CN106685251A - Single-inductor double Buck full-bridge inverter with diode series-parallel structure and its control method - Google Patents
Single-inductor double Buck full-bridge inverter with diode series-parallel structure and its control method Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
- H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
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- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种电能转换装置中DC-AC变换器及其控制方法，具体涉及一种二极管串并联结构的单电感双Buck全桥逆变器及其控制方法。The invention relates to a DC-AC converter in an electric energy conversion device and a control method thereof, in particular to a single-inductance double Buck full-bridge inverter with a diode series-parallel structure and a control method thereof.
背景技术Background technique
电能转换装置中的DC-AC逆变器，从传统的H桥全桥逆变器，发展到后来的双Buck/Boost逆变器，拓扑和控制方式一直是研究人员的研究热点。近几十年，随着新型功率器件SiC、GaN的发展和应用，大规模数字集成电路的发展和普及，逆变器的拓扑和控制方式正悄然发生改变，人们对逆变器的性能要求也越来越高，全数字控制、系统高度集成化、高频高效率等是逆变器进一步发展的主要切入点。自一种由两个Buck电路组成的双电感双Buck半桥逆变器被提出后，其以独特的电路结构，无直通问题、无死区时间要求等优点，深受人们的喜爱、研究与应用，在其基础上也创新很多新的拓扑结构。The DC-AC inverter in the power conversion device has developed from the traditional H-bridge full-bridge inverter to the later dual Buck/Boost inverter. The topology and control methods have always been the research hotspots of researchers. In recent decades, with the development and application of new power devices SiC and GaN, and the development and popularization of large-scale digital integrated circuits, the topology and control methods of inverters are quietly changing, and people's performance requirements for inverters are also changing. Higher and higher, full digital control, high system integration, high frequency and high efficiency are the main entry points for the further development of inverters. Since a dual-inductance dual-Buck half-bridge inverter composed of two Buck circuits was proposed, it has been deeply loved by people, researched and developed due to its unique circuit structure, no shoot-through problem, and no dead-time requirements. Applications, and many new topological structures are also innovated on the basis of it.
随着人们对系统功率密度的要求越来越高，一些单电感逆变拓扑逐渐被提出。如2009.01.28公布的公开号为CN101355322A专利，揭露了一种半周期工作的单电感双降压式半桥逆变器及其控制方法的发明，但由于其为半桥的拓扑结构，输入需要两个均压大电容，输入电压应力大，限制其在高压领域应用；2014.05.28公布的公开号为CN103825455A专利，提出一种单电感双Buck全桥逆变器的发明，全桥单电感结构解决了输入电压应力大问题，但拓扑增加两个功率开关管，开关损耗大，控制策略复杂。As people's requirements for system power density become higher and higher, some single-inductor inverter topologies are gradually proposed. For example, the publication number CN101355322A patent published on January 28, 2009 discloses the invention of a half-cycle single-inductance double-buck half-bridge inverter and its control method, but because it is a half-bridge topology, the input needs Two large capacitors for voltage equalization, the input voltage stress is large, which limits its application in the high-voltage field; the publication number CN103825455A patent published on May 28, 2014 proposes an invention of a single-inductor double-Buck full-bridge inverter, and the full-bridge single-inductor structure The problem of large input voltage stress is solved, but two power switch tubes are added to the topology, the switching loss is large, and the control strategy is complicated.
发明内容Contents of the invention
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种二极管串并联结构的单电感双Buck全桥逆变器及其控制方法，单电感双Buck全桥拓扑结构使得整个电路的体积和重量减小，滤波电感为双向磁化，提高磁芯利用率；拓扑逆变输出只要控制两个高频开关管和两个工频开关管，系统开关的损耗减小，控制策略简单易实现。In view of this, the object of the present invention is to provide a single-inductance double Buck full-bridge inverter with diode series-parallel structure and its control method. The single-inductor double Buck full-bridge topology reduces the size and weight of the entire circuit, and the The inductance is bidirectionally magnetized, which improves the utilization rate of the magnetic core; the topology inverter output only needs to control two high-frequency switching tubes and two power-frequency switching tubes, the system switching loss is reduced, and the control strategy is simple and easy to implement.
为实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：一种二级管串并联结构的单电感双Buck全桥逆变器，其特征在于：包括直流电源U d ，直流侧电解电容C d ，开关管S1，开关管S2，开关管S3、开关管S4，二极管D1，二极管D2，二极管D3，二极管D4，输出滤波电感L，输出滤波电容C f 和负载R d ；直流电源U d 的正极分别与直流侧电解电容C d 的正极、开关管S1的漏极、二极管D3的负极、开关管S3的漏极连接；直流电源U d 的负极分别与直流侧电解电容C d 的负极、二极管D4的正极、开关管S2的源极、开关管S4的源极连接；开关管S1的源极与二极管D1的正极连接，开关管S2的漏极与二极管D2的负极连接；二极管D1的负极与二极管D4的负极、二极管D3的正极、二极管D2的正极、输出滤波电感L的一端连接，输出滤波电感L的另一端与输出滤波电容C f 的一端、负载R d 的一端连接，输出滤波电容C f 的另一端、负载R d 的另一端、开关管S3的源极、开关管S4的漏极接地。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a single-inductance double Buck full-bridge inverter with a series-parallel structure of two diodes, which is characterized in that it includes a DC power supply U d , a DC-side electrolytic capacitor C d , a switch tube S 1 , switch tube S 2 , switch tube S 3 , switch tube S 4 , diode D 1 , diode D 2 , diode D 3 , diode D 4 , output filter inductor L , output filter capacitor C f and load R d ; DC The positive pole of the power supply U d is respectively connected to the positive pole of the DC side electrolytic capacitor C d , the drain of the switch tube S1, the negative pole of the diode D3 , and the drain pole of the switch tube S3 ; the negative pole of the DC power supply U d is respectively connected to the DC side electrolytic The cathode of capacitor C d , the anode of diode D4, the source of switch S2, and the source of switch S4 are connected ; the source of switch S1 is connected to the anode of diode D1, and the drain of switch S2 The pole is connected to the negative pole of the diode D2 ; the negative pole of the diode D1 is connected to the negative pole of the diode D4 , the positive pole of the diode D3 , the positive pole of the diode D2, and one end of the output filter inductor L , and the other end of the output filter inductor L is connected to the output One end of the filter capacitor Cf is connected to one end of the load Rd, and the other end of the output filter capacitor Cf , the other end of the load Rd , the source of the switch S3 , and the drain of the switch S4 are grounded.
