CN106802271B - A kind of measuring device and method of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient - Google Patents
A kind of measuring device and method of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient Download PDFInfo
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- CN106802271B CN106802271B CN201710068852.8A CN201710068852A CN106802271B CN 106802271 B CN106802271 B CN 106802271B CN 201710068852 A CN201710068852 A CN 201710068852A CN 106802271 B CN106802271 B CN 106802271B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
- G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change
Abstract
The present invention provides the measuring device and method of a kind of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, it is characterised in that: it includes a pressure observing system, and pressure observing system arrival end top is connected with control pressurer system；Pressure observing system arrival end lower part is connected with the arrival end of seepage environment simulation system；Pressure observing system outlet end lower part is connected with the outlet end of seepage environment simulation system；A pressure sensor is respectively set in the arrival end of seepage environment simulation system and outlet end；The pressure signal that two pressure sensors acquire in real time is sent to data acquisition processing system by signal transduction system；Data acquisition processing system obtains the starting pressure gradient of fluid neuron network according to the pressure signal received.Measurement method of the present invention intuitively, accurately, conveniently, can be widely applied in the measurement of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to oil-gas field development oil and gas zone evaluation method and technology fields, and in particular to a kind of poly- oil reservoirs fluid infiltration
Flow the measuring device and method of starting pressure gradient.
Background technique
The method for determining starting pressure gradient mainly has three categories, including indoor physical simulation experiment method, indoor numerical value
Analogy method and Well Test Data Analysis Method.Wherein, indoor physical simulation experiment method due to it is intuitive, with the excellent of enough convincingnesses
Point is used by numerous scholars.But water-drive pool is mostly concentrated on to the experimental study of starting pressure gradient at present, to polymer flooding
Oil reservoir causes Polymer Flooding Reservoirs fluid neuron network knowledge of regularity unclear there is no studying.
Physical simulation experiment method has constant-voltage method, cold store enclosure, capillary in current more generally accepted starting pressure gradient room
Balancing method, mercury injection method and flat plate model method.Each measurement point of constant-voltage method is required to the longer stable time, experimental period compared with
It is long, it is difficult to guarantee experimental precision；Cold store enclosure needs to measure displacement pressure difference under multiple and different flow conditions, the control difficulty of flow
And the evaluated error of pressure difference is larger；The capillary force that capillary balancing method is related to is not capable of measuring, and the test period is long；Mercury used in mercury injection method
It is had differences with formation fluid property, experiment confidence level is not high；Flat plate model method is grown up on the basis of cold store enclosure
A kind of new method, it the shortcomings that it is similar therewith.
Summary of the invention
For the above problem, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of measurements of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient
Device and method, measurement method is simple, and measurement result is accurate, can be establishment, the polymer of Polymer Flooding Reservoirs development plan
Preferred, well net optimization provide fundamental basis.
To achieve the above object, the present invention takes following technical scheme: a kind of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure ladder
The measuring device of degree, it is characterised in that: it includes pressure observing system, control pressurer system, seepage environment simulation system, two pressures
Force snesor, signal transduction system and data acquisition processing system；The pressure observing system arrival end top and the pressure
Control system is connected, and provides pressure by the control pressurer system for fluid flowing；Under the pressure observing system arrival end
Portion is connected with the arrival end of the seepage environment simulation system；Pressure observing system outlet end lower part and the seepage flow ring
The outlet end of border simulation system is connected, for observing fluid start-up course；The arrival end of the seepage environment simulation system and
Outlet end is respectively set one for detecting the pressure sensor of Fluid pressure；The pressure that each pressure sensor acquires in real time
Force signal is sent to the data acquisition processing system by the signal transduction system；The data acquisition processing system according to
The pressure signal received obtains the pressure difference of seepage environment simulation system arrival end and outlet end, and then obtains fluid neuron network
Starting pressure gradient.
The pressure observing system includes arrival end tempered glass pipe, outlet end tempered glass pipe, two scales and a brandreth
Platform；The arrival end tempered glass pipe, outlet end tempered glass pipe are fixed at side by side on the iron stand, respectively as institute
State arrival end and the outlet end of pressure observing system；Two scales are respectively used to observe the arrival end tempered glass pipe, go out
Liquid-column height in the tempered glass pipe of mouth end.
The control pressurer system includes supplement pressurizing device, and the supplement pressurizing device enters with the pressure observing system
Mouthful end tempered glass pipe top is connected, for the arrival end in the pressure observing system, outlet end tempered glass pipe
When the pressure difference that liquid-column height generates is insufficient to allow fluid to start, supplement pressurization.
