CN106770943B - Potato porosity conductivity tester and testing method thereof - Google Patents
Potato porosity conductivity tester and testing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106770943B CN106770943B CN201611136727.8A CN201611136727A CN106770943B CN 106770943 B CN106770943 B CN 106770943B CN 201611136727 A CN201611136727 A CN 201611136727A CN 106770943 B CN106770943 B CN 106770943B
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0098—Plants or trees
Abstract
The invention provides a potato stomatal conductance tester and a testing method thereof, wherein a needle head penetrates through the upper epidermis of a blade and a fence tissue to reach an air chamber of a spongy tissue, then airflow with certain air pressure enters the blade from the stomata and flows out of the needle head, and finally the resistance borne by the airflow can be converted by testing the flow of the airflow flowing out of the needle head, namely the stomatal conductance. The invention has simple mechanism, low manufacturing cost and simple operation, and can realize the non-separation measurement of the blade. The blade is hardly damaged in the measuring process, and the measured blade can be measured again, so that the experiment can be repeated, and the result is more accurate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a plant physiology experimental device and a method, in particular to a potato stomatal conductance measuring instrument and a method for measuring stomatal conductance by using the same.
Background
Stomata are small convex lens-shaped pores formed between plant guard cells, and are mostly present in the overground part of a plant body, particularly on the leaf epidermis, and also in a small amount on caulicles and petals. The characteristic of the guard cells forming stomata is that the guard cells contain chloroplast, have smaller volume and smaller number, have poor lamellar structure development and can synthesize carbohydrates through photosynthesis. There is a wide intercellular space (air chamber) between the spongy tissue immediately below the stomata. The stomata serve as passages for air and water vapor in plant gas metabolism such as carbon assimilation, respiration, transpiration, and the like, and the amount of the stomata is regulated by the opening and closing action of guard cells. Therefore, the regulation of stomata opening is of great importance in plant physiology.
The stomatal conductance indicates the degree of stomatal opening, which affects photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. The plants undergo photosynthesis under light and absorb CO through stomata 2 Therefore, the pores must be opened, but the opening of the pores inevitably causes transpiration. The stomata can adjust the opening according to the change of environmental conditions, so that the plants can obtain the most CO under the condition of less water loss 2 . The pore opening is generally expressed in terms of pore conductance, which is expressed in mmol.m -2 •s -1 。
The process of stomata opening and closing is called stomatal movement, which is related to various plant metabolic processes. Chloroplast of guard cells photosynthesizing under illumination and utilizing CO 2 Increasing the pH value in the cells, hydrolyzing starch into glucose phosphate by using starch phosphorylase, reducing the water potential in the cells, protecting the cells from water absorption and swelling, and opening pores; respiration-generated CO in darkness 2 The pH value of the guard cells is reduced, the starch phosphorylase synthesizes glucose into starch, the concentration of cell sap is reduced, the water potential is increased, the guard cells lose water, and pores are closed. In addition, the osmotic system of guard cells may also be defined by K + To adjust. Photosynthetic photoreaction produces ATP which absorbs K by actively transporting counter-ion concentration + Reducing the water potential of guard cells, and opening pores by fine water absorption of the guard cells. If the illumination intensity is below the light compensation point, the air hole is closed; the effect is best in red light and blue-violet light on the light quality causing the pore opening; crassulaceae plant stomata open at night, absorb and store CO 2 In daytime, stomata are closed, and malic acid is decomposed into pyruvic acid to release CO 2 Carrying out photosynthesis.
Low concentration of CO 2 Promoting pore opening and high concentration of CO 2 The air hole is closed rapidly, no matter in light or dark. The inhibition mechanism may be that the pH of the guard cells is reduced, the water potential is increased, the guard cells lose water, and the CO is required to be left for a period of time under illumination 2 The pores open rapidly only after being gradually consumed.
The stomatal opening is also influenced by temperature, generally increases along with the rise of temperature, reaches the maximum at about 30 ℃, although the stomatal opening still can not be opened well under long-time illumination at low temperature (such as below 10 ℃), mainly because the activity of starch phosphorylase is not high, the transpiration is too strong due to overhigh temperature, the water loss of guard cells and the stomatal closing are caused.
The water content of leaves also influences the movement of air holes, if the leaves are excessively transpired in the daytime, the water loss air holes of guard cells are closed, the leaves absorb water to saturation in rainy days, the water content of epidermal cells is high, and the guard cells are extruded, so the air holes are also closed in the daytime.
