CN1067939A - Breakwater concrete block - Google Patents

Abstract

A kind of is the extra large power Wave-dissipating block of basic body with the positive tetrahedron, it is characterized in that three central points at positive tetrahedron dig hollow circle hole, and gives four butt pyrometric cones in that four cone angle ends of positive tetrahedron are attached.The present invention's stability is high, and center of gravity is low to be difficult for by water washdown, and constitutes maximum plane and space with minimum volume of concrete.Especially center hole design can be reduced the power of raising of river; therefore extremely effective to the attenuating of wave pressure reflection and rivers and creeks flow velocity; and more can prevent to wash away with corroding the protecting group rock glacier and lose,, protect basic worker, groin worker, sea wall and the river levee shore protection utmost point and produce effect for the wave absorption worker of sea wall.

Description

Breakwater concrete block

The present invention relates to a kind of extra large power Wave-dissipating block.

Far away from ancient times, promptly there is jackstone inclination dike to occur, the mole main flow is towards uprightly blending together dike at present.Since nineteen fifty, special-shaped Wave-dissipating block occurs in succession, generally uses at the dyke flak jacket.The inclination dike can be divided into two kinds on jackstone dike and special-shaped Wave-dissipating block dike according to the branch of material, if can divide by its arrangement mode:

Implement above-mentioned arrangement and the dust head at present; roughly as follows: three suspension column pieces, revise cube piece, hollow corner block, Trlbar, association's gram piece, account for bone type piece, Starplt, Jucon, Cokansblok, the type of putting the palms together before one piece, double T piece, W, V piece, hollow four post squares, Contripod, diamond block, six-legged type piece, three connect type piece, Gammorblock, tetragonal pyramid piece, Clinger, these extra large power Wave-dissipating blocks are prevented that dike has necessarily and are produced effects for protection dyke and bay.A kind of novel Wave-dissipating block of research and design improves the wave absorption characteristic at present, saves construction costs, the task of top priority just.

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of novel power that disappears wave absorption concrete block, this Wave-dissipating block stability is high, and center of gravity is low, and the wave absorption characteristic is good, uses amount of concrete few.

The present invention is to be basic body with the positive tetrahedron, on positive tetrahedron, cut and cut its four cone angles, and replace cutting cutting part with four butt pyrometric cones, top three faces of positive tetrahedron all have a conical bore, three circular cones are run through within the extra large power piece, and this three hole can increase the porosity of block and strengthen the ability that absorbs the dispersion wave energy, so the Ben Haili Wave-dissipating block has big stability and preferable wave dissipation effect.In addition, coupling part between the butt pyrometric cone of this positive tetrahedron and four jiaos of ends, form re-entrant angle, and the butt pyrometric cone of this positive tetrahedron and four jiaos of ends, connecting line between its each plane, all modified is planar water chestnut line, forms a kind ofly with minimum volume of concrete, constitutes the breakwater concrete block in maximum planes and space.

The volume of sea power piece and the relation of the length of side, the result is as calculated:

V＝0.057b ³

＝98.496a ³

Wherein V is the volume of extra large power piece, and b is the length of side of positive tetrahedron, and a equals b/12 for the length of side on dish angular length limit, the shape of its each one as accompanying drawing 1 to shown in the accompanying drawing 14.

The shearing resistance analysis of sea power piece

(1) volume V=98.496a ³

(2) deadweight W=226.5408a ³

(3) the end basal area=2.75983a of throat ²

A＝1/2（1.669+1.669+0.5）a×/2（0.5）a+1/2

（0.5+1.669+0.5）a×/2（1.669a）

＝2.75983a ²

Last triangle area=1/2 * 2.0993a * 2.0946a

＝2.1986a ²

Lower trapezoid area=1/2 * (0.5+2.0946) a * 1.1275a=1.4627a ²

The ∴ gross area=2.1986a ²+ 1.4627a ²

This basal area holds throat's basal area big, so calculate shearing stress in end throat.