The supplement pressurizing device uses nitrogen cylinder pressurizing device.
The seepage environment simulation system includes fill out sand tube, core holding unit and baking oven；The sandpipe, core holding unit are equal
Be arranged in the baking oven, and the fill out sand tube is folded on the core holding unit, the arrival end of the core holding unit with
The lower part of arrival end tempered glass pipe described in the pressure observing system is connected, the outlet end of the core holding unit and institute
Outlet end tempered glass pipe lower part described in pressure observing system is stated to be connected.
A kind of measurement method of the poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient based on described device, it is characterised in that packet
Include following steps: 1) determination need to measure the seepage flow condition of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, including formation temperature, storage
Layer permeability, fluid viscosity and fluid type；2) baking oven in seepage environment simulation system is preheated, its temperature is set
For the formation temperature that need to be simulated；3) with the fill out sand tube in stratum displaced phase saturated with fluid seepage environment simulation system, and by its
It is placed in preheated baking oven, stands and finish displaced phase Fluid pressure transmitting in fill out sand tube, fluid is last
It is static；4) a small amount of displaced phase fluid is instilled in pressure observing system arrival end and outlet end tempered glass pipe, so that by driving
Entire pipeline is full of for phase fluid；5) displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe, and
According to the pressure difference of seepage environment simulation system arrival end and outlet end, the starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow is obtained.
In the step 5), displacement phase fluid, and root is gradually added dropwise in pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe
According to the pressure difference of seepage environment simulation system arrival end and outlet end, the side of the starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow is obtained
Method, comprising the following steps:
1. displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe, until fluid change is
Only；
2. if the displacement phase fluid that pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe is added dropwise reach the range upper limit and liquid level still
Do not change so namely fluid does not flow, then opens control pressurer system until fluid flows；
3. the arrival end of two pressure sensor real-time detection seepage environment simulators and the pressure signal of outlet end, and lead to
It crosses signal transduction system and is sent to data acquisition processing system；
4. data acquisition processing system obtains the arrival end of seepage environment simulator according to two pressure signals received
The starting pressure under the conditions of the seepage flow is obtained according to the length of obtained pressure difference and fill out sand tube with the pressure difference of outlet end
Gradient.
The measurement method of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient provided by the invention has the advantages that 1, sheet
Invention is due to using the observation fluid starting of tempered glass pipe in pressure observing system, so that operation is more convenient, observation result is more
Add intuitive, accurate.2 present invention and are acquired since two pressure sensors being arranged in seepage environment simulation system by data
Processing system directly obtains fluid starting pressure gradient according to pressure signal, and calculated result is more accurate, fast.3, the present invention is seeped
The starting pressure gradient that variety classes polymer seepage flow in oil reservoir can be measured in stream environmental simulation system, to crude oil, water etc.
Fluid can measure, and applicability is wider.Its starting pressure gradient, available starting pressure are measured by changing polymer type
Force gradient is closely related with polymer type, provides theoretical base for poly- drive development plan establishment and the selection of type of polymer
Plinth.Thus the present invention can be widely applied in the measurement of Polymer Flooding Reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the measuring device of the poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the measuring device working principle diagram of the poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is variety classes polymer starting pressure gradient comparison diagram in the embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
The present invention will be described below by way of specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
As shown in Figure 1, the measuring device of the poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient of the present invention, including pressure observation system
System 1, control pressurer system 2, seepage environment simulation system 3, two pressure sensors 4, signal transduction system 5 and data acquisition process
System 6.
1 arrival end top of pressure observing system is connected with control pressurer system 2, is fluid stream by control pressurer system 2
It is dynamic that pressure is provided；1 arrival end lower part of pressure observing system is connected with the arrival end of seepage environment simulation system 3；Pressure observation
1 outlet end lower part of system is connected with the outlet end of seepage environment simulation system 3, for observing fluid start-up course；Seepage flow ring
The arrival end of border simulation system 3 and outlet end are respectively set one for detecting the pressure sensor 4 of Fluid pressure；Two pressure sensings
Device 4 acquires the arrival end of seepage environment simulation system 3 and the pressure signal of outlet end in real time, and is sent out by signal transduction system 5
It is sent to data collection system 6.Data acquisition processing system 6 obtains seepage environment simulation system 3 according to the pressure signal received
The pressure difference of arrival end and outlet end, and then obtain the starting pressure gradient of fluid neuron network.
