CN106685538A - Environment backscattering system and signal transmission method thereof - Google Patents
Environment backscattering system and signal transmission method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106685538A CN106685538A CN201610935026.4A CN201610935026A CN106685538A CN 106685538 A CN106685538 A CN 106685538A CN 201610935026 A CN201610935026 A CN 201610935026A CN 106685538 A CN106685538 A CN 106685538A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
Abstract
The invention provides a signal transmission and detection method of an environment backscattering system; the system comprises an environment radio source for emitting a source radio frequency signal, a label for receiving the source radial signal and reflecting the radio frequency signal and a reader for receiving the source radio frequency signal and the radio signal, wherein the label continuously emits an equiprobable binary character loaded on the source radio frequency signal; the binary character is corresponding to if the label reflects the radio frequency signal; the reader judges if the received signal is the binary character emitted by the label on the basis of a maximum likelihood detection method or a joint energy detection method. The method is simple in practice, good in performance, and very strong in practicability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to communication technical field, more particularly, to environment back reflection system and its method for transmitting signals.
Background technology
Internet of Things is the important component part of generation information technology, however, Internet of Things widely should not so far
With, wherein the equipment that the critical bottleneck for limiting Internet of Things development is these subsidiary batteries can be constrained by energy problem, therefore meeting
Limited service life is produced, the problems such as huge maintenance costs.
A kind of solution for being independent of energy source embedded in equipment is that energy, such as luminous energy are collected from environment,
Mechanical energy, and ubiquitous electromagnetic energy.Ambient radio-frequency signal such as radio and television, mobile phone and WIFI signal so far by
Collection of energy is widely used in, the electromagnetic wave energy of recovery is used for maintaining the operation of low power consuming devices.At the same time, ambient radio-frequency letter
Number be also used for wireless messages energy simultaneous interpretation system (SWIPT), in such a system reception device not only collect energy and also from
Information is decoded in identical signal.
In fact, these utilize the equipment of electromagnetic wave energy even without transceiver is installed, it can utilize itself
Antenna is loaded the information into backscattered signal.Initially the application of well-known electromagnetic energy is REID
(RFID), this system is made up of a reader (transceiver) and a passive label (backscatter tag).Reader meeting
Radiofrequency signal is produced, a part for this signal can be collected as the energy source of label, and remaining signal can be reflected back toward reading
Device, and can wherein carry the information of label.
Recently, one kind is called the backscattered communication mechanism of environment and just gradually rises, and this kind of communication mechanism is in backscattering
The radiofrequency signal in environment is make use of during communication.From unlike traditional RFID system, environment backscatter system
There are following 2 points of breakthroughs：(1) this system make use of nearly ubiquitous ambient radio-frequency signal, but and not need extra special
Equipment (such as RFID reader) sending necessary signal.(2) this system causes to be communicated between inactive component,
Rather than it is confined to the communication between reader and label.
At present, most research work focuses primarily upon design and the hardware of environment backscatter system hardware circuit
The displaying of prototype and evaluation and test, do not carry out the analysis on basis to this system.Meanwhile, because this system is different from traditional communication
System, it employs backscattered communication mode, and the radio frequency source and the unconventional constant signal that are utilized but from
Uncertain radiofrequency signal in environment, therefore, when signal detection is carried out to this system, traditional signal detecting method can
Can not use, so the environment backscatter system that accurate delivery signal is capable of in foundation is particularly important.
The content of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of environment backscattering system for overcoming the problems referred to above or solving the above problems at least in part
System and its method for transmitting signals.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kind of method for transmitting signals of environment backscatter system, the system
Radio frequency source, the label of the reception source radiofrequency signal and reflected radio-frequency signal and reception including emission source radiofrequency signal is described
The reader of source radiofrequency signal and radiofrequency signal, the method comprising the steps of：
Step 1, the label with identical probability continuously transmitting corresponding to source radiofrequency signal binary character, described two
The hex notation correspondence label whether reflected radio-frequency signal；And
Step 2, the reader docking collection of letters number is judged based on maximum likelihood estimate or the joint probability density estimation technique
The binary character of the label transmitting.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kind of environment backscatter system, the system is penetrated including emission source
The radio frequency source of frequency signal, receive the source radiofrequency signal and the label of reflected radio-frequency signal and receive the source radiofrequency signal and
The reader of radiofrequency signal, the label continuously launches the binary character corresponding to source radiofrequency signal, institute with identical probability
State the binary character correspondence label whether reflected radio-frequency signal；The reader docking collection of letters number is based on maximal possibility estimation
Method or the joint probability density estimation technique judge the binary character of the label transmitting.