(5) tensile stress of slinging by throat:

σ＝226.5408a ³/2.75983a ²＝82.085（T/M ²）

(6) shearing of tripod tripartite confrontation end:

τ＝226.5408/3×2.75983a ²＝27.362a（T/M ²）

(7) to get safety factor be 2 ∴ σ c=0.05fc ' to σ c=0.1fc '

∴σc＝0.05fc′＝0.05×175＝8.75Kg/cm ²

$\mathrm{\τc}=0.29\sqrt{{\mathrm{fc}}^{\′}}=0.29\sqrt{175}=3.836\mathrm{Kg}/\mathrm{cm}$

With 5 tons and 20 tons is calculated example:

(a) 5 ton hour a=0.281

σ ₅＝82.085a×1/10＝2.30658Kg/cm ²＜8.75Kg/cm ²

t ₅＝27.362a×1/10＝0.7689Kg/cm ²＜3.836Kg/cm ²

(b) 20 ton hour a=0.446

σ ₂₀＝82.085×1/10＝3.661Kg/cm ²＜8.75Kg/cm ²

t ₂₀＝27.362a×1/10＝1.2203Kg/cm ²＜3.836Kg/cm ²

So extra large power piece can bear the pulling force that shearing and crane are sling.

The conception of sea power Wave-dissipating block is to be basic body with the positive tetrahedron, so its modeling method is as follows:

1, make positive tetrahedron earlier.

2, four end points of removal tetrahedron.

3, keep butt pyrometric cone size here, inwardly excavate each face to required thickness, and remove the top rake of its crest line.

4, the top rake of elimination dish angle crest line.

5, scrape out hollow circle hole from three the centres of form to three centers and promptly finish extra large power piece standard type modeling.

Accompanying drawing 1 is a stereogram of the present invention.

Accompanying drawing 2-7 is six views of the present invention.

Accompanying drawing 8 is that the present invention cuts section one jiao of stereogram that becomes the butt shape.

Accompanying drawing 9-14 is six views of butt shape of the present invention.

The form removal of dress mould and the method for hanging of sea power piece are such:

Wave absorption concrete block wave dissipation effect and its surface roughness, very big relation is arranged, surface roughness for increase type piece, the simplest method, promptly increase the quantity of angle and make its surperficial changeableization, so still must consider to adorn the difficulty of mould and form removal, the packaged mould form removal of the extra large power of this research is easy, after being described in now.

The swage of sea power piece is divided into the mould body, i.e. the main body of mould, and die head is four Pan Jiao and the hollow cylinder of mould, its dress modeling method is as follows:

1, adorn the mould body earlier.

2, load onto die head.

3, hollow cylinder is installed.

The method of its form removal then with dress mould reversed in order.

Hanging easily of sea power piece is because of there are three hollow circle holes at this type piece center, grabs with steel cable or angle iron to hang, and be very convenient.

For near the safety of people's lives and properties marine transportation and the protection seashore, generally all build the seashore structure, preventing the invasion and attack of wave, and when building the seashore structure, the special-shaped piece of wave absorption commonly used is as the usefulness of protection levee body.

How is the wave dissipation effect of Wave-dissipating block? can trace back from it and go up height, reflectance factor and soundness etc. are understood its effectiveness, resolve as follows with regard to its three's theory now:

On the tracing back of wave

Wave is carried out to the shallow sea by the deep-sea, when arriving sea wall, because (Wave Run-up) phenomenon is gone up in the transformation of energy with tracing back.The design basis of general dyke height will cooperate actual measurement to go up phenomenon to measure tracing back of actual wave.But measure the tracing back when going up height of actual measurement wave, very difficulty records billow or design ripple took place trace back on phenomenon, so experimental result, very difficult and design conditions is made comparisons, but model testing then can contain the situation of various phenomenon generations, therefore be to be contemplated for the model testing result, tracing back of dyke effect generation gone up height with the decision wave.

As incident wave height H, wavelength L exceeds the height R of standing level on then wave traces back when deciding depth of water d and dyke gradient tan α, sees accompanying drawing 15 for details and decides the wave of the depth of water and trace back and go up phenomenon.General type, promptly

R/H＝F（α，d/L）+G（H/L，d/L）-K（α，d/L，H/L）

F(α in the formula d/L) goes up height for the relative wave of linear wave traces back.