In above-described embodiment, pressure observing system 1 include arrival end tempered glass pipe 11, outlet end tempered glass pipe 12,
Two scales 13 and an iron stand 14.Arrival end tempered glass pipe 11, outlet end tempered glass pipe 12 are fixed at brandreth side by side
Arrival end and outlet end on platform 14, respectively as pressure observing system 1；Two scales 14 are respectively used to observation arrival end tempering glass
Liquid-column height in glass pipe 11 and outlet end tempered glass pipe 12.
In the various embodiments described above, control pressurer system 2 is observed using supplement pressurizing device, the supplement pressurizing device and pressure
11 top of arrival end tempered glass pipe is connected in system 1, and the liquid-column height for 1 liang of tempered glass pipe of pressure observing system produces
When raw pressure difference is insufficient to allow fluid to start, supplement pressurization.
In the various embodiments described above, the supplement pressurizing device in control pressurer system 2 uses nitrogen cylinder pressurizing device.
In the various embodiments described above, seepage environment simulation system 3 includes fill out sand tube 31, core holding unit 32 and baking oven 33.It fills out
Sandpipe 31, core holding unit 32 are arranged in baking oven 33, and fill out sand tube 31 is arranged on core holding unit 32, core holding unit
32 arrival end is connected with the lower part of arrival end tempered glass pipe 11 in pressure observing system 1, the outlet of core holding unit 32
End is connected with 1 middle outlet end tempered glass pipe of pressure observing system, 12 lower part.
As shown in Fig. 2, the measuring device based on above-mentioned poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, the present invention also provides
A kind of measurement method of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, comprising the following steps:
1) determination need to measure the seepage flow condition of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, including formation temperature (dries
Box temperature degree), reservoir permeability, fluid viscosity and fluid type.
In the present invention, different reservoir permeability is by adjusting fill out sand tube sand grains compaction, granular size and grain
Diameter ratio is realized.Fluid viscosity and fluid type are determined by the polymer type and concentration for needing simulated formation.According to needing mould
The fluid viscosity and type on quasi- stratum determine displacement phase fluid and displaced phase fluid.Wherein, displaced phase fluid can be poly-
Closing object, crude oil or water, displacement phase fluid can be polymer, crude oil or water.
2) baking oven 33 in seepage environment simulation system 3 is preheated, it is the formation temperature that need to be simulated that its temperature, which is arranged,.
3) fill out sand tube 31 in stratum displaced phase saturated with fluid seepage environment simulation system 3 is used, and places it in preheating
In good baking oven 33, stands and for a period of time (such as standing 2 hours) displaced phase Fluid pressure in fill out sand tube 31 has been transmitted
Finish, fluid is finally static.
4) a small amount of displaced phase fluid is instilled in 1 arrival end of pressure observing system and outlet end tempered glass pipe 11,12,
So that displaced phase fluid is full of entire pipeline.
5) displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in 1 arrival end tempered glass pipe 11 of pressure observing system, and according to seepage flow ring
The pressure difference of border simulation system 3 arrival end and outlet end, obtains the starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow；It specifically includes following
Step:
1. displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in 1 arrival end tempered glass pipe 11 of pressure observing system, until fluid change
Until.
Displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in 1 arrival end tempered glass pipe 11 of pressure observing system, makes arrival end tempering glass
Liquid level increases a distance in glass pipe 11, such as increases 1~2.5cm, and the present invention is using raising 2cm.2h is waited after dropwise addition, if
Liquid level does not decline in arrival end tempered glass pipe 11 and liquid level does not rise in outlet end tempered glass pipe 12, then fluid does not flow
It is dynamic.Continue that displacement phase fluid is added dropwise, 2h is waited after being added dropwise every time, until under fluid change, that is, 11 liquid level of arrival end tempered glass pipe
Drop and the rising of 12 liquid level of outlet end tempered glass pipe.
2. if the displacement phase fluid that 1 arrival end tempered glass pipe 11 of pressure observing system is added dropwise reaches the range upper limit and liquid level
Still do not change namely fluid does not flow, then open control pressurer system 2 and pressurizeed to it until fluid flows.
3. the arrival end of two pressure sensors, 4 real-time detection seepage environment simulation system 3 and the pressure signal of outlet end, warp
Signal transduction system 5 is sent to data acquisition processing system 6 after being converted to electric signal.
4. data acquisition processing system 6 obtains the arrival end of seepage environment simulation system 3 according to the pressure signal received
The starting under the conditions of the seepage flow is obtained further according to the length of obtained pressure difference and fill out sand tube 31 with the pressure difference of outlet end
Barometric gradient.
