out frequency part（Such as electric capacity, or inductance）In the situation that frequency is zero（It is direct current）, it is entirely different with the physical phenomenon in the case of the pulse current with frequency.
Such as electric capacity（Electric capacity its construction is two pieces of disjunct conductive materials planes）, this special construction charges with DC state, being only possible to transient state disposable, but under the pulse power of frequency, but there occurs theatrical change, because this disjunct two sides can be smoothly through electric current.
It is a good good conductor if inductance is under DC state, but in the pulse current by frequency, but under the pulse power of frequency, but theatrical change is there occurs, because this end to end wire but has resistance to electric current, its physical characteristic changes completely.
（2）, can demonstrate out that frequency is higher, the impact effect to frequency element is bigger, such as same electric capacity, and frequency is higher, and conduction is better, and for example inductance coil, and frequency is higher, and the resistance that it is presented is bigger.Because the frequency-adjustable of complementary pulse unit of the invention.
（3）, can demonstrate out, under same voltage, electric capacity is bigger, and capacitive reactance is smaller, is smaller to the resistance of electric current, and inductance is bigger, then induction reactance is bigger, is bigger to the resistance of electric current.
（4）, the main inside reason of the size that capacitive reactance is presented in electric capacity can be demonstrated out, disjunct two conducting surface in inside of such as electric capacity is bigger, then capacitive reactance is smaller, and the insulating barrier between two conducting surfaces is thicker, then capacitive reactance is smaller.
（5）, the main inside reason of the size that induction reactance is presented in inductance can be demonstrated out, the diameter of such as coil is bigger, then induction reactance is bigger, while whether induction reactance also has permeability magnetic material relevant with coil and relevant with the performance of permeability magnetic material.
2nd, behaviour's switch of changing of complementary pulse unit is button electronic switch, there is benefit following prominent, and one is that button is that one kind touches button, good hand touch.Two be often by a state transformation once, it is easy to operate.Three can be clearly show be the current pulse power state, DC state in this way, at this moment indicator lamp is a kind of color, in this way the frequency power source of pulse, again can be into another place's color, and clear Chu Ming Liao are overall high-grade.Four is that button switch does not produce fly line in production, directly can produce and contact with printed panel, thus can be further ensured that product quality.Five is that button belongs to a kind of common components, it is easy to bought.
3rd, the quantification effect of display is good, and one is that there is this instrument a tubular type to lift circuit, thus with sensitivity higher, particularly to when capacitive reactance is smaller, can also clearly show that.Two is that being input into for tubular type lifting circuit is directly used by voltage after the pressure drop of test block, is the difference that ensure that surveyed part so there is very strong tracing property, and its display effect is different, with strict science.Three is tubular type lifting circuit input when being zero, and its output signal is zero, in the absence of initial potential, further ensures the accurate of display.
4th, the perception effect of display is good, and one is that this instrument has light to show shown with sound and deposit, increased delight effect, and beholder teaches through lively activities.Two is that light display is presented flowing water state, by abstract electric current is interpreted as familiar to flowing water shape, therefore when in the timing of voltage one, impedance is bigger, and electric current is smaller, is readily appreciated that etc. concept.Because being light and the effect of sound is presented " ladder state ", such as when part of surveying be electric capacity, and during for same value, frequency is higher, and capacitive reactance is smaller, and electric current is bigger, then shown bright Guan Yue is more, otherwise smaller, and difference is obvious.All to indicate that automation is presented, three is that light display dynamic nature is strong, can increase the attraction of eyeball.
5th, the concept of resistance, insulator, electric current can be demonstrated out, is demonstrated out when the timing of voltage one, the relation between electric current and resistance.Resistance is bigger, the smaller visual effect of electric current.The student that by this demonstration the age can be allowed smaller sets up more basic electricity knowledge.
6th, this instrument belongs to the popular demonstrator of initial stage.Demand is big, and this instrument is easily produced, and debugging is simple, low cost, is easy to popularization.