G(H/L d/L) is the correction factor of nonlinear wave effect.

K(α, d/L is because of wave breaker and bottom friction H/L), the attenuating factor that is produced.

Before sea wall dike location, also there is the gradient (tan β) in the seabed, has the coarse factor of the bank protection that adds special-shaped piece (K) to exist before the dike, as shown in Figure 16, and then representation such as following form:

R/H ₀=f(H ₀/ L ₀, h/L ₀Or h/H ₀, i, tan β, K)

The wave of the dike end (i=tan β), slope, preceding seabed and the special-shaped piece of bank protection traces back and goes up effect.

As the situation of accompanying drawing 15, accompanying drawing 16, go up the height and the levee toe depth of water because of tracing back, before the underwater gradient, dike special-shaped piece lay and the wave sharpness relevant, and arranged by these factors, so need distinguish the influence of this factor.

Reflectance factor ask method

Sea wall is subjected to the invasion and attack of people's ejected wave, promptly produces reflection at the dike face, the ratio of the wave height of back wave and incident wave height, and promptly Hr/Hi=Kr is called reflectivity or reflectance factor.By the size of dyke reflectance factor, can obtain the wave dissipation effect of the special-shaped piece of this dyke, if reflectance factor is littler, the wave dissipation effect of then representing this dyke is better.The method of penetrating coefficient of negating has two:

1, Healy definition reflectance factor Kr is

Kr＝Hr/Hi＝（Hmax-Hmin）/（Hmax+Hmin）

Hr is the reflection wave height in the formula, and Hi is people's ejected wave height, and Hmax and Hmin are respectively through the maximum wave height of reflection and minimum wave height.

In Sin 2 π x/L=± 1 is the X=nL/2+L/4 place, is the antinode of maximum wave height Hman appearance, and Cos 2 π x/L=± 1 are the X=nL/2 part, are the node of Hmin appearance.When measuring reflectivity, need measure Hmax and Hmin position in advance, then two wave height inductors (wave senser) are placed in Hmax and Hmin part respectively, get final product wave recording, try to achieve reflectance factor with the method.

2. close the separation of Tian Liangshi (1976) and infer method

The reflectance factor experiment method of Healy, aspect experimental analysis, selected for maximum and minimum wave height, error is very big, and needs normal mobile wave gauge, at this shortcoming, propose to separate the method for inferring so close field etc. (1976), segregate into ejected wave and back wave, when cyclomorphosis, do not need mobile wave gauge, measure maximum and minimum wave height, more do not need to establish in addition wave gauge, survey the incident wave height, (only this experiment needs to survey the Kd value in addition, so must survey the incident wave height), only need with two wave gauges at interval, and wave gauge and modal distance remains on effective range and get final product, this is for closing the comparatively practical part of field method.

Close the field and point out that the pass of wave gauge interval and wavelength is:

The upper limit (fmax): △ l/Lmin=0.45

△ l=two wave gauges at interval

Lower limit (fmin): △ l/Lmax=0.05

Only △ l can not equal the integral multiple of half-wavelength, and the coverage between wave gauge and model is X 〉=0.1L.

This kind separation method of inferring is applicable to that rule involves the irregular wave condition, is the integral multiple of avoiding taking wavelength, because this time error will be very big.

Utilize the separation method of inferring can try to achieve incident and involve echo amplitude, be respectively:

Ai＝1/（2｜sinK△l1）×[（A2-A1cosK△l-B1sin△l） ²+（B ²+A1sinK△l-B1cosK△l） ²] ^1/2

Ar＝1/（2｜sinK△l｜）×[（A2-A1cosK△l+B1sinK△l） ²+（B ²-A1sinK△l-B1cosK△l） ²] ^1/2

So reflectance factor is:

Kr＝｜Ar/Ai｜＝{（[（A ₂-A1cosK△l+B ₁sinK△l） ²+（B ₂-A ₁sinK△l-B ₁cosK△l） ²]/[（A ₂-A1cosK△l-B1sinK△l） ²+（B ₂+A ₁sisK△l-B ₁cosK△l） ²]} ^1/2

A1 in the formula, B1 are X=X1 place wave gauge, and measured form factor, A2, B2 are X=X2 place wave gauge, measured form factor.

