CN106707406B - System for manufacturing long-period fiber grating based on femtosecond laser direct writing method - Google Patents
System for manufacturing long-period fiber grating based on femtosecond laser direct writing method Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 10
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- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 9
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 8
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
- G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
- G02B6/02095—Long period gratings, i.e. transmission gratings coupling light between core and cladding modes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
- G02B6/02152—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating involving moving the fibre or a manufacturing element, stretching of the fibre
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02209—Mounting means, e.g. adhesives, casings
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Abstract
A system for manufacturing long-period fiber gratings based on a femtosecond laser direct writing method is characterized in that: the infrared laser emitted by the titanium sapphire femtosecond laser firstly passes through the half-wave plate, the polarizing plate, the attenuating plate and the high-reflection mirror, then a light spot is focused on an HI-1060 optical fiber fixed by an optical fiber clamp through a microscope objective, and the optical fiber clamp is fixed on a high-precision three-dimensional motion platform.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of long-period fiber gratings, in particular to a femtosecond direct-writing long-period fiber grating.
Background
The long period fiber bragg grating (LPFG) is a fiber sensor only having a transmission spectrum, and has the advantages of no electromagnetic interference, light weight, high precision, and the like, so that it is widely applied to the fields of temperature testing, refractive index measurement, strain testing, fiber lasers, and the like. The traditional method for manufacturing the long-period fiber grating comprises a method of an ultraviolet exposure mask plate method, a high-frequency CO2 laser point-by-point writing method, a method of etching grooves and the like, but has defects of different degrees in the aspects of fiber hydrogen carrying treatment, high-temperature stability, mechanical strength, sensitivity and the like. The femtosecond laser is a new processing means, has the advantages of ultrashort pulse, super-strong peak power, high focusing capacity and the like, can realize superfine three-dimensional micromachining, does not need to be subjected to hydrogen overload treatment, and has the advantages of high sensitivity, high temperature resistance and the like.
At present, the femtosecond laser is always a hot point of domestic and foreign research for writing the long-period fiber grating. 2011 LiB et al adopts an ultraviolet femtosecond laser point-by-point writing method to realize LPFG preparation with a resonance wavelength of 1476nm and a gate region length of 25mm, and uses the LPFG in a liquid refractive index sensing test to observe that the transmission wavelength of the LPFG generates blue shift along with the increase of the refractive index. 2012 Miao Fei et al produced LPFG with gate length of 40mm by femtosecond laser and studied the high temperature sensing characteristics of the LPFG. In 2014, the LPFG with the grating length of 16.5mm is manufactured by Li sea et al in a rectangular scanning mode; in 2015, Ahmed F et al produced LPFG with a grating length of 26.97mm in an undoped pure silicon optical fiber for the first time using a femtosecond laser, and analyzed the high temperature and refractive index characteristics of the LPFG, and found that the resonance wavelength blue-shifted with the increase of the refractive index. In 2016, LiuS et al produced LPFG in photonic crystal fibers by processing micro-holes using a femtosecond laser and analyzed the stress characteristics of the LPFG. In summary, the gate area of the LPFG written with the femtosecond laser is long, and the liquid refractive index sensitivity is low. Therefore, the femtosecond laser is used for preparing LPFG with short gate region and high refractive index sensitivity, and has important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The invention provides a system for manufacturing a long-period fiber grating based on a femtosecond laser direct writing method, which is characterized in that: the infrared laser emitted by the titanium sapphire femtosecond laser firstly passes through the half-wave plate, the polarizing plate, the attenuating plate and the high-reflection mirror, then a light spot is focused on an HI-1060 optical fiber fixed by an optical fiber clamp through a microscope objective, and the optical fiber clamp is fixed on a high-precision three-dimensional motion platform.
Preferably, the titanium sapphire femtosecond laser has the central wavelength of 800nm, the pulse width of 120fs and the repetition frequency of 1 kHz.
Preferably, the platform can have an accuracy of up to 10 nm.
Preferably, the attenuation sheet is adjusted to attenuate the energy of the optical spot to around the threshold power of the optical fiber.
Preferably, the micro objective has a magnification of 100 times and a numerical aperture of 0.70, and is used for ensuring that the laser spot can be focused into the fiber core.
Preferably, the LED lighting equipment is respectively arranged above and below the optical fiber clamp, so that the focusing position of the femtosecond laser spot in the optical fiber and the processing appearance of the optical fiber can be observed through the CCD above the focusing objective lens.