In conclusion, stomatal conductance and stomatal movement are important indexes of plant physiology, and are commonly used for evaluating plant transpiration strength and drought resistance. Three methods for measuring the porosity conductivity exist in the prior art. The first method is to stick the surface of the leaf blade by a transparent adhesive tape, and observe the trace left by the air hole under a microscope after the transparent adhesive tape is slightly torn off; this method is simple to operate, but is not highly precise and accurate. The second method is to take the leaves back to the laboratory, tear the skin off to make the pieces, and observe under the microscope; the method has high definition, but the guard cells are still in vitro for too long time, the stomata still move, so that the experimental error is large, and the complete tearing off of the epidermis is difficult. A third method is to use CO 2 Or O 2 The sensing technology is used for converting the concentration of the gas absorbed or released by the air holes into an electric signal for measurement; this technique is highly sensitive, but the instruments are expensive, maintenance and servicing costs are high, and many laboratories are unable to purchase them.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a potato stomatal conductance tester and a testing method thereof, wherein a needle head penetrates through the upper epidermis of a blade and a fence tissue to reach an air chamber of a spongy tissue, then airflow with certain air pressure enters the blade from an air hole and flows out of the needle head, and finally the resistance borne by the airflow can be converted by testing the flow rate of the airflow flowing out of the needle head, namely the stomatal conductance.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
potato gas pocket guide apparatus, it includes: an airflow system, a blade fixture and an adjustment mechanism. The airflow system comprises a needle head, an airflow meter, an air pump, a voltage stabilizer and an air pressure meter; the blade fixing device comprises an operating platform, a locking knob, a sealing bowl, a locking rack and a pressing plate; the adjusting mechanism comprises a base, an upright post, a lifting platform, a coarse accurate screw and a fine accurate screw. The needle head is fixed on the lifting platform, and the lifting platform is fixed on the upright post and is adjusted to lift through a screw (a coarse quasi-screw and a fine quasi-screw). The air is driven by the air pump to enter the pressure stabilizer, and the pressure stabilizer can adjust and control the air pressure and can display the air pressure on the air pressure meter; the gas of constant pressure passes through the pipeline and gets into sealed bowl, and sealed bowl is located the operation panel central authorities, and the top is equipped with the clamp plate that is used for fixed blade, and the clamp plate locks through locking knob and locking rack.
Preferably, the number of the needles is 1-64, the needles are arranged in a matrix, and the diameter of the needles is 0.1-20mm, so as to adapt to different plants. It adopts the detachable setting to be connected with the elevating platform to change the syringe needle.
Preferably, the pressing plate is also provided with a small hole in the center, so that the needle can penetrate through the pressing plate to reach the blade.
Preferably, the sealing bowl is made of rubber, is arranged in the center of the operating platform, adopts a detachable arrangement, and is provided with different sizes and specifications so as to adapt to different numbers of needles.
Preferably, elevating platform lift can be adjusted to thick accurate spiral and thin accurate spiral, and thick accurate spiral can quick adjustment elevating platform, and the elevating platform is adjusted slowly to thin accurate spiral. The thick accurate spiral and the thin accurate spiral are provided with scales, and the distance of the lifting platform moving for one circle of rotation can be obtained from the scales. The coarse quasi-spiral rotates for one circle, the lifting platform moves for 0.1-5mm, and the fine quasi-spiral rotates for one circle, the lifting platform moves for 0.01-1mm.
Preferably, the air pump uses a mobile low voltage power supply, enabling the entire device to be used in the field.
Preferably, the pressure stabilizer can stabilize the air pressure and adjust the air pressure to adapt to measurement under different air hole conductances, and the air pressure is displayed through the air pressure gauge.
A method for measuring porosity conductivity of potatoes comprises the following operation steps:
(1) Preparation of the experiment: the potato air hole guide degree tester is taken to a greenhouse or a field and placed on a portable folding stool, the height of the folding stool is equal to the height of a potato plant, and the blades can be placed on an operation table without being taken off.
(2) Pretreatment of leaves: the thickness of the leaf is measured by a vernier caliper, and the veins are avoided during measurement. The upper surface of the leaf is coated with vaseline, and the edge of the sealing bowl is also coated with vaseline.
(3) Fixing the blades: the leaf blade is placed on the operating platform (the leaf blade does not leave the plant), the area to be measured is aligned to the sealing bowl, the pressing plate is put down, the leaf blade is pressed through the locking knob, and the leaf blade and the sealing bowl are well sealed.
(4) Puncturing: adjusting the coarse and quasi-spiral to ensure that the needle head just contacts the blade; and (3) converting 1/3 to 2/3 of the thickness of the blade obtained in the step (2) into the rotation angle of the fine quasi-spiral. The fine screw is slightly rotated to enable the needle head to downwards puncture the blades, so that the needle head penetrates through the cuticle, the upper epidermis and the fence tissue to reach the blade air chamber formed by the sponge tissue, and the needle head is communicated with the sealing bowl through the air holes in the lower epidermis.