A, being estimated as of B is divided into the N five equilibrium with waveform, and △ t is each time interval, and synthetic waveform η (t) is launched with Fourler Serles, with two synthetic waveform coefficient of comparisons, can get A, B and is:

$\mathrm{A=}\frac{2}{N}\underset{\mathrm{S\; =1}}{\overset{N}{\mathrm{\Σ}}}\mathrm{\eta (s\; △t)cos}\frac{\mathrm{2\pi S}}{N}\mathrm{B=}\frac{2}{N}\underset{\mathrm{S\; =\; 1}}{\overset{N}{\mathrm{\Σ}}}\mathrm{\eta (s\; △t)sin}\frac{\mathrm{2\pi S}}{N}$

This experiment is with No. 1 and No. 2 wave gauges record simultaneously, and measured synthetic waveform respectively is divided into 12 five equilibriums (N=12), substitution two formulas, get final product:

A＝1/6[（η12-η6）+（η1-η5-η7+η11）cos30°+（η2-η4-η8+η10）cos60°]

B＝1/6[（η3-η9）+（η1-η5-η7-η11）sin30°+（η2+η4-η8-η10）sin60°]

The η i(i=1 that two wave gauges are read, 2 ... 12) value substitution two formulas can be obtained A ₁, B ₂, A ₂, B ₂Value, again in this a little values generations, time asked in the Kr formula, can try to achieve reflectance factor Kr.

The inclined-plane dike is thrown the stability analysis of putting special-shaped piece.

About by tilt dropping into stone in the water or special-shaped piece etc., the design formulas of stable weight, with the stone in following monoblock that is placed on the inclined plane or the input water, the strength that is applied and the equilibrium relation of frictional force, the Yi Liba that is asked connects (Iribarren) formula and further in addition general Hart inferior (Hudson) formula is more famous it.As shown in Figure 17, the inclined-plane is subjected to wave action, and the power of raising is F on the lining worker if act on, and A is its projected area, and W is lining worker's weight, and H then raises up and projected area for the effect wave height, can calculate by following formula:

F＝kρgAH

A∝（W/ρrg） ^2/3

But ρ r is lining worker density, and K is a constant, so following formula can be rewritten as

F＝k′ρgH（W/ρrg） ^2/3

And k ' is a new constant.Lining worker's slide balance condition is on the inclined-plane

W（1-ρ/ρ _r）sinα＝μ〔W（1-ρ/ρ _r）

cosα-k′ρgH（W/ρ _rg） ^2/3〕

But α is the angle of inclination on inclined-plane, and μ is lining worker's friction factor.With following formula to can getting that W separates:

$\mathrm{W=}\frac{{\mathrm{K\; <figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="\mu "\; filenames="911042369\_DRIMG10.png,911042369\_DRIMG12.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\mu </figure-callout>}}^3{\rho }_r{\mathrm{gH}}^3}{{\mathrm{(\rho /\rho }}_r{\mathrm{-1)}}^3{\mathrm{(\mu \; cos\; a\; -sin\; a)}}^3}$

K=(K ' in the formula) ³Be value according to the test decision.

Following formula, is rewritten into following formula through HudsonShi test repeatedly by the stable formula that IribarrenShi is advocated

$\mathrm{W=}\frac{r_r{H}^3}{K_d{\mathrm{(r}}_r{\mathrm{/r}}_W{\mathrm{-1)}}^3\mathrm{cot\; a}}$

Kd is commonly referred to as stable coefficient by the constant fixed according to experiment in the formula.

W: the weight of special-shaped piece (Tons).

γ r: special-shaped piece unit weight aloft (is generally 2.3T/m ³).

Kd: be the stable coefficient of special-shaped piece, decide with arrangement mode and loss ratio:

γ w: the seawater unit weight (is generally 1.03T/m ³).