Drawings
Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows the relationship of the band gap energy of an optical fiber to the energy of a laser photon according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a femtosecond laser fabricated LPFG system structure;
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an LPFG writing track;
FIG. 4 shows a structure diagram of an LPFG gate region under an optical microscope;
fig. 5 shows a transmission spectrum of an LPFG;
FIG. 6 shows an LPFG measurement refractive index experimental system;
FIG. 7 shows the NaCl solution refractive index profile of LPFG; (a) transmission spectra of LPFG at different refractive indices; (b) a fitted curve of the resonant wavelength of the LPFG and the refractive index;
fig. 8 shows the sucrose solution refractive index profile for LPFG; (a) transmission spectra of LPFG at different refractive indices; (b) the resonance wavelength versus refractive index of the LPFG.
Fig. 9 shows an alcohol solution refractive index profile of LPFG; (a) transmission spectra of LPFG at different refractive indices; (b) the resonance wavelength versus refractive index of the LPFG.
Detailed Description
The objects and functions of the present invention and methods for accomplishing the same will be apparent by reference to the exemplary embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments disclosed below; it can be implemented in different forms. The nature of the description is merely to assist those skilled in the relevant art in a comprehensive understanding of the specific details of the invention.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same or similar parts, or the same or similar steps.
1 femtosecond laser and optical fiber action principle
The photon absorption mechanism of the fiber material to the femtosecond laser is determined by the wavelength of the laser, and fig. 1 shows the relationship between the laser photon energy and the bandgap energy of the germanosilicate fiber. The band gap energy of the germanium-silicon optical fiber is 7.1eV, when an excimer laser (193nm and 248nm) is used for writing a fiber grating, the photon absorption mechanism is mainly single photon absorption, which is the first method for transmitting high excitation energy into the optical fiber; when the LPFG is manufactured by adopting ultraviolet femtosecond laser with the central wavelength of 264nm and 211nm, valence band electrons are excited to a conduction band by an optical fiber material through two-photon absorption, so that high excitation energy is transmitted to the optical fiber; the third method is a multiphoton absorption process, for example, the single photon energy of uv femtosecond laser with a central wavelength of 352nm is small, and the two-photon excitation energy is not enough to change the refractive index of the core, and a three-photon absorption process is required.
Under the action of femtosecond laser with high intensity of 800nm, electrons of the dielectric material are transited from a valence band to a conduction band through the absorption of five photons, so that the refractive index of the fiber core of the optical fiber is changed. Under the action of the high-intensity femtosecond pulse, the refractive index of the optical fiber is reduced at the laser focusing center and gradually increased at the outer side of the focusing center, so that the refractive index modulation of the optical fiber is realized.
2 femtosecond laser processing system and long-period fiber grating preparation
2.1 femtosecond laser processing system
The system composition for manufacturing the long-period fiber grating based on the femtosecond laser direct writing method is shown in fig. 2. The center wavelength of the laser used by the writing system is 800nm, the pulse width is 120fs, and the repetition frequency is 1 kHz. The infrared laser emitted by the laser firstly passes through a half-wave plate, a polarizing plate, an attenuation plate and a high-reflection mirror, then a light spot is focused on an HI-1060 optical fiber fixed by an optical fiber clamp through a 100-time microscope objective, the optical fiber clamp is fixed on a high-precision three-dimensional motion platform, and the precision of the platform can reach 10 nm.
A broadband light source produced by JDSU company is used as a test light source, and the emergent wavelength range of the light source is 1530-1600 nm. The spectrum analyzer is AQ6375 spectrum analyzer of YOKOGAWA, Japan, with working wavelength range of 1200 nm-2400 nm and minimum resolution precision of 0.02 nm. And in the processing process, the transmission spectrum of the fiber grating is observed in real time by using a spectrum analyzer, and the movement of the three-dimensional motion platform and the closing of the Shutter are controlled by software so as to finish the manufacture of the long-period fiber grating.
2.2 writing Process
The HI-1060 fiber, which was not hydrogen-loaded, was removed of its coating layer and then fixed on a three-dimensional moving platform by a fiber clamp. Because the energy of a pulse light spot emitted by the femtosecond laser is high, the attenuation sheet needs to be adjusted to attenuate the energy of the light spot to be close to the threshold power of the optical fiber. In order to ensure that the laser spot can be focused in the fiber core, a microscope objective with the magnification of 100 times and the numerical aperture of 0.70 is adopted, and LED lighting equipment is respectively arranged above and below the optical fiber clamp, so that the focusing position of the femtosecond laser spot in the optical fiber and the processing appearance of the optical fiber can be observed through a CCD above the focusing objective.