The application proposes a kind of environment backscatter system and its method for transmitting signals, and the reader in system is using maximum
Possibility predication method or the joint probability density estimation technique judge the binary character that label is launched, and are not needing relevant channel situation
And under conditions of radio-frequency source signal information, rely solely on signal phasor to carry out signal detection, scheme implements simple, performance compared with
It is good, with very strong practicality.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the system composition schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the packet comprising two-dimensional code symbol；
Fig. 3 is the decision region for differential coding using the joint probability density estimation technique.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.Hereinafter implement
Example is not limited to the scope of the present invention for illustrating the present invention.
In a specific embodiment, the present invention is further detailed with reference to accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 gives a kind of composition schematic diagram of environment backscatter system, and the environment backscatter system includes：
Radio frequency source, is illustrated in figure with RFsource, to environment emission source radiofrequency signal；
Label, is illustrated in figure with Tag, receives the source radiofrequency signal and to Ambient radiofrequency signal；And
Reader, is illustrated in figure with Reader, receives making an uproar in the source radiofrequency signal, the radiofrequency signal and environment
Acoustical signal；
Wherein, the label continuously launches binary character 0 or 1 with identical probability to environment, described when launching 0
Label not reflected radio-frequency signal, conversely, then reflected radio-frequency signal；
Wherein, one binary character of the label transmitting is corresponding to N number of source radiofrequency signal of radio frequency source transmitting
One signal phasor, the reader judges institute to signal phasor based on maximum likelihood estimate or the joint probability density estimation technique
State the binary character of label transmitting.
H in Fig. 1st、hsr、htrRadio frequency source is represented respectively to label, and radio frequency source to reader and label are to reader channel
Channel parameter, and channel is flat block fading model, and all of channel is all permanent in channel coherency time in this model
Fixed, but it is independent in the change of different coherence time sections.X [n] represents the signal that label is received, and its expression formula is：
X [n]=hsts[n]；
Wherein, s [n] represents the uncertain source radiofrequency signal of radio frequency source transmitting, and it obeys Cyclic Symmetry Gaussian ProfileWherein PsValue be unknown for reader, while the different sample values of s [n] are independent same distributions, mark
It is d to sign and issue k-th binary character for sendingk∈ { 0,1 }, and dkProbability for 0 and 1 is identical.
But the channel in the present invention is unknown invariable within a period of time, therefore original symbol can be in tab end by poor
Coded isWherein bkK-th binary character is expressed as, with reference to b0=1.
Due to being limited by energy, and according to the characteristic of Internet of Things, the transfer rate of label can be far below ambient radio-frequency
The Nyquist rate of signal, it is assumed that keep constant in N number of continuous s [n], then can be with table by the signal of tag backscatter
It is shown as：
xb[n]=α c [n] x [n]；
Wherein, c [n]=bk, n=(k-1) N+1 ..., kN, α is related to the antenna gain of label and reflection efficiency
Proportionality constant.
K-th binary character b that reader is receivedkSignal be：
Y [n]=hsrs[n]+htrxb[n]+w [n]=(hsr+ahsthtrbk) s [n]+w [n], n=(k-1) N+1 ..., kN,；
Wherein,It is Gauss additive white noise；hsrS [n] is the radio frequency source letter that reader is received
Number.
Reader in environment backscatter system is judged using maximum likelihood estimate or the joint probability density estimation technique
The binary character of label transmitting, under conditions of relevant channel situation and radio-frequency source signal information is not needed, relies solely on
Carrying out signal detection, scheme implements simple to signal phasor, and better performances are very practical.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the binary character of the label transmitting is divided into the binary character
The differential coding symbol for carrying out differential coding process and the non-differential that non-differential coding process is carried out to the binary character are compiled
Code sign.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the maximum likelihood estimate is comprised the following steps：
Step 21, based on kth -1 and k-th signal phasor yk-1And ykSignal energy Z is obtained respectivelyk-1And ZK, calculate letter
The algorithm of number energy is Zk=| | yk||2；
Step 22, signal energy Z obtained based on the step onek-1And ZK, the label is obtained respectively to be entered in transmitting two
Under the hypothesis of symbol processed 0 and 1, the conditional probability density function f of -1 and k-th signal phasor of kth1And f2；And
The conditional probability density function f that step 23, relatively more described step 22 are obtained1And f2If, f1＞ f2, then judge k-th
The corresponding binary character of signal phasor is 0, conversely, being then 1.