Equipment and instrument that this experiment is adopted are as follows:

1, section is made the ripple tank

This experimental study is that the section tank in Taiwan oceanography institute harbour engineering shop carries out.30 meters of this tank section total lengths, wide 1.2 meters, high 1 meter.Tank one side is a concrete wall, and opposite side is a glass wall, in order to observation.

2, wave maker

Wave maker is flange plate type (Flap-Type) the regular pattern composite wave maker of 5 horsepowers of continuous variable speed motors driving.Fourth gear motor reducer of device on wave maker, can adjust reductor shelves number during operation, and cooperate original stepless motor reducer, make the cyclical swing scope not wait to 3.5 seconds by 0.8 second, and adopt connecting rod to spur wave paddle, can appropriateness adjust eccentric throw, to produce the experiment ripple of various different wave height.

3, register

Adopt Japan cross the manufacturing of limit (Watanabe) company Linearcorder Type WR3001 type linear electrothermal recording device (Linear Thermal Recorder) but have the channel of 6 independent operations, but each self-adjusting signal size.After each channel is accepted the electric signal of intensity separately, signal amplified with the heating pen be plotted on the record-paper.

4, wave gauge and wave height amplifier

Adopt 6 channel capacity formula wave height amplifiers (WAVE MEASURE SYSTEM MARK III).Amplifier has 6 channels of independent operation simultaneously, connects 6 capacity formula wave gauges, and the line of induction of wave gauge produces electric signal because of fluctuation of water table, via wave height amplifier waveform amplification.Exporting register to, is to obtain required test wave-height record.

This experiment material therefor is as follows with layout:

1, experiment material

Plank is adopted on the experiment slope, above the spraying cement mortar, with the simulated field situation, the slope is positioned over the tank end, scores to be cot α=1.3,1.5, three kinds of gradients such as 2.0, for ease of relatively, outside the power Wave-dissipating block of additional copy sea, in experiment, also adopt association's gram (SHAKE) Wave-dissipating block.Two kinds of type pieces are respectively got 10 averages that claim its weight, each about 0.1866 kilogram of association's gram piece, and each about 0.175 kilogram of extra large power piece, the conversion actual weight, about 11.942 tons of association's gram piece, extra large power piece is about 11.2 tons.The number that it used is as shown in the table.

Test the number of used wave absorption concrete block model

2, experimental arrangement

The relation that this experiment reduced scale is adopted 1/40 time of inquiring into model and reality, length, weight is as follows:

Length ratio λ=1/40

Time scale Tr=1/40=1/6.325

Part by weight Wr=1/40 ³=1/64000

Volume ratio Vr=1/40 ³=1/64000

This experiment depth of water is adopted 40 centimeters, is scaled on the spot that the depth of water is 16 meters, and used wave period is from 0.8 second to 2.0 seconds, and being converted into actual cycle is 5.06 seconds to 12.65 seconds.

If during cycle=0.8 second

Trochoidal wave wavelength Lo=gT ²/ 2 π=1.56T ²=0.998m

D/Lo=0.401 then, tabling look-up to get d/L=0.4059

So can get L=98.5cm, (being Lmin=98.5cm)

If the cycle=during 2.0sec, deep-water weave wavelength Lo=6.24m

D/Lo=0.064 then, table look-up d/L=0.1082

So can get L=369.6cm, (being Lmax=369.6cm)

So two wave gauges interval △ l(0.45Lmin=44.33cm, △ l＞0.05Lmax=18.48cm, so get △ l=30cm, only △ l can not equal the integral multiple of half-wavelength, and the coverage between wave gauge and model is X 〉=0.1L, so X=60cm is got in this experiment.

So at model front end X=60cm place, place two wave gauges with the mensuration reflectance factor, and in 10m place, wave paddle the place ahead, other is set props up wave gauge, to measure the incident wave height, the layout of test model as shown in Figure 18.