7th, circuit of the present invention is simplified, and each unit contact science, operability is very strong, therefore can be conigenous row experiment installation with heuristics, by self-control, can further improve students ' practical ability and practical level, and this has positive meaning to improving students ' quality.And the present invention there are following characteristics in self-control, thus it is very suitable for self-control：
One is all triode parts of active part, therefore is easy to beginner to understand the sense organ understanding and function of triode.Because active part kind is single, give prominence to the key points, be conducive to beginner to learn, it is to avoid not rotten situation of grasping too much.
Two is each unit independence, and can be powered inspection in units of unit.The tube light that lighted and each unit is filled with certain interest, such as display unit, after success is that flowing water circulates shape, such as push button electronic switch, often by once then state can auto-changing once.
Three be between each unit between connect science, failure will not be substantially produced, so after unit debugging is completed, so that it may complete overall work.
Due to above-mentioned 3 points, institute experimental line as one kind, be conducive to exciting beginner's passion, be conducive to learn and it is tireless.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of hookup being made up of triode except each branch's electronic circuit schematic diagram of display level.
In figure：1.0th, button switch；1.1st, N mono- is managed；1.2nd, N bis- is managed；1.3rd, N tri- is managed；1.4th, N tetra- is managed；1.5th, the pipe collector resistance of N mono-；1.6th, the pipes of N mono- indicate branch road；1.7th, the pipe collector resistance of N bis-；1.8th, the pipes of N bis- indicate branch road；1.9th, commissure resistance one；1.10th, commissure resistance two；1.11st, the pipe collector resistance of N tetra-；1.12nd, the pipe collector resistance of N tri-；1.13rd, clamp diode one；1.14th, clamp diode two；1.15th, diac；1.16th, commissure resistance three；1.17th, switching diode one；1.18th, switching diode two；2.1st, it is oriented to resistance；2..2, steering diode；2.3rd, N pipes base resistance；2.4th, pulse N pipes；2.5th, pulse P pipes；2.6th, feedback resistance；2.7th, feedback capacity；2.8th, pulse P pipes earth resistance；2.9th, output resistance；2.10th, pulse emitter follower；3rd, instrument connection；5.1st, rectifying tube；5.2nd, commutation diode；5.3rd, commutation capacitor；5.4th, riser collector resistance；5.5th, diode one is integrated；5.6th, one-level integrating capacitor；5.7th, riser；5.8th, riser base resistance；5.9th, anti-interference resistance；5.10th, diode two is integrated；5.11st, second order product point electric capacity；5.12nd, penetrate with inclined in pipe 6.11, the partial pressure of the first ladder unit；6.12nd, the N pipes triggering resistance of the first ladder unit；6.13rd, the N pipes of the first ladder unit；6.15th, the P pipes of the first ladder unit；6.21st, in the partial pressure of the second ladder unit partially；6.22nd, the N pipes triggering resistance of the second ladder unit；6.23rd, the N pipes of the second ladder unit；6.25th, the P pipes of the second ladder unit；In 6.N1, the partial pressure of last ladder unit partially；The N pipes triggering resistance of 6.N2, last ladder unit；The N pipes of 6.N3, last ladder unit；The P pipes of 6.N5, last ladder unit；Inclined resistance under 6.X, partial pressure；7.1st, the first voice is indicated；7.2nd, the second voice is indicated；7.N, last voice are indicated.
Fig. 2 is display level electronic circuit schematic diagram.
