CN106796081B - 控制耦合的换热器系统的方法和换热器系统 - Google Patents

控制耦合的换热器系统的方法和换热器系统 Download PDF

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CN106796081B
CN106796081B CN201580054538.3A CN201580054538A CN106796081B CN 106796081 B CN106796081 B CN 106796081B CN 201580054538 A CN201580054538 A CN 201580054538A CN 106796081 B CN106796081 B CN 106796081B
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heat exchanger
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CN106796081A (zh
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V·贝纳
T·黑希特
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Linde GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • F25J3/04769—Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
    • F25J3/04854—Safety aspects of operation
    • F25J3/0486—Safety aspects of operation of vaporisers for oxygen enriched liquids, e.g. purging of liquids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04006—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit
    • F25J3/04078—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit providing pressurized products by liquid compression and vaporisation with cold recovery, i.e. so-called internal compression
    • F25J3/0409—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit providing pressurized products by liquid compression and vaporisation with cold recovery, i.e. so-called internal compression of oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187—Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04193—Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions
    • F25J3/042—Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions having an intermediate feed connection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187—Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04193—Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions
    • F25J3/04206—Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions including a so-called "auxiliary vaporiser" for vaporising and producing a gaseous product
    • F25J3/04212—Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions including a so-called "auxiliary vaporiser" for vaporising and producing a gaseous product and simultaneously condensing vapor from a column serving as reflux within the or another column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187—Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04218—Parallel arrangement of the main heat exchange line in cores having different functions, e.g. in low pressure and high pressure cores
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04248—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion
    • F25J3/04375—Details relating to the work expansion, e.g. process parameter etc.
    • F25J3/04393—Details relating to the work expansion, e.g. process parameter etc. using multiple or multistage gas work expansion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • F25J3/04769—Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
    • F25J3/04787—Heat exchange, e.g. main heat exchange line; Subcooler, external reboiler-condenser
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0093—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
    • F28F27/02—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/26—Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187—Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04218—Parallel arrangement of the main heat exchange line in cores having different functions, e.g. in low pressure and high pressure cores
    • F25J3/04224—Cores associated with a liquefaction or refrigeration cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04406—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system
    • F25J3/04412—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system in a classical double column flowsheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0033—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for cryogenic applications

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种控制耦合的换热器系统的方法，该系统包括第一换热器模块(1)和第二换热器模块(2)。分为第一部分流(4)和第二部分流(5)的第一流体流(3)流过换热器系统。以与第一部分流(4)相反的流引导第二流体流(6)穿过第一换热器模块(1)。以与第二部分流(5)相反的流引导第三流体流(7)穿过第二换热器模块(2)。在两个换热器模块(1，2)中的一个上测量中间温度(TI)。根据中间温度(TI)的当前值控制第一流体流(3)的哪部分进入第一部分流(4)以及第一流体流的哪部分进入第二部分流(5)。所述控制方法在将中间温度的波动维持得尽可能小的同时通过改变负载降低了换热器的劳损。