This experimental procedure is as follows with method:

This experiment adopts cot α=1.3,1.5,2.0 3 kind to cover the sloping gradient, the aligning method of Wave-dissipating block, use double-deck disorderly throwing, four kinds of double-deck proper alignment, disorderly throwing of individual layer, individual layer proper alignment etc., the arrangement of every kind of different types, adopt 4 to 6 kinds of different eccentric throws, each eccentric throw adopts 7 kinds of different cycles, i.e. T=0.8,1.0,1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.0 seconds, make the ripple experiment repeatedly, so in different gradient, different arrangement modes are under different eccentric throws and the different cycles, have 700 experiments, extremely shown in Figure 45 as Figure 19.

Before each experiment, the calibration wave gauge of all need going ahead of the rest will be placed in wave gauge and wave height amplifier, register on the calibration frame, connect appropriate and set enlargement ratio.The calibration of wave gauge is when still water, with amplifier and register, after adjustment is made zero, with 10 centimeters of the each risings of wave gauge, this moment, recording pen will be on record-paper, retouched out its track 20 lattice that rise, and made zero then and fell 10 centimeters more successively, then recording pen 20 lattice that will descend amount to 20 centimeters up and down.The wave height that 10 lattice equal 5 centimeters on this experiment institute employing record-paper, 20 centimeters amount to 40 lattice.According to this multiplying power,, can change the centimetre number of actual tests wave height in the lattice number of record-paper gained.

After calibration is finished, the wave gauge on the calibration frame is taken off, be installed on predetermined position respectively, and when the water surface was static, the recording pen on the register need make zero, zero-bit following table oscillography paddy arrives, and represents then more than the zero-bit that crest arrives.

The wave gauge calibration and settle appropriate after, promptly test with the eccentric throw of cycle that configures and difference, when testing only at every turn, all need wait for the complete hydrostatic of the water surface after, reproduce ripple and test.

Wave traces back and goes up the measurement of height, is draw high scale on the slope, reads the distance on the slope, and then is scaled the vertical upward height that traces back.And the mensuration of reflectance factor is with X ₁And X ₂Two sets of waveforms that wave gauge is measured are divided into 12 equal portions simultaneously, calculate according to the separation of closing the field method of inferring and try to achieve.

As for the mensuration of extra large power piece soundness, be with perusal, the special-shaped piece of bank protection is subjected to wave action, whether there is the situation of shaking to take place, as the special-shaped piece number that shakes, surpass all 1%, then think stable inadequately, need rethink the heavier special-shaped piece of use, or change the arrangement mode of special-shaped piece, even change the dike face gradient, as the special-shaped piece number that shakes, less than whole 1%, then think stable.The Kd value of general special-shaped piece, available Hudson formula calculates it.

Experimental result

How the wave dissipation effect of abnormity wave absorption concrete block can go up value by tracing back relatively, reflectance factor is judged, know to trace back relatively through this experimental result and go up value and reduce with the increase of wave sharpness, and with special-shaped piece kind and aligning method and different, heal the time slack wave dissipation effect better at phase homotype piece and arrangement mode descending slope, special-shaped again piece wave dissipation effect is good with random throwing situation than proper alignment, and dual layer arrangement is then good than monolayer alignment, and is as follows with regard to its presentation of results now:

Know by Figure 19～31, trace back relatively and go up value, reduce, and have different with special-shaped piece kind and aligning method with the increase of sharpness.

The Kr value is represented for the longitudinal axis in Figure 32～44, and transverse axis is represented wave sharpness (H/L)

By Figure 28～31, Figure 41～44 know, no matter trace back relatively and go up value or reflectance factor, and under phase homotype piece and arrangement mode, the gradient time slack of healing, wave dissipation effect is better.

By Figure 25～27, Figure 38～40 are known, special-shaped piece wave dissipation effect is good with random throwing situation than proper alignment, and dual layer arrangement is then good than monolayer alignment.

The present establishes: A is the double-deck disorderly throwing of extra large power piece

B is the double-deck proper alignment of extra large power piece

C disorderly throws for association's gram piece is double-deck

D is the double-deck proper alignment of association's gram piece

E is that extra large power piece individual layer is disorderly thrown

F is extra large power piece individual layer proper alignment

G disorderly throws for association's gram piece individual layer

Know that by Figure 19～24 trace back relatively and go up value R/H with special-shaped piece kind, the gradient and aligning method are different and different, are learnt relatively that by this figure the R/H value is A＜B＜C＜D, E＜F＜G＜H, that is for wave dissipation effect, be A＞B＞C＞D, E＞F＞G＞H.