In figure：5.12nd, penetrate with pipe；6.11st, in the partial pressure of the first ladder unit partially；6.12nd, the N pipes triggering resistance of the first ladder unit；6.13rd, the N pipes of the first ladder unit；6.15th, the P pipes of the first ladder unit；6.21st, in the partial pressure of the second ladder unit partially；6.22nd, the N pipes triggering resistance of the second ladder unit；6.23rd, the N pipes of the second ladder unit；6.25th, the P pipes of the second ladder unit；In 6.N1, the partial pressure of last ladder unit partially；The N pipes triggering resistance of 6.N2, last ladder unit；The N pipes of 6.N3, last ladder unit；The P pipes of 6.N5, last ladder unit；Inclined resistance under 6.X, partial pressure；7.1st, the first voice is indicated；7.2nd, the second voice is indicated；7.N, last voice are indicated；8.11st, the first display unit first is managed；8.12nd, the first display unit second is managed；8.13rd, the first display unit the 3rd is managed；8.14th, first commissure electric capacity of the first display unit；8.15th, second commissure electric capacity of the first display unit；8.16th, the 3rd commissure electric capacity of the first display unit；8.17th, first the first indicator lamp of display unit；8.18th, first the second indicator lamp of display unit；8.19th, first the second indicator lamp of display unit；8.110th, first display unit the first pipe base resistance；8.111st, first display unit the second pipe base resistance；8.112nd, the pipe base resistance of the first display unit the 3rd；8.113rd, first display unit the first pipe collector resistance；8.114th, first display unit the second pipe collector resistance；8.115th, the pipe collector resistance of the first display unit the 3rd；8.116th, the first display unit differential capacitance；8.117th, the first display unit discharge resistance；8.118th, the first display unit differential resistance；8.21st, the second display unit first is managed；8.22nd, the second display unit second is managed；8.23rd, the second display unit the 3rd is managed；8.24th, first commissure electric capacity of the second display unit；8.25th, second commissure electric capacity of the second display unit；8.26th, the 3rd commissure electric capacity of the second display unit；8.27th, second the first indicator lamp of display unit；8.28th, second the second indicator lamp of display unit；8.29th, second the second indicator lamp of display unit；8.210th, second display unit the first pipe base resistance；8.211st, second display unit the second pipe base resistance；8.212nd, the pipe base resistance of the second display unit the 3rd；8.213rd, second display unit the first pipe collector resistance；8.214th, second display unit the second pipe collector resistance；8.215th, the pipe collector resistance of the second display unit the 3rd；8.216th, the second display unit differential capacitance；8.217th, the second display unit discharge resistance；8.218th, the second display unit differential resistance；8.N1, last display unit first are managed；8.N2, last display unit second are managed；8.N3, last display unit the 3rd pipe；8.N4, first commissure electric capacity of last display unit；8.N5, second commissure electric capacity of last display unit；8.N6, the 3rd commissure electric capacity of last display unit；8.N7, last indicator lamp of display unit first；8.N8, last indicator lamp of display unit second；8.N9, last indicator lamp of display unit second；8.N10, last display unit the first pipe base resistance；8.N11, last display unit the second pipe base resistance；8.N12, last pipe base resistance of display unit the 3rd；8.N13, last display unit the first pipe collector resistance；8.N14, last display unit the second pipe collector resistance；8.N15, last pipe collector resistance of display unit the 3rd；8.N16, last display unit differential capacitance；8.N17, last display unit discharge resistance；8.N18, last display unit differential resistance.
Specific embodiment
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is a kind of mode of specific implementation.
First, option：It is formed in parallel with voltage-stabiliser tube by balance resistance partially in partial pressure.All diodes are face fit type diode.Pulse emitter follower, rectifying tube, penetrate with pipe all use NPN triode.
2nd, weld：Each several part electronic circuit besides display systems is connected as shown in Figure 1, and display system is welded as shown in Figure 2.
3rd, debugging and detection.
1st, check and debugging one tubular type lifting circuit.
Oscillograph inspection is used, is connected with oscillograph hot junction and penetrated with pipe（In Fig. 1 5.12）Output end, cold end ground connection.
Instrument connection is inductively or capacitively connected to one, now oscillograph has waveform to show, is otherwise wrong circuit.
One-level integrating capacitor is connected with oscillograph hot junction（In Fig. 1 5.6）Anode, now the waveform of oscillograph is direct current shape, is otherwise integration diode one（In Fig. 1 5.5）Weldering is wrong,
Riser is connected with oscillograph hot junction（In Fig. 1 5.7）Colelctor electrode, now oscillograph should show oscillation, be otherwise the base stage broken string of riser, or the resistance weldering that is joined is wrong and excessive.