Description

控制耦合的换热器系统的方法和换热器系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于控制耦合的换热器系统的方法。
背景技术
文献EP 1150082 A1公开了一种换热器系统，其中在换热器系统中与第二流体流(氮气)和第三流体流(氧气)逆流地冷却大气形成的第一流体流。换热器系统具有多个并联的换热器模块。
文献DE 4204172 A1在图5中也公开了一种这样的方法。在此，试图借助控制器通过设置较小的二次流而将各个模块中的中间温度保持成尽可能地相同。
在换热器系统具有很大的温度灵敏度以及较小的温差的情形下，质量流中非常细微的变化能导致换热器中极其不同的温度分布。来自设计期间计算的温度分布的偏差可导致低效的换热和增大的机械载荷，从而降低换热器模块的使用寿命。
“质量流调节装置”的含义在此理解为以特定预期的方式影响流体的质量流的任何装置。质量流调节装置例如可形成为手动阀、控制阀、挡板或固定节流孔板。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于如所本文一开始所提及的操作换热器系统，使得能尤其高效地进行换热并且实现换热器模块的特别长的使用寿命。
该目的通过如下控制来实现，所述控制通过将所述中间温度的波动保持得尽可能小，借助负载改变实现换热器的负荷的降低。因此，以中间温度尽可能接近其设定值的方式进行在模块之间的第一流体流的分流。
在本发明的范围内已经发现，通过测量中间温度，尤其能够非常具体地确定可变温度分布并且迅速地对该温度分布产生影响。通过观察入口和出口温度不能十分精确地检测换热器内部的这些变化的温度分布。在变化经由出口温度变得显而易见之前，换热器内部的温度分布发生了改变。因此，基于测量入口和出口温度进行的控制仅能非常迟地对温度分布的偏差做出反应。
在本发明的范围内，当然也可在两个换热器模块处测量中间温度，并且本发明的换热器系统也可具有多于两个的换热器模块，例如三个或四个或更多。
可使用任何已知的方法测量换热器模块的中间温度，例如：
-在换热器模块的外表面上测量温度(DE 102007021564 A1)，
-在排放期间测量流体温度，
-根据DE 202013008316 U1的测量装置，或
-使用根据DE 102007021564 A1的光波导管进行测量。
优选地，第一流体流由主要流以在第一流体流方向上流过第二换热器模块的至少50％摩尔百分比(mol％)的流体总量形成。主要流例如包括80％至100％摩尔百分比、尤其为85％至95％摩尔百分比的流体总量。
重要的是，受控制影响的不仅是少的二次流，而是主要流。否则，将不可能在足够大的程度上影响换热分布从而实现显著地延长换热器模块的使用寿命。
在本发明的一个特定实施例中，第一质量流调节装置在换热器系统的上游或下游布置在第一部分流的管线中，第二质量流调节装置在换热器系统的上游或下游布置在第二部分流的管线中，这两个质量流调节装置中的一个形成为控制阀并且根据中间温度的当前值进行设置。另一质量流调节装置可采取各种构造形式，诸如例如手动阀、控制阀、挡板或固定节流孔板。因此，刚好两个质量流调节装置是必须的以设置第一流体流，一个位于第一部分流中，一个位于第二部分流中，并且这些调节装置中的至少一个形成为控制阀。质量流调节装置可布置在相应换热器模块的上游或下游。为了保护换热器模块，配件应具有在停机期间紧紧靠近的设计。
在本发明的第一变型中，在换热器系统中冷却第一流体流，并且在换热器系统中升温第二流体流和第三流体流。
相反地，第二变型中，在换热器系统中升温第一流体流，而在换热器系统中冷却第二流体流和第三流体流。
也可在第一变型的基础上通过以下方式组合第一和第二变型：由第四流体流的部分流形成第二流体流和第三流体流；并且在两个换热器模块中的没有测量第一中间温度的一个处测量第二中间温度；在热端和冷端之间进行第二中间温度的测量。取决于所述第二中间温度的当前值，设置第四流体流的哪部分进入第二流体流以及哪部分进入第三流体流。
在此，本发明可以说被实施了两次，对待冷却的分离流(第一流体流)和待升温的分离流(第四流体流)这两者是特有的。
附图说明
本发明以及本发明的其它细节将在下文中基于附图中示意性表示的实施例进行更详细地说明，其中：
图1示出了本发明的具有两个换热器模块的第一示意性实施例；
图2示出了本发明的具有两个换热器模块的第二示意性实施例；以及
图3示出了具有三个换热器模块的第三示意性实施例。
具体实施方式
附图主要示出为解释本发明和使本发明起作用所必须的测量和调节装置。为了整体上简洁，基本上省略了其它测量和调节装置。如果需要的话，本领域技术人员知道在哪个位置可布置诸如阀的附加装置。
图1的换热器系统包括第一换热器模块1和第二换热器模块2。“第一流体流”3分为“第一部分流”4和“第二部分流”5并且在换热器系统的两个模块1、2中被冷却。在与其相反的逆流中，第二流体流6和第三流体流7被升温，其中，第二流体流6在第一换热器模块1中，第三流体流7在第二换热器模块2中。
在换热器模块的热端8，排出升温后的第二流体流10和升温后的第三流体流11。在换热器模块的冷端9，冷却后的的部分流合流并且作为冷却的第一流体流12被排出。
附图仅示出了第一流体流中的两个阀13和14。在这里，为了操作换热器系统需要其它未示出的阀。
阀14成形为具有固定校正变量的阀并且被预先设定。阀14理想地为100％打开，但假如压力损失的分布是不利的使得仅仅借助阀13不再能控制温度分布，必须手动或通过相应的控制功能关闭阀14，从而增大经由换热器模块1的压力损失。阀13成形为控制阀，根据本发明，依靠第二换热器模块2的在其热端8和冷端9之间的中间点16处的温度测量TI(TI＝温度指示)对阀13进行设置。信号线包含控制器(未示出)，其将为第二部分流5中的通流所设置的值传递给控制阀13。控制器可由模拟电子电路或数字装置形成(如信号处理器、可编程序控制器、微处理器)，或可替换地其可在处理控制系统中实现。
控制的目的在于在换热器模块的高度上尽可能实现最佳的温度分布。温度TI的目标值由理论上所确定的温度分布和温度测量的精确位置所确定。该目标值可为固定的。可替换地，目标值可规定为随时间变化，例如随着变化的处理条件，如流动变化的入口温度。测量在(一个或多个)换热器模块的热端和/或冷端处的温度并将其纳入控制之中也是有意义的。
在来自低温空气分离的特定应用中，第一流体流由空气形成，第二流体流由氮气形成且第三流体流由氧气形成。
如果附图被竖直地倾斜，也能同等地实施本发明，且相应地第一流体流为待冷却的流。
图2基本上相当于图1。然而，在此待升温的流也在两个换热器模块1、2之间被分离。第四流体流20分支成第二流体流6和第三流体流7。随后，升温后的第二流体流10和升温后的第三流体流11再次合并以形成第四流体流21。
除第二流体流6之外，第五流体流26/27流过第一换热器模块1。
为了控制换热器系统1、2，测量三种温度：
TI1:第一换热器模块1的冷端处的温度，在冷却后的的第一部分流4中测得，
TI2:第二换热器模块2的冷端处的温度，在冷却后的的第二部分流5中测得，
TI:中间温度，在第二换热器模块2的于该换热器模块的表面上的中间点16处测得。
在示意性实施例中第二流体流和第三流体流以下列方式操作。阀22设计为手动阀并且被预先设定。阀23成形为控制阀，根据温差TI1-TI2对其进行设置，控制的目的在于保持该温差为零，也就是说使得两个换热器模块的冷端的温度处于相同的水平。
如同在图1的实施例中根据中间温度TI那样进行第一流体流的控制。借助管线15对第二换热器模块8的待冷却的主要流中的控制阀起作用。
在来自低温空气分离的特定应用中，第一流体流由空气形成，第四流体流由氮气形成且第五流体流由氧气形成。
在图3中，根据本发明的控制方法可以说是被实施了两次，这在具有三个换热器模块301、302、303的换热器系统中是特有的。
空气流304以四个部分流305、306、307、308穿过换热器系统，并在管线309中再次合流。气态的氮产物流310以两个部分流311和312分别被引导穿过左侧的换热器模块301和右侧的换热器模块303，由此所述气态的氮产物流被升温到近似环境温度并在管线313中再次合流。
不纯的氮气流318(废气N2)也流过换热器模块302。
在第一换热器模块301中，液态加压氧气314首先被蒸发(或假如其压力是超临界时进行伪蒸发)，随后升温到近似环境温度。在与其相反的逆流中，高压空气流315的部分流316被液化或伪液化。高压空气流315的另一部分流317在换热器模块中仅被冷却到中间温度，且随后供给到未示出的膨胀涡轮。
空气流304的部分流306用作换热器模块301和302之间的均衡流。该均衡流以中间温度从模块302排出，并且在处于与该中间温度相对应的后续点时引入模块301。
在本发明的于该示例性实施例中的第一种应用的情况下，权利要求1的“第一部分流”由流305形成且“第二部分流”由流307形成。根据换热器模块302的中间温度TIa执行这两种空气流在两个换热器模块301和302之间的分配。一旦流306已离开换热器模块302并在其进入换热器模块301之前，在流306中测量该中间温度TIa。由此，温度测量TIa影响阀319的开启，因而影响待冷却的主要流307的流速。
在本发明的第二种应用中，测量在换热器模块303的表面上的中间温度TIb。在该情形下，权利要求1的“第一部分流”由氮气流311形成，“第二部分流”由氮气流312形成。在该情形下，根据温度TIb设置决定待升温的主要流312的流速的阀320的开启。