The present invention is described further below with reference to embodiment.
Embodiment 1
It uses fill out sand tube 31 to simulate permeability as the reservoir of 500mD in the present embodiment, is with the Bohai Sea oil field S concentration
500ppm, 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 4000ppm linear polymer are Experimental Flowing Object, simulate linear polymer flooding linear polymerization
Pressure gradient when object.Specific step is as follows:
1) it is saturated fill out sand tube 31 with 500ppm linear polymer SNF, and placed it in baking oven 33, be preheating to 57 DEG C, it is quiet
Only 2h.
2) a small amount of 500ppm linear polymer is respectively dropped into arrival end tempered glass pipe 11, outlet end tempered glass pipe 12
SNF, to be full of pipeline.
3) 500ppm linear polymer is gradually added dropwise in arrival end tempered glass pipe 11, makes arrival end tempered glass pipe 11
Middle liquid level probably increases 2cm, waits 2h after dropwise addition, if liquid level does not have decline and outlet end tempering in arrival end tempered glass pipe 11
Liquid level does not rise in glass tube 12, then fluid does not flow, and continues that polymer is added dropwise, 2h is waited after being added dropwise every time, until liquid level
Variation is the decline of arrival end tempered glass pipe liquid level 11 and tempered glass pipe 12 liquid level in outlet end rises, meanwhile, log-on data is adopted
Collect processing system 6, obtains starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow.
4) changing concentration is 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 4000ppm linear polymer, repeats step (1)~(3), and by result
It is recorded, as shown in table 1 below.
1 linear polymer displacement linear polymer starting pressure gradient data of table
Embodiment 2
The reservoir that permeability is 500mD is simulated using fill out sand tube 31 in the present embodiment, is with the Bohai Sea oil field Z concentration
500ppm, 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 4000ppm association type polymer are Experimental Flowing Object, simulation association type polymer displacement association
Pressure gradient when type polymer.
1) it is saturated fill out sand tube 31 with 500ppm association type polymer APP4, and placed it in baking oven 33, be preheating to 65 DEG C,
Static 2h.
2) a small amount of 500ppm association type polymerization is respectively dropped into arrival end tempered glass pipe 11, outlet end tempered glass pipe 12
Object APP4, to be full of pipeline.
3) 500ppm association type polymer is gradually added dropwise in arrival end tempered glass pipe 11, makes arrival end tempered glass pipe
Liquid level probably increases 2cm in 11, waits 2h after dropwise addition, if liquid level does not have decline and outlet end steel in arrival end tempered glass pipe 11
Change liquid level in glass tube 12 not rise, then fluid does not flow, and continues that polymer is added dropwise, 2h is waited after being added dropwise every time, until entering
Tempered glass pipe 11 liquid level in mouth end is full of range, and fluid does not flow also.
4) supplement pressurizing device is opened gradually to pressurize until fluid flowing, meanwhile, log-on data acquisition processing system 6 obtains
Starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow out.
5) changing concentration is 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 4000ppm association type polymer, repeats step 1)~5), and by result
It is recorded, as shown in table 2 below.
2 association type polymer displacement association type polymer starting pressure gradient data of table
Comparative example
According to the experimental method of example 1 and 2, polymer concentration it is identical (500ppm, 1000ppm, 2000ppm,
Under conditions of 4000ppm), the reservoir that simulation permeability is 200mD obtains the starting pressure of linear polymer and association type polymer
Force gradient, the experimental data are shown in the following table shown in 3.
3 association type polymer of table and linear polymer starting pressure gradient compare
As shown in figure 3, being the starting pressure gradient of different types of polymers.It can be seen from the figure that at any concentration,
All there is starting pressure gradient in linear polymer, association type polymer, concentration is bigger, and starting pressure gradient is bigger；And in phase
With under polymer concentration, association type polymer starting pressure gradient is greater than linear polymer, this shows starting pressure gradient size
In addition to related in the past generally acknowledged fluid mobility, rock texture, measurement method, seepage environment, also with the close phase of polymer type
It closes.