Reflectance factor K value is also according to type piece kind, the gradient is different and different with aligning method, know that by Figure 32～37 reflectance factor is A＜B＜C＜D, and F＜G＜H, that is for wave dissipation effect, be A＞B＞C＞D, E＞F＞G＞H is identical with the trend of the last value of tracing back relatively, when sea power piece and association's gram piece were subjected to wave action, its soundness was with extra large power piece the best.

Sea power piece is 1.5 and 2.0 o'clock at gradient cot α, though being subjected to wave action shakes and mobile situation, so all do not reach 1% destruction, be 1.3 only at gradient cot α, 1.2 seconds cycles (converting is 7.6 seconds on the spot), during 11 centimeters of wave height, (convert and be 4.4 meters on the spot), individual layer are disorderly thrown has 3 to move, and 4 are slightly shaken, and the number of use type piece is 305, then destroying feelings is 1%, and with this situation Hudson formula calculating K d value, getting the Kd value is 10.9, if draw the relation of weight and wave height, then as shown in figure 45.

Analyze and discuss

Find in the stable coefficient determination of extra large power piece, when the extra large power piece of part is subjected to wave action, shakes then and tend towards stability that its reason system throws when putting, extra large power piece is not placed on settling position as yet, also proves that extra large power piece has the effect of compensation automatically.

Shown that by experimental result the tracing back relatively of extra large power piece gone up value and reflectance factor all less than association's gram piece, traces it to its cause to all there is hollow round hole at extra large power piece four sides, can increase wave dissipation effect, reducing traces back relatively goes up value, and raises power on the minimizing wave during not perforate of ratio.Increase its stability.

Obtain following conclusion according to experiment:

1, value and reflectance factor were different with the difference of special-shaped piece kind and arrangement mode on wave traceed back relatively, experimental result is followed successively by the double-deck proper alignment of the double-deck random throwing＞association's gram piece of double-deck random throwing of the extra large power piece＞double-deck proper alignment of extra large power piece＞association's gram piece to wave dissipation effect, and extra large again power piece individual layer is the throwing＞extra large power piece individual layer proper alignment＞random throwing＞association of gram piece individual layer of association gram piece individual layer proper alignment disorderly.

2, A type piece is because porosity is big, so wave dissipation effect is good, it was gradient cot α=1.3 o'clock, and the individual layer disorderly reflectance factor of throwings is 0.44, and in cot α=2.0 o'clock, the reflectance factor of double-deck unrest throwing then is 0.31.

3, show that by experimental result the hole of extra large power piece hollow circular is disorderly thrown than proper alignment, its turbulence of easier increase strengthens wave dissipation effect, and it traces back and goes up value and then reduce.

4, extra large power piece three faces all have hollow circle hole, can utilize cable wire or suspender according to actual needs, arbitrarily hang arrangement, so easy construction and saving time.

5, extra large power piece is a basic body with the positive tetrahedron, has excellent stability, and in gradient cot α=1.3, during 7.6 seconds cycles, the individual layer disorderly Kd value of throwing is 10.9.

6, the soundness of extra large power piece shows that by test association's gram piece is good.

7, be good and at shallow water section with proper alignment be advisable at the deep water mole to adopt random throwing form according to experimental result suggestion.

8, preferable in the rivers and creeks with extra large power piece butt type proper alignment.

9, extra large power piece butt type for lay a foundation and protecting group such as levee revetment, bridge pier, riverbed, dam protect base and the apron worker has splendid effect, visible extra large power piece butt type has its economic worth.