As Fig. 2 gives the packet structure figure comprising binary character, with reference to Fig. 2, the step 2 includes following step
Suddenly：
Define k-th binary character b that reader is receivedkSignal phasor ykFor：yk=[y [(k-1) N+1] ...,
y[kN]]T；Then have：
The coherence time of channel is at least 2 b in the present embodimentkDuration, define r=[yk-1, yk]T, then：R=
Hs+w, wherein, s=[s [(k-2) N+1] ..., s [kN]]T, w=[w [(k-2) N+1] ..., w [kN]]T,tk=hsr+αhsthtrbk.,
Because the adjacent sample value of s and w is incoherent, therefore the probability density function of r is：Wherein,ξk=|
tk|2Ps+Nw.,
Z is understood by step 21k=| | yk||2, so the probability density function of r is：
Wherein ξkIt is that the label sends respectively 0 and 1 corresponding statistical variance, with two different values：I.e.
Work as bkWhen=0,Work as bkWhen=1,Wherein
And h0=hsr, h1=h0+αhsthtr；.
Work as dkWhen=0, ξk-1=ξk.Work as dkWhen=1, ξk-1≠ξk.DefinitionWithRespectively dk=0 and dk=1 vacation
If then receiving conditional probability density functions of the signal r under different hypothesis and being respectively：
It follows that the expression formula for judging two-dimensional code symbol is：
In a specific embodiment of the invention, for the differential coding symbol, the joint probability density estimation technique
Comprise the following steps：
Step 21, based on kth -1 and k-th signal phasor yk-1And ykSignal energy Z is obtained respectivelyk-1And ZK, ZkCan be with
It is expressed as
Namely it is respectively at non-reflective (b in labelk=0) and reflection (bk=1) when ZkWith different values, this characteristic can be used to
Enter the detection of row information.
Step 22, send 0 and 1 corresponding statistical variance respectively based on the labelWithObtain the threshold value of energy measuring
Th, the expression formula of threshold value is in the present embodiment
Prove as follows：|y[n]|2It is center card side stochastic variable that the free degree is 2, makes bk=i, then | y [n] |2Average
It is respectively with variance：
According to central-limit theorem, when N is sufficiently large, ZkDistribution can close to Gaussian Profile, if Zk|iTo assume bk=i
Reception signal energy, then when consider Gaussian approximation when, can obtain：
OrderAbove-mentioned expression formula is obtained, whereinIt is Zk|iProbability density function.
Simultaneously when the value of sampled value N is very big, progressive threshold value can be expressed as
Threshold value T that step 23, relatively more described step 23 are obtainedhSignal energy Z obtained with step S1k-1And ZKIf,
Zk-1≤ThAnd Zk≤Th, or Zk-1＞ ThAnd Zk＞ Th, then judge that the corresponding binary character of k-th signal phasor is
0, conversely, being then 1.
Fig. 3 shows the decision region of the joint probability density estimation technique, can be described as：
(1) R1 regions include Zk-1≤ThAnd Zk≤ThScope, it is believed that node send k-th binary character be
(2) R2 regions include Zk-1＞ ThAnd Zk＞ ThScope, it is believed that node send k-th binary character be
(3) R3 regions include Zk-1≤ThAnd Zk＞ ThScope, it is believed that node send k-th binary character be
(4) R4 regions include Zk-1＞ ThAnd Zk≤ThScope, it is believed that node send k-th binary character be
The signal source of above-mentioned differential coding noncoherent detection is multiple Gauss signal source, and the present invention is further to s [n]
Psk signal source has carried out corresponding analysis, as a result shows that the inspection result under psk signal source is not in error floor.
Due to statistical varianceWithObtain typically by sending training series, but because send the serial computing of training
It is complicated and can consume certain energy, this system in short supply for this kind of energy of environment backscatter system be not it is very suitable,
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the statistical varianceWithObtained using blind estimate method, the blind estimate method includes
Following steps：
S221, each signal phasor in first signal phasor to k-th signal phasor is normalized, is obtained
The normalized energy of each signal phasor is obtained, the computational methods of the normalized are：
S222, all normalized energies are ranked up based on the incremental order of signal phasor, obtain normalized energy
SequenceAnd
S223, the front half section to the sequence and second half section average respectively：
BminAnd BmaxFor statistical varianceWithEstimate, from previously described detection method, and need not know
Road BminAnd BmaxForWithCorresponding relation, therefore this method can remove and send additionally disappearing of being brought of training sequence
Consumption.