Second order product point electric capacity anode is connected with oscillograph hot junction, now the waveform of oscillograph is direct current shape, but amplitude should about double than voltage order one.It is that the one-level integrating capacitor weldering of the colelctor electrode for being connected in riser is wrong as incorrect, or failure.
Connected with oscillograph hot junction and penetrated with the emitter stage of pipe, now the waveform of oscillograph is direct current shape, but amplitude should be slightly fewer but basically identical than the voltage of two pole integrating capacitors, be otherwise to penetrate to weld wrong with the pin of pipe.
2nd, check and debugging button electronic switch.
With oscillograph or general-purpose table look-up.
Use oscillograph（Or universal meter）Positive pole connection N tri- manage（In Fig. 1 1.3）Or N tetra- is managed（In Fig. 1 1.4）Colelctor electrode, cut-off push button switch（In Fig. 1 1.0）, when the pole electrode of the pipes of N tri- is high, the pole electrode of the pipes of N tetra- is low, otherwise when the pole electrode of the pipes of N tri- is low, the pole electrode of the pipes of N tetra- is height, is otherwise line errors.
Use oscillograph（Or universal meter）Positive pole connection N tri- manage or the pipes of N tetra- pole electrode, recovery button switch allows button switch normally-closed contact to be grounded, and this this N tri- pipes should be simultaneously height with the pole electrode of the pipes of N tetra-, be otherwise the two switching diode polarity weldering that is connected with button switch of two pipes instead.
Use oscillograph（Or universal meter）Positive pole connection N mono- manage（In Fig. 1 1.1）Or N bis- is managed（In Fig. 1 1.2）Pole electrode, temporarily disconnect the clamp diode of the pipe collectors of N tri- and the pipe base electrodes of N mono-, simultaneously switch off the clamp diode of the pipe collectors of N tetra- and the pipe base electrodes of N bis-.Now connect the pipe pole electrodes of N mono- for it is high when, the pole electrode of the pipes of N bis- is low, on the contrary when the pipes of N mono- pole electrode for it is low when, the pole electrode of the pipes of N bis- is height, is otherwise line errors.
Circuit is recovered correct completely, oscillograph is used（Or universal meter）Positive pole connect the pipes of N bis- colelctor electrode, at this moment often press a button, at this moment the colelctor electrode state of the pipes of N bis- should change once, as being for the first time height, then second is low, then third time is height, then the 4th time is low, then the 5th is that --- --- otherwise colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- high is not connected with the pipe base stages of N tri-.
In the case of circuit recovers correct completely, often press a button, correspondence indicates branch road bright, it is such as once for the first time that the pipes of N mono- indicate branch road to light that should replace bright, and second is that the pipes of N bis- indicate branch road to light, third time is that the pipes of N mono- indicate branch road to light, 4th time is that the pipes of N bis- indicate branch road to light, and is to indicate the luminous tube weldering in branch road anti-or damage if do not worked.
3rd, check and debugging stepped-up voltage unit.
On instrument connection, a testing capacitor is connected, adjust the frequency of complementary pulse unit, increase frequency, the phenomenon that the partial pressure level series of stepped-up voltage unit can increase now occurs.
On instrument connection, a test inductance is connected, the frequency in regulation impulse hunting source increases frequency, the phenomenon that the partial pressure level series of stepped-up voltage unit can be reduced now occurs.
At this moment corresponding aobvious level of putting is encouraged to have output voltage offer display unit.
4th, check and debug display level, by taking one of unit as an example.
For the first indicator lamp is bright with the second indicator lamp during energization, the 3rd is to put out, and incorrect is to be connected on the 3rd differential capacitance of transistor base even mistake.