The various embodiments described above are merely to illustrate the present invention, wherein the structure of each component, connection type and manufacture craft etc. are all
It can be varied, all equivalents and improvement carried out based on the technical solution of the present invention should not exclude
Except protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of measuring device of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, it is characterised in that: it includes pressure observation system
System, control pressurer system, seepage environment simulation system, two pressure sensors, signal transduction system and data acquisition processing system；
The pressure observing system arrival end top is connected with the control pressurer system, is stream by the control pressurer system
Body flowing provides pressure；
The pressure observing system arrival end lower part is connected with the arrival end of the seepage environment simulation system；
Pressure observing system outlet end lower part is connected with the outlet end of the seepage environment simulation system, for observing stream
Body start-up course；
The arrival end of the seepage environment simulation system and outlet end are respectively set one for detecting the pressure of Fluid pressure
Sensor；
The pressure signal that each pressure sensor acquires in real time is sent to the data by the signal transduction system and acquires
Processing system；
The data acquisition processing system obtains seepage environment simulation system arrival end and outlet according to the pressure signal received
The pressure difference at end, and then obtain the starting pressure gradient of fluid neuron network；
The pressure observing system includes arrival end tempered glass pipe, outlet end tempered glass pipe, two scales and an iron stand；Institute
State arrival end tempered glass pipe, outlet end tempered glass pipe is fixed at side by side on the iron stand, respectively as the pressure
The arrival end of power observing system and outlet end；Two scales are respectively used to observe the arrival end tempered glass pipe, outlet end
Liquid-column height in tempered glass pipe；
The control pressurer system includes supplement pressurizing device, the supplement pressurizing device and the pressure observing system arrival end
Tempered glass pipe top is connected, the fluid column for the arrival end, outlet end tempered glass pipe in the pressure observing system
When the pressure difference that height generates is insufficient to allow fluid to start, supplement pressurization.
2. a kind of measuring device of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The supplement pressurizing device uses nitrogen cylinder pressurizing device.
3. a kind of measuring device of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The seepage environment simulation system includes fill out sand tube, core holding unit and baking oven；The sandpipe, core holding unit are arranged at institute
It states in baking oven, and the fill out sand tube is folded on the core holding unit, the arrival end of the core holding unit and the pressure
The lower part of the pipe of arrival end tempered glass described in observing system is connected, and the outlet end of the core holding unit and the pressure are seen
The pipe lower part of outlet end tempered glass described in system is examined to be connected.
4. a kind of measurement of the poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient based on any one of such as claim 1-3 described device
Method, it is characterised in that the following steps are included:
1) determination need to measure the seepage flow condition of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient, including the infiltration of formation temperature, reservoir
Rate, fluid viscosity and fluid type；
2) baking oven in seepage environment simulation system is preheated, it is the formation temperature that need to be simulated that its temperature, which is arranged,；
3) fill out sand tube in stratum displaced phase saturated with fluid seepage environment simulation system is used, and places it in preheated baking oven
It is interior, it stands and finishes displaced phase Fluid pressure transmitting in fill out sand tube, fluid is finally static；
4) a small amount of displaced phase fluid is instilled in pressure observing system arrival end and outlet end tempered glass pipe, so that by displacement
Phase fluid is full of entire pipeline；
5) displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe, and is simulated according to seepage environment and is
The pressure difference of system arrival end and outlet end, obtains the starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow.
5. a kind of measurement method of poly- oil reservoirs fluid neuron network starting pressure gradient as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that:
In the step 5), displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe, and according to seepage flow ring
The pressure difference of border simulation system arrival end and outlet end, the method for obtaining the starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow, including with
Lower step:
1. displacement phase fluid is gradually added dropwise in pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe, until fluid change；
2. if the displacement phase fluid that pressure observing system arrival end tempered glass pipe is added dropwise reaches the range upper limit, liquid level does not still have
It changes namely fluid does not flow, then open control pressurer system until fluid flows；
3. the arrival end of two pressure sensor real-time detection seepage environment simulators and the pressure signal of outlet end, and pass through letter
Number transmission system is sent to data acquisition processing system；
4. data acquisition processing system obtains the arrival end of seepage environment simulator and goes out according to two pressure signals received
The pressure difference at mouth end obtains the starting pressure gradient under the conditions of the seepage flow according to the length of obtained pressure difference and fill out sand tube.
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| CN109580448A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Starting Pressure Gradient in Low Permeability Reservoir test device and method |
| CN109781583B (en) * | 2019-02-21 | 2019-12-27 | 长江大学 | Detection device and method for starting pressure of thickened oil |
| CN111855522B (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2023-07-25 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Core holder, high-temperature high-pressure core spontaneous imbibition experimental device and method |
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| CN203658217U (en) * | 2014-01-06 | 2014-06-18 | 西南石油大学 | Seepage starting pressure gradient test device |
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