The femtosecond laser processes the optical fiber by line-by-line writing, and the writing track is as shown in fig. 3. The LPFG periods are shown, b is the write length in each period, and a is the scribe line spacing. In the experiment, the moving track of the three-dimensional moving platform and the closing of the Shutter are controlled through software, so that the control of parameters such as the writing period, the processing speed, the duty ratio, the processing power and the like of the LPFG is realized.
2.3 results of the experiment
The processing speed of the femtosecond laser is set to 10 μm/s, the power is set to 50 μ w, the grating period Λ is 400 μm, the dot-by-dot scribing pitch a is 40 μm, the writing length b in a single period is 200 μm, the duty ratio is 0.5, and fig. 4 is a gate structure diagram of the LPFG. In the experiment, the transmission spectrum of LPFG in the 1520 nm-1610 nm band after 8 cycles of writing is shown in FIG. 5, and the peak depth of the resonance peak at 1548.4nm of the LPFG is 12dB, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 6.5 mm. The length of the optical fiber gate region is less than 4mm, and the writing time is less than 3 min. The resonance peak in the transmission spectrum of the LPFG is caused by the coupling of the core mode of the fiber to the cladding mode, and the resonance wavelength λ of the LPFGPMThe following relations are satisfied with the forward transmission fiber core mold and the cladding mold:
wherein,
is the effective refractive index of the core of the fiber,
is the effective index of the m-order cladding mode and Λ is the period of the LPFG. The change of the external refractive index of the cladding mode of the optical fiber entering air due to scattering and the like can cause the change of the resonant wavelength of the LPFG, so that the LPFG can be used for liquid refractive index sensing test.
3 liquid refractive index characteristic test
In order to explore the liquid refractive index characteristics of the long-period fiber grating, the refractive index characteristics of the LPFG are tested by adopting three solutions of NaCl, alcohol and cane sugar respectively in an experiment, and an experimental system is shown in FIG. 6. The experimental system consists of a broadband light source produced by JDSU corporation in America, a spectrum analyzer produced by YOKOGAWA corporation in Japan, a NaCl solution, an alcohol solution, a sucrose solution and the like. In order to avoid the influence of temperature on LPFG in the experimental process, the whole experiment is completed in an ultraclean room. And two ends of the long-period fiber bragg grating are respectively connected with the broadband light source and the spectrum analyzer, and the spectrum analyzer monitors the change of the resonance wavelength of the LPFG under different solution concentrations in real time.
3.1 NaCl solution refractive index characteristics of LPFG
In order to measure the NaCl solution refractive index characteristic of the long-period fiber grating, distilled water and NaCl solutions with the concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% are respectively tested in an experiment, and the solution refractive index change range is 1.3331-1.3796. The LPFG was placed in each of the six liquids, and changes in the transmission spectrum thereof were observed by a spectrum analyzer. FIGS. 7(a) and (b) are respectively a transmission spectrum of LPFG having a refractive index of a NaCl solution in a range of 1.3331 to 1.3796 and a change curve of LPFG resonance wavelength and refractive index. As shown in the figure, as the refractive index of the solution increases, the resonance peak of LPFG moves towards the long wave direction, red shift occurs, the refractive index response sensitivity is 175.34nm/RIU, and the linear fitting degree is 0.9922.
3.2 sucrose solution refractive index characteristics of LPFG
Distilled water and sucrose solutions with concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% were prepared for the experiments, respectively, and the refractive index varied in the range of 1.3331-1.338. When the prepared liquids were measured with LPFG, the transmission spectrum of LPFG at different refractive indexes was as shown in fig. 8(a), and as the refractive index of the sucrose solution increased, the resonance wavelength of LPFG shifted in the long-wavelength direction, and the resonance peak shifted in red. Fig. 8(b) is a fitted curve of the resonance wavelength of the LPFG versus the refractive index. In the experiment, the LPFG manufactured based on the femtosecond laser has the refractive index response sensitivity of 175.31nm/RIU and the linear fitting degree of 0.9875.