In the bright flowing water cyclic process of indicator lamp, rule is two bright one to put out, constantly circulation.Be before this bright second indicator lamp of the first indicator lamp it is bright, the 3rd indicator lamp puts out, and is then that second, third indicator lamp was bright before this, first indicator lamp puts out, followed by and the second indicator lamp to put out the first, the 3rd indicator lamp bright, followed by but the 3rd indicator lamp put out, first, second indicator lamp is bright, forever circulation.
The frequency of circulation, regulation collector resistance and commissure electric capacity are adjusted, is allowed to meet the requirements, its rule is smaller capacitance-resistance, circulation is faster, otherwise slower.
5th, check that the pulse power is the working condition under DC state.
The pulse power is switched under DC state with button switch, now oscillograph is shown as direct current,
On instrument connection, connect a testing capacitor, at this moment display unit occur transient state it is bright once.
On instrument connection, a test inductance is connected, at this moment display level occurs the bright situation of all units.
On instrument connection, the resistance of different resistances is connected, if resistance is smaller, bright unit is more.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of hookup being made up of triode, it is characterized in that：Collectively constituted by push button electronic switch, complementary pulse unit, instrument connection, tubular type lifting circuit, stepped-up voltage system, display system, voice level：
Wherein：Push button electronic switch is managed by button switch, N mono-, N bis- is managed, N tri- is managed, N tetra- is managed, the pipe collector resistance of N mono-, the pipes of N mono- indicate branch road, the pipe collector resistance of N bis-, the pipes of N bis- to indicate branch road, commissure resistance one, commissure resistance two, the pipe collector resistance of N tetra-, the pipe collector resistance of N tri-, clamp diode one, clamp diode two, diac, commissure resistance three, conversion switching diode one, switching diode two to constitute；
One end ground wire of button switch,Two negative poles of switching diode of another termination,The positive pole of two switching diodes connects the base stage of the pipes of N tri- and the pipes of N tetra- respectively,The output of the current collection of the pipes of N bis- extremely push button electronic switch level,Connect the pipe collector resistance of N bis- to power supply,The pipes of N bis- indicate branch road to be connected between output and the power supply of push button electronic switch level,The indirect commissure resistance one of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N mono- and the base stage of the pipes of N bis-,The indirect commissure resistance two of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- and the base stage of the pipes of N mono-,Also the pipes of N mono- have been connect between the colelctor electrode and power supply of the pipes of N mono- and has indicated branch road and the pipe collector resistance of N mono-,N tri- is managed and is connect a collector resistance respectively and the colelctor electrode and power supply of the pipes of N tetra- between,The indirect clamp diode one of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N mono- and the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tetra-,The indirect clamp diode two of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N bis- and the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tri-,Diac is connect between the output of push button electronic switch level and the base stage of the pipes of N tri-,The indirect commissure resistance three of the colelctor electrode of the pipes of N tri- and the base stage of the pipes of N tetra-,N mono- is managed,N bis- is managed,N tri- is managed,Emitter stage all ground wires of the pipes of N tetra-；
Complementary pulse unit is made up of guiding resistance, steering diode, pulse N pipes base resistance, pulse N pipes, pulse P pipes, feedback resistance, feedback capacity, pulse P pipes earth resistance, output resistance, pulse emitter follower：It is oriented to resistance and steering diode is connected between output and the base stage of pulse N pipes of push button electronic switch level, N pipe base resistances are connected between the base stage of power supply and pulse N pipes, the grounded emitter line of pulse N pipes, the colelctor electrode of pulse N pipes connects the base stage of pulse P pipes, the grounded emitter line of pulse P pipes, pulse P pipe earth resistances are connected between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and ground wire, feedback resistance serial Feedback electric capacity is between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and the base stage of pulse N pipes, output resistance is connected between the colelctor electrode of pulse P pipes and the base stage of pulse emitter follower, the colelctor electrode of pulse emitter follower connects power supply, the emitter stage of pulse emitter follower connects an instrument connection；