Symbol table

A: area, Al: incidence wave amplitude, Ar: echo amplitude, F: uplift pressure, g: acceleration of gravity, H: wave height, Hi: incidence wave wave height, Hr: back wave wave height, Ho: trochoidal wave wave height, i: beach gradient, K: wave number K=2 π/L, Kd: stable coefficient, Kr: reflectance factor, L: wavelength, Lo: trochoidal wave wavelength, △ 1: experiment be provided with between two wave gauges every, R: wave traces back and goes up height, R1: radius outside the extra large power piece, R2: radius within the extra large power piece, S: the gradient of experiment dike, T: wave period, △ t: interbody spacer in waveform is cut apart, V: volume, W: weight, X: the wave gauge of experiment setting and the coverage between model, α: the angle of experiment dike and level, β: the angle of seabeach and level, μ: the friction factor between special-shaped piece and jackstone, ρ: the density of seawater, Tr: the unit weight of special-shaped piece, Tw: the Unit Weight of seawater, η: standing level is to the water level elevation of wave Free Surface, σ: the tensile stress of special-shaped piece, τ: the shear stress of special-shaped piece.

Figure 19-shown in Figure 45 theing contents are as follows:

Figure 19 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.5 and association's gram piece dual layer arrangement comparison diagram.

Figure 20 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.5 and association's gram piece monolayer alignment comparison diagram.

Figure 21 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.3 and association's gram piece dual layer arrangement comparison diagram.

Figure 22 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.3 and association's gram piece monolayer alignment comparison diagram.

Figure 23 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=2.0 and association's gram piece dual layer arrangement comparison diagram.

Figure 24 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=2.0 and association's gram piece monolayer alignment comparison diagram.

Figure 25 is the various arrangement comparison diagrams of the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.3.

Figure 26 is the various arrangement comparison diagrams of the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.5.

Figure 27 is the various arrangement comparison diagrams of the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=2.0.

Figure 28 is the double-deck comparison diagram of disorderly throwing the various gradients of extra large power piece.

Figure 29 is the comparison diagram of the various gradients of the double-deck proper alignment of extra large power piece.

Figure 30 is the comparison diagram that extra large power piece individual layer is disorderly thrown the various gradients.

Figure 31 is the comparison diagram of the various gradients of extra large power piece individual layer proper alignment.

Figure 32 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.3 and association's gram piece dual layer arrangement comparison diagram.

Figure 33 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.3 and association's gram piece monolayer alignment comparison diagram.

Figure 34 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.5 and association's gram piece dual layer arrangement comparison diagram.

Figure 35 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.5 and association's gram piece monolayer alignment comparison diagram.

Figure 36 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=2.0 and association's gram piece dual layer arrangement comparison diagram.

Figure 37 is the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=2.0 and association's gram piece monolayer alignment comparison diagram.

Figure 38 is the various arrangement comparison diagrams of the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.3.

Figure 39 is the various arrangement comparison diagrams of the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=1.5.

Figure 40 is the various arrangement comparison diagrams of the extra large power piece in gradient cot α=2.0.

Figure 41 is the double-deck comparison diagram of disorderly throwing the various gradients of extra large power piece.

Figure 42 is the comparison diagram of the various gradients of the double-deck proper alignment of extra large power piece.

Figure 43 is the comparison diagram that extra large power piece individual layer is disorderly thrown the various gradients.

Figure 44 is the comparison diagram of the various gradients of extra large power piece individual layer proper alignment.

Figure 45 is wave height and extra large power piece weight relationships figure.

Shown in the figure:--the extra large power of-expression is disorderly thrown

-expression association gram is disorderly thrown

Represent that extra large power is neat

---expression association gram is neat

Claims (1)

1. A kind of breakwater concrete block, with the positive tetrahedron is basic body, it is characterized in that on this positive tetrahedron, cutting section its four cone angle ends, and replace with four butt pyrometric cones, three central points on positive tetrahedron top, all establish conical bore, three conical bores are communicated with and run through within the positive tetrahedron, coupling part between the butt pyrometric cone of this positive tetrahedron and four jiaos of ends forms re-entrant angle, and the butt pyrometric cone of this positive tetrahedron and four jiaos of ends, connecting line between its each plane, all modified is planar water chestnut line, forms a kind ofly with minimum volume of concrete, constitutes the breakwater concrete block in maximum planes and space.

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