According to the detection of inventor, the performance of maximum likelihood estimate is more preferable than for the joint probability density estimation technique, this
It is because that maximum likelihood estimate compares joint probability density method with bigger computation complexity.And it is knownWithProperty
Performance obtained by energy compared estimate is slightly good, but is obtained by sending training sequenceWithMeeting is more more complicated than blind estimate and more expends
Energy.And with the increase of sampling number N, the two methods performance of the present invention all can be improved.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, for the non-differential coding signal, the joint probability density is estimated
Method is comprised the following steps：
Step 21, based on k-th signal phasor ykObtain signal energy ZK；
Step 22, send 0 and 1 corresponding statistical variance respectively based on the labelWithObtain the threshold value of energy measuring
Th；
If step 23, parameterThen execution step d；IfThen execution step e；
If signal energy Z in step 24, the step 21KHigher than threshold value T in step bh, judge k-th signal arrow
It is 0 to measure corresponding binary character, conversely, being then 1；And
If signal energy Z in step 25, the step 21KLess than threshold value T in step bh, judge k-th signal arrow
It is 0 to measure corresponding binary character, conversely, being then 1.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the radio frequency source includes multiple Gauss signal source and bpsk signal source.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, for multiple Gauss signal source, threshold value ThBy the first detection function
Obtain, the expression formula of first detection function isTo the threshold tried to achieve using the first detection function
Value is referred to as the threshold value of optimal detection；
Wherein, it is describedIt is the threshold value tried to achieve by the first detection function.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, for multiple Gauss signal source, threshold value ThBy the second detection function
Obtain, the expression formula of second detection function is：To adopting
The threshold value that two detection functions are tried to achieve is referred to as the threshold value of energy measuring；
Wherein, it is describedIt is the threshold value tried to achieve by the second detection function.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, for bpsk signal source, threshold value ThObtained by the 3rd detection function
, the expression formula of the 3rd detection function is
Wherein, it is describedIt is the threshold value tried to achieve by the 3rd detection function；h0For binary character be 0 it is general
Rate, h1For the probability that binary character is 1, Nr is.Threshold value to being tried to achieve using the 3rd detection function is referred to as suboptimum detection
Threshold value；
The present invention has done corresponding performance evaluation to the three kinds of different detection scenes for proposing:
(1) the BER expression formulas of the threshold value of optimal detection are as follows under multiple Gauss signal source：
ParameterWithAnd N has critically important impact to detecting performance.
(2) the BER expression formulas of the threshold value of suboptimum detection are as follows under multiple Gauss signal source：
When big SNR is very big, the threshold value of suboptimum detection is approximatelySubstitute into BER expression formulas to obtain
Progressive BER expression formulas under suboptimum detection are：
Wherein∑=| h0|2+|h1|2..Thus increase SNR, N and Δ can be drawn, is subtracted
Little ∑ can all reduce BER, thus be favourable to detecting the raising of performance.But when SNR tends to infinity, BER is equal to certain
One determination valueIllustrate that this kind of detection method has error floor.BER has not received SNR under big SNR
Control, but determined by Relative channel difference Δ/∑.
(3) the BER expression formulas of the threshold value of suboptimum detection are as follows under bpsk signal source：
When N is very big,Above formula is substituted into, big SNR has been obtained, the progressive BER expression formulas under big N are：
It can be seen that there is no error floor in the suboptimum detection under bpsk signal source.
Differential coding detection in the present invention needs to encode binary character, for the system for having coding requirement more
It is practical；The relevant detection of non-differential coding is carried out in the case where signal source distribution is known a priori by, and it needs to send certain
Training sequence estimating parameter, but it need not be to signal source code, for the system for supporting to send training sequence more
It is practical.
Finally, the present processes are only preferably embodiment, are not intended to limit protection scope of the present invention.It is all
Within the spirit and principles in the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements made etc. should be included in the protection of the present invention
Within the scope of.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system, the system includes the ring of emission source radiofrequency signal
Border radio frequency source, the label and the reception source radiofrequency signal and radio frequency letter that receive the source radiofrequency signal and reflected radio-frequency signal
Number reader, it is characterised in that the method comprising the steps of：
Step 1, the label continuously launches the equiprobable binary character for loading on source radiofrequency signal, the binary character
The correspondence label whether reflected radio-frequency signal；And
Step 2, the reader docking collection of letters number judges the label based on Maximum Likelihood Detection method or joint energy measuring method
The binary character of transmitting.
2. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the mark
Sign and issue the binary character penetrated and is divided into and the binary character is carried out the differential coding symbol of differential coding process and to described
Binary character carries out the non-differential coding symbol of non-differential coding process.
3. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 2, the label launches one
It is a signal phasor that binary character loads on N number of source radiofrequency signal of ambient radio-frequency source transmitting, the reader pair
The signal phasor for receiving signal judges the binary system of the label transmitting based on Maximum Likelihood Detection method or joint energy measuring method
Symbol.
4. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that for institute
Differential coding symbol is stated, the Maximum Likelihood Detection method is comprised the following steps：
Step 2.1, based on kth -1 and k-th signal phasor yk-1And ykSignal energy Z is obtained respectivelyk-1And ZK；
Step 2.2, signal energy Z obtained based on the step 2.1k-1And ZK, the label is obtained respectively in transmitting binary system
Under the hypothesis of symbol 0 and 1, the conditional probability density function f of -1 and k-th signal phasor of kth1And f2；And
Step 2.3, relatively more described conditional probability density function f1And f2If, f1＞ f2, then k-th signal phasor corresponding two is judged
Hex notation is 0, conversely, being then 1.
5. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that for institute
Differential coding symbol is stated, the joint probability density detection method is comprised the following steps：
Step 2.1, based on kth -1 and k-th signal phasor yk-1And ykSignal energy Z is obtained respectivelyk-1And ZK；
Step 2.2, send 0 and 1 corresponding statistical variance respectively based on the labelWithObtain threshold value T of energy measuringh；
And
Threshold value T that step 2.3, relatively more described step S2.2 are obtainedhSignal energy Z obtained with step S21k-1And ZkIf,
Zk-1≤ThAnd Zk≤Th, or Zk-1＞ ThAnd Zk＞ Th, then the corresponding binary character of k-th signal phasor is judged for 0,
Conversely, being then 1.
6. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that the system
Meter variance is obtained using blind estimate method, and the blind estimate method is comprised the following steps：
Step 2.2.1, each signal phasor in first signal phasor to k-th signal phasor is normalized,
Obtain the normalized energy of each signal phasor；
Step 2.2.2, all normalized energies are ranked up based on the incremental order of signal phasor, obtain normalized energy
Sequence；And
Step 2.2.3, the front half section to the sequence and second half section average respectively as statistical varianceWithValue.
7. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that for institute
Non-differential coding symbol is stated, the joint energy detection method is comprised the following steps：
Step 2.1, based on one reception signal phasor y, calculate signal energy Z=| | y | |2；
Step 2.2, based on claim 6 methods described, obtain parameterWithCalculate threshold value T of energy measuringh；
If step 2.3, parameterThen execution step 2.4；IfThen execution step 2.5；
If signal energy Z is higher than threshold value T in the step 2.2 in step 2.4, the step 2.1h, judge label sends two
Hex notation is 0, conversely, being then 1；And
If signal energy Z is less than threshold value T in the step 2.2 in step 2.5, the step 2.1h, judge label sends two
Hex notation is 0, conversely, being then 1.
8. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that environment is penetrated
Frequency source includes multiple Gauss signal source and bpsk signal source.
9. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that for multiple
Gaussian signal source, the threshold expression in the joint energy detection method is:
Wherein, N is the length of signal phasor,WithTo estimate parameter.
10. the signal transmission and detection method of Ambient communication system as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that for
Bpsk signal source, combine energy detection method in threshold expression be
Wherein, N is the length of signal phasor；NwFor power noise spectrum density.
A kind of 11. Ambient communication systems, the system includes the ambient radio-frequency source of emission source radiofrequency signal, receives the source
The reader of the label and the reception source radiofrequency signal and radiofrequency signal of radiofrequency signal and reflected radio-frequency signal, its feature exists
In the label continuously launches the equiprobable binary character for loading on source radiofrequency signal, the binary character correspondence institute
State label whether reflected radio-frequency signal；The reader docking collection of letters number is examined based on Maximum Likelihood Detection method or joint probability density
Survey method judges the binary character of the label transmitting.
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| CN109117685A (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2019-01-01 | 浙江大学 | The information symbol judgment method of environment backscatter system based on multiple antennas |
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| CN111886806B (en) * | 2018-03-23 | 2022-07-22 | 华为技术有限公司 | Back scattering communication method, device, communication system and storage medium |
| CN109117685A (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2019-01-01 | 浙江大学 | The information symbol judgment method of environment backscatter system based on multiple antennas |
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| CN112671456A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-04-16 | 兰州交通大学 | Optimal label selection method in backscattering communication |
| CN112637103A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-09 | 电子科技大学 | Signal detection method of cooperative backscattering communication system |
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| CN112668352A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-04-16 | 中山大学 | Environmental backscattering communication signal processing method |
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