(5) And (3) measurement: and starting the air pump, adjusting the pressure stabilizer to stabilize the air pressure, and reading the reading of the airflow meter, wherein the larger the reading of the airflow meter is, the more easily the air passes through the air hole, and the larger the conductance of the air hole is.
Has the advantages that: the invention has simple mechanism, low manufacturing cost and simple operation, and can realize the non-separation measurement of the blade. The blade is hardly damaged in the measuring process (only a plurality of needle puncture holes are formed), the measured blade can be measured again at other time, the experiment can be repeated, and the result is more accurate.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a porosity conductivity tester for potatoes according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of the operation table of the porosity conductivity tester for potatoes;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a piercing blade of the potato air hole conductivity measuring instrument of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Examples of these preferred embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments of the invention shown in the drawings and described in accordance with the drawings are exemplary only, and the invention is not limited to these embodiments.
It should be noted that, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention with unnecessary details, only the structures and/or processing steps that are closely related to the solution according to the present invention are shown in the drawings, and other details that are not relevant are omitted.
Example 1
This embodiment provides a potato porosity conductivity measurement instrument, as shown in fig. 1, which includes: the air flow system, the blade fixing device and the adjusting mechanism; . The airflow system comprises a needle 7, an airflow meter 9, an air pump 15, a voltage stabilizer 14 and an air pressure meter 13; the blade fixing device comprises an operating platform 2, a locking knob 3, a sealing bowl 4, a locking rack 5 and a pressing plate 6; the adjusting mechanism comprises a base 1, a vertical column 10, a lifting platform 8, a thick accurate spiral 11 and a thin accurate spiral 12. The needle 1 is fixed on the lifting platform 8, and the lifting platform 8 is fixed on the upright post 10 and is adjusted to lift through the screws (the thick quasi-screw 11 and the thin quasi-screw 12). The air is driven by an air pump 15 to enter a pressure stabilizer 14, the pressure stabilizer 14 can adjust and control the air pressure, and the air pressure can be displayed on an air pressure gauge 13; the gas of constant pressure passes through the pipeline and gets into sealed bowl 4, and sealed bowl 4 is located operation panel 2 central authorities, and the top is equipped with the clamp plate 6 that is used for fixed blade, and clamp plate 6 locks through locking knob 3 and locking rack 5.
Wherein, the quantity of syringe needle 7 is 9, is the matrix arrangement, and the diameter of syringe needle 7 is 0.4mm. Which is removably connected to the lifting platform 8 for replacing the needle 7.
Wherein, the center of the pressure plate 6 is also provided with a small hole 16 which can lead the needle 7 to pass through the pressure plate 6 to reach the blade.
Wherein, sealed bowl 4 is made by rubber, sets up in operation panel 2 central authorities, adopts and to dismantle the setting to be equipped with different size specifications, in order to adapt to the syringe needle 7 of different quantity.
Wherein, thick accurate spiral 11 and thin accurate spiral 12 can adjust elevating platform 8 and go up and down, and thick accurate spiral 11 can quick adjustment elevating platform 8, and thin accurate spiral 12 slowly adjusts elevating platform 8. The coarse quasi-spiral 11 and the fine quasi-spiral 12 are provided with scales, and the moving distance of the lifting platform 8 after one rotation can be obtained from the scales. The coarse quasi-spiral rotates for 11 circles, the lifting platform moves for 0.5mm, and the fine quasi-spiral rotates for 12 circles, the lifting platform moves for 0.02mm.
Wherein, the air pump 15 uses a mobile low-voltage power supply, so that the whole device can be used in the field.
The pressure stabilizer 14 can stabilize the air pressure and adjust the air pressure to adapt to measurement under different air hole conductivities, and the air pressure is displayed through the air pressure gauge 13.
As shown in fig. 2, a sealing bowl 4 is arranged in the center of the operating platform 2, a pressing plate 6 is positioned above the operating platform 2, one end of the pressing plate is fixed, and the other end of the pressing plate passes through a locking rack 5 and a locking hole 17 to be locked by a locking knob 3. The center of the pressure plate 6 is provided with a small hole 16, and the small hole 16 is just matched with the sealing bowl 4 when the pressure plate 6 is put down.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a method for measuring the porosity conductivity of potatoes, which comprises the following operation steps as shown in figures 1 and 3:
(1) Preparation of the experiment: the potato air hole guide degree tester is taken to a greenhouse or a field and placed on a portable folding stool, the height of the folding stool is equal to the height of a potato plant, and the blades can be placed on an operation table without being taken off.
(2) Pretreatment of leaves: the thickness of the leaf is measured by a vernier caliper, the thickness is recorded, and the veins are avoided during measurement. The upper surface of the leaf is coated with vaseline, and the edge of the sealing bowl 4 is also coated with vaseline.