3.3 alcohol solution refractive index characteristics of LPFG
In the experiment, LPFG is respectively put into distilled water and alcohol solutions with the concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, the refractive index change ranges of a plurality of liquids are 1.3331-1.3496, and the transmission wavelengths of the liquids under the alcohol solutions with different concentrations are monitored by a spectrum analyzer. Fig. 9(a) is a transmission spectrum of LPFG with different refractive index of alcohol solution, and it can be seen that the resonant wavelength of LPFG is red-shifted as the refractive index of alcohol solution increases. Fig. 9(b) is a fitted curve of the alcohol refractive index versus the LPFG resonance wavelength. The response sensitivity of the LPFG to the refractive index of the alcohol solution is 331.89nm/RIU, and the linear fitting degree can reach 0.9985.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
an LPFG with the resonant wavelength of 1548.4nm and the resonant strength of 12dB is manufactured in a HI1060 optical fiber without hydrogen loading treatment on a coating layer by a dot-by-dot scribing method, the gate area length of the LPFG is less than 4mm, and the whole processing process is less than 3 min. In the experiment, the refractive index sensitivity of LPFG prepared based on the femtosecond laser in NaCl solution, sucrose solution and alcohol solution is 175.34nm/RIU, 175.31nm/RIU and 331.89nm/RIU respectively, and the linear fitting degree is 0.9922, 0.9875 and 0.9985 respectively. Therefore, the LPFG manufactured based on the femtosecond laser has the characteristics of high processing speed, high refractive index sensitivity and the like, and has great application significance in the field of liquid refractive index sensing.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
Claims (6)
1. A system for manufacturing long-period fiber gratings based on a femtosecond laser direct writing method is characterized in that: the infrared laser emitted by the titanium sapphire femtosecond laser firstly passes through the half-wave plate, the polaroid, the attenuator and the high-reflection mirror, then a light spot is focused on an HI-1060 optical fiber fixed by an optical fiber clamp through a microscope objective lens, the optical fiber clamp is fixed on a high-precision three-dimensional motion platform, wherein,
the femtosecond laser processes the optical fiber in a line-by-line writing mode, the processing speed of the femtosecond laser is set to be 10 μm/s, the power is set to be 50 μ w, the grating period Λ is 400 μm, the dot-by-dot scribing interval a is 40 μm, the writing length b in a single period is 200 μm, the duty ratio is 0.5,
8 writing periods are etched, the depth of a resonance peak value of the long-period fiber grating at 1548.4nm is 12dB, the full width at half maximum is 6.5mm, the length of a fiber grating region is less than 4mm, and the writing time is less than 3 min;
resonant wavelength lambda of long-period fiber gratingPMThe following relations are satisfied with the forward transmission fiber core mold and the cladding mold:
wherein,
is the effective refractive index of the core of the fiber,
is the effective index of the m-order cladding mode and Λ is the period of the LPFG.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein: the titanium sapphire femtosecond laser has the central wavelength of 800nm, the pulse width of 120fs and the repetition frequency of 1 kHz.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein: the precision of the platform can reach 10 nm.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein: and adjusting the attenuation sheet to attenuate the energy of the light spot to be close to the threshold power of the optical fiber.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein: the micro objective has the magnification of 100 times and the numerical aperture of 0.70 and is used for ensuring that laser spots can be focused into the fiber core.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein: and the LED lighting equipment is respectively arranged above and below the optical fiber clamp, so that the focusing position of the femtosecond laser spot in the optical fiber and the processing appearance of the optical fiber can be observed through the CCD above the focusing objective lens.
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| CN101216414A (en) * | 2007-12-29 | 2008-07-09 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Multifunctional optical micro-control device |
| CN101359067A (en) * | 2008-08-08 | 2009-02-04 | 西安交通大学 | Method for preparing bragg grating by femtosecond laser and apparatus |
| US20120106893A1 (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2012-05-03 | Raman Kashyap | Grating inscribing in optical waveguides |
| CN102351406B (en) * | 2011-07-12 | 2013-06-12 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Method for directly writing micro mechanical parts inside glass by femto-second laser |
| CN104698531B (en) * | 2015-02-10 | 2018-08-24 | 山东交通学院 | The device and method for preparing long-period fiber grating using femtosecond laser Tabo effect |
| CN104959730B (en) * | 2015-06-26 | 2016-08-17 | 吉林大学 | Rotary table femtosecond laser direct-write methods and device |
| CN105137532A (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2015-12-09 | 西北工业大学 | Method of simultaneously manufacturing high-temperature-resistance fiber bragg gratings and apparatus thereof |
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