One tubular type lifted circuit by rectifying tube, commutation diode, commutation capacitor, riser collector resistance, integration diode one, one-level integrating capacitor, riser, riser base resistance, anti-interference resistance, integration diode two, second order product point electric capacity, penetrate and constituted with pipe；
The colelctor electrode of rectifying tube connects power supply,The base stage of rectifying tube connects another instrument connection,The transmitting of rectifying tube extremely three tunnels,An anti-interference resistance to ground wire is connect all the way,Another road connects the positive pole of commutation diode,The negative pole of commutation diode connects commutation capacitor to ground wire,3rd tunnel connects one end of riser base resistance,The base stage of another termination riser of riser base resistance,Riser collector resistance is connected between the positive pole of commutation capacitor and the colelctor electrode of riser,The grounded emitter line of riser,The positive pole of commutation capacitor connects the positive pole of integration diode one,One-level integrating capacitor is connected between the negative pole of integration diode one and the colelctor electrode of riser,Integration diode two be connected on the negative pole of integration diode one and penetrate with pipe base stage between,Penetrate the indirect second order product point electric capacity of the base stage and ground wire with pipe,Penetrate and connect power supply with the colelctor electrode of pipe,Penetrate with the emitter stage of pipe be voltage increase level output；
Voice level is indicated to constitute by multiple voices；
Stepped-up voltage system is made up of multiple ladder units；Each ladder unit is put level and constituted by partial pressure level with aobvious；
Partial pressure level by inclined resistance under partial pressure with multiple partial pressures on constitute partially；
Connected partially in each partial pressure, the output of an inclined termination voltage increase level in first partial pressure, inclined one end in the second partial pressure of another termination, inclined one end in the 3rd partial pressure of another termination inclined in the second partial pressure, to the last under another termination inclined in a partial pressure inclined resistance to ground wire；
The inclined other end connects the aobvious input for putting level in each partial pressure, each aobvious level of putting is constituted by triggering resistance, N pipes, P pipes, the inclined other end in one termination partial pressure of triggering resistance, trigger the base stage of another termination N pipes of resistance, the grounded emitter line of N pipes, the colelctor electrode of N pipes connects the base stage of P pipes, and the emitter stage of P pipes connects power supply, the colelctor electrode of P pipes is the aobvious output for putting level, connects a power supply for display unit；One voice of another termination inclined in each partial pressure is indicated；
Display system is made up of multiple display units：Each aobvious output one display unit of correspondence for putting level, the indicator lamp composition that display unit is connect by three triodes, three commissure electric capacity, the base resistance of each triode and collector resistances, differential circuit, three transistor collectors；
An indirect base resistance of the base stage of each triode and the corresponding aobvious output for putting level, an indirect collector resistance of the colelctor electrode of each triode and the corresponding aobvious output for putting level, the indirect first commissure electric capacity of the base stage of the colelctor electrode of the first triode and the second triode, the indirect second commissure electric capacity of the base stage of the colelctor electrode of the second triode and the 3rd triode, the indirect 3rd commissure electric capacity of the colelctor electrode of the 3rd triode and the base stage of the first triode, the colelctor electrode of each triode and an indirect indicator lamp of ground wire；
Differential circuit is made up of differential capacitance, discharge resistance, differential resistance：The one aobvious output for putting level of termination correspondence of differential capacitance, the other end is two-way, and discharge resistance to ground wire is connect all the way, and another road connects differential resistance to the base stage of the 3rd triode.
2. a kind of hookup being made up of triode according to claim 1, it is characterized in that：It is formed in parallel with voltage-stabiliser tube by balance resistance partially in partial pressure.
3. a kind of hookup being made up of triode according to claim 1, it is characterized in that：All diodes are face fit type diode.
4. a kind of hookup being made up of triode according to claim 1, it is characterized in that：Pulse emitter follower, rectifying tube, penetrate with pipe all use NPN triode.
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| CN201788611U (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2011-04-06 | 汪建 | Comprehensive electrical LED demonstrator |
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