(3) Fixing the blades: the leaf blade is placed on the operating platform (the leaf blade does not leave the plant), the area to be measured is aligned to the sealing bowl, the pressing plate is put down, the leaf blade is pressed through the locking knob, and the leaf blade and the sealing bowl are well sealed.
(4) Puncturing: adjusting the coarse and quasi-spiral to ensure that the needle head just contacts the blade; and (3) converting 1/3 to 2/3 of the thickness of the blade obtained in the step (2) into the rotation angle of the fine quasi-helix. The fine screw is slightly rotated to make the needle downwards penetrate the blades, so that the needle 7 penetrates through the cuticle 18, the upper epidermis 19 and the barrier tissue 20 to reach the blade air chamber formed by the spongy tissue 21, and the needle 7 is communicated with the sealing bowl 4 through the air holes 23 on the lower epidermis 22.
(5) Measurement: starting the air pump 15, adjusting the pressure stabilizer 14 to stabilize the air pressure, wherein the air flows along the arrow direction in fig. 3, and the main resistance of the air flow comes from the air hole 23; airflow meter 9 is read, and the greater the reading of airflow meter 9, the easier the gas passes through gas holes 23, and the greater the gas hole conductivity.
In summary, embodiments of the present invention provide a potato stomatal conductance measuring apparatus and a measuring method thereof, wherein a needle penetrates through the upper skin of a blade and a barrier tissue to reach an air chamber of a sponge tissue, then a gas flow with a certain pressure enters the blade from an air hole and flows out from the needle, and finally the resistance received by the gas flow can be converted by measuring the flow rate of the gas flowing out from the needle, i.e., the stomatal conductance.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present disclosure and it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in this embodiment without departing from the principles of the disclosure, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (1)
1. The method for measuring the porosity conductivity of the potatoes is characterized by adopting a potato porosity conductivity measuring instrument and comprising the following steps of: (1) preparing an experiment; (2) pre-treating the leaves; (3) fixing the blades; (4) puncturing; (5) measuring;
potato gas hole guide measurement appearance structure includes: the air flow system, the blade fixing device and the adjusting mechanism; the airflow system comprises a needle head, an airflow meter, an air pump, a pressure stabilizer and an air pressure meter; the blade fixing device comprises an operating platform, a locking knob, a sealing bowl, a locking rack and a pressing plate; the adjusting mechanism comprises a base, an upright post, a lifting platform, a coarse quasi-spiral and a fine quasi-spiral; the needle head is fixed on the lifting platform, and the lifting platform is fixed on the upright post and is adjusted to lift through the coarse quasi-spiral and the fine quasi-spiral; the air is driven by the air pump to enter the pressure stabilizer, and the pressure stabilizer can adjust and control the air pressure and can display the air pressure on the barometer; the constant-pressure gas enters a sealing bowl through a pipeline, the sealing bowl is positioned in the center of the operating platform, a pressure plate for fixing the blades is arranged above the sealing bowl, and the pressure plate is locked through a locking knob and a locking rack;
the number of the pinheads is 1-64, the pinheads are arranged in a matrix manner, and the diameter of the pinheads is 0.1-0.4mm; the center of the pressing plate is also provided with a small hole; the sealing bowl is made of rubber, is arranged in the center of the operating platform, is detachably arranged, and is provided with different sizes and specifications so as to adapt to different numbers of needles; the air pump uses a mobile low-voltage power supply, so that the whole device can be used in the field;
the pretreatment of the blade in the step (2) comprises the steps of measuring the thickness of the blade by using a vernier caliper, coating vaseline on the upper surface of the blade, and coating vaseline on the edge of a sealing bowl;
the step (3) of fixing the blades comprises the steps of placing the blades on an operation table, enabling the blades not to be separated from plants, enabling the area to be detected to be aligned to a sealing bowl, putting down a pressing plate, pressing the blades tightly through a locking knob, and enabling the blades to be well sealed with the sealing bowl;
the puncturing in the step (4) comprises adjusting the coarse quasi-spiral to ensure that the needle head just contacts the blade; converting 1/3 to 2/3 of the thickness of the blade obtained in the step (2) into a rotation angle of the fine quasi-helix; slightly rotating the fine quasi-spiral to make the needle downwards puncture the blades, so that the needle passes through the cuticle, the upper epidermis and the barrier tissue to reach a blade air chamber formed by the sponge tissue, and the needle is communicated with the sealing bowl through the air holes on the lower epidermis;
the measurement in the step (5) comprises starting the air pump, adjusting the pressure stabilizer to stabilize the air pressure, and reading the reading of the airflow meter, wherein the larger the reading of the airflow meter is, the more easily the air passes through the air holes, and the larger the conductance of the air holes is.
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