Claims (6)

1.一种控制耦合的换热器系统的方法，所述换热器系统具有至少第一换热器模块和第二换热器模块，其中所述第一换热器模块和第二换热器模块中的每一个换热器模块具有热端和冷端，所述方法包括：
将第一流体流在所述换热器系统的上游分成第一部分流和第二部分流，
引导所述第一部分流穿过所述第一换热器模块，和引导所述第二部分流穿过所述第二换热器模块，
与所述第一部分流逆流地引导第二流体流穿过所述第一换热器模块，
与所述第二部分流逆流地引导第三流体流穿过所述第二换热器模块，
测量所述第二换热器模块处位于所述第二换热器模块的热端和冷端之间的第一中间温度，以及
基于所测量的第一中间温度，确定所述第一流体流的形成所述第一部分流的部分以及所述第一流体流的形成所述第二部分流的部分，
所述方法还包括：通过借助于减少所述第一中间温度的波动大小而减少换热器模块的由负载改变所引起的负荷，对换热器模块的操作进行控制。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，一个以上的流体流在所述第一流体流的方向上流过所述第二换热器模块，并且所述第一流体流占在所述第一流体流的方向上流过所述第二换热器模块的流体总量的至少50％摩尔百分比。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，第一质量流调节装置在所述换热器系统的上游或下游布置在所述第一部分流的管线中，第二质量流调节装置在所述换热器系统的上游或下游布置在所述第二部分流的管线中，并且这两个质量流调节装置中的一个形成为控制阀并且所述控制阀的设置值取决于所述第一中间温度的当前测量值。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一流体流的第一部分流和第二部分流在所述换热器系统中被冷却，并且所述第二流体流和第三流体流在所述换热器系统中被升温。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一流体流的第一部分流和第二部分流在所述换热器系统中被升温，并且所述第二流体流和第三流体流在所述换热器系统中被冷却。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，
所述第二流体流和第三流体流由第四流体流的部分流形成，
测量其中没有被测量所述第一中间温度的换热器模块处、位于该换热器模块的热端和冷端之间的第二中间温度，以及
基于所述第二中间温度的测量值，确定所述第四流体流的形成所述第二流体流的部分以及所述第四流体流的形成所述第三流体流的部分。
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