一种二级管串并联结构的单电感双Buck全桥逆变器的控制方法，其特征在于：将逆变器的输出电压u o 与给定的基准正弦电压u ref 比较得到第一误差信号，第一误差信号经PI控制算法得到电压外环输出值u e ；将输出滤波电感L的电流瞬时值i L 与电压外环输出值u e 比较得到第二误差信号，第二误差信号经PI控制算法得到电流内环输出值u r ；电流内环输出值u r 与高频设计的三角波载波u c 比较，得到的PWM输出值在输出电压正半周作为开关管S1的控制信号，在输出电压负半周作为开关管S2的控制信号；将逆变器的输出电压u o 经过零比较器得到的开关信号作为S3的控制信号，开关信号经取反运算后作为开关管S4的控制信号。A control method for a single-inductance double-Buck full-bridge inverter with a series-parallel structure of diodes, characterized in that: the output voltage u o of the inverter is compared with a given reference sinusoidal voltage u ref to obtain a first error signal , the first error signal is obtained through the PI control algorithm to obtain the output value u e of the voltage outer loop; the second error signal is obtained by comparing the current instantaneous value i L of the output filter inductor L with the output value u e of the voltage outer loop, and the second error signal is passed through the PI The control algorithm obtains the output value u r of the inner loop of the current; the output value u r of the inner loop of the current is compared with the triangular wave carrier uc designed for high frequency, and the obtained PWM output value is used as the control signal of the switch tube S 1 in the positive half cycle of the output voltage, and in the output The negative half cycle of the voltage is used as the control signal of the switch tube S2 ; the switch signal obtained by passing the output voltage u o of the inverter through the zero comparator is used as the control signal of S3, and the switch signal is used as the control signal of the switch tube S4 after inversion operation Signal.
本发明与现有技术相比具有以下有益效果：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1、与双电感双Buck半桥逆变拓扑相比，本发明保留了无直通、无死区时间、开关损耗低等特点，全桥结构解决了输入电压利用率低的问题；1. Compared with the double-inductor double-Buck half-bridge inverter topology, the present invention retains the characteristics of no shoot-through, no dead time, and low switching loss, and the full-bridge structure solves the problem of low input voltage utilization;
2、与常见的双Buck全桥逆变拓扑相比，本发明保留了其方便的控制策略，单电感结构使得整个电路的体积和重量减小，滤波电感为双向磁化，提高磁芯利用率；2. Compared with the common dual-Buck full-bridge inverter topology, the present invention retains its convenient control strategy. The single inductance structure reduces the volume and weight of the entire circuit, and the filter inductance is bidirectionally magnetized, improving the utilization rate of the magnetic core;
3、与CN103825455A提出的单电感双Buck全桥逆变拓扑相比，省去了两个开关管，系统开关损耗减小，控制策略简单易实现。3. Compared with the single-inductance double-Buck full-bridge inverter topology proposed by CN103825455A, two switching tubes are omitted, the system switching loss is reduced, and the control strategy is simple and easy to implement.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的电路拓扑图。Fig. 1 is a circuit topology diagram of the present invention.
图2是图1拓扑对应所设计的双闭环SPWM控制框图。Figure 2 is a block diagram of the dual closed-loop SPWM control designed corresponding to the topology in Figure 1.
图3为图1拓扑工作时的第一工作模态示意图。FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a first working mode when the topology in FIG. 1 works.
图4为图1拓扑工作时的第二工作模态示意图。FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a second working mode when the topology in FIG. 1 works.
图5为图1拓扑工作时的第三工作模态示意图。FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a third working mode when the topology in FIG. 1 works.
图6为图1拓扑工作时的第四工作模态示意图。FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a fourth working mode when the topology in FIG. 1 works.
图7为双闭环SPWM控制图1拓扑时四个开关管栅源极的驱动波形。Figure 7 shows the driving waveforms of the gate and source electrodes of the four switch tubes when the dual closed-loop SPWM controls the topology shown in Figure 1 .
图8为双闭环SPWM控制图1拓扑输出信号u o 、i L 、u L 的工作波形。Fig. 8 is the working waveform of the output signals u o , i L , u L of the topological output signal u o , i L , u L of the double-closed-loop SPWM control in Fig. 1 .
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图及实施例对本发明做进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
请参照图1，本发明提供一种二级管串并联结构的单电感双Buck全桥逆变器，其特征在于：包括直流电源U d ，直流侧电解电容C d ，开关管S1，开关管S2，开关管S3、开关管S4，二极管D1，二极管D2，二极管D3，二极管D4，输出滤波电感L，输出滤波电容C f 和负载R d ；直流电源U d 的正极分别与直流侧电解电容C d 的正极、开关管S1的漏极、二极管D3的负极、开关管S3的漏极连接；直流电源U d 的负极分别与直流侧电解电容C d 的负极、二极管D4的正极、开关管S2的源极、开关管S4的源极连接；开关管S1的源极与二极管D1的正极连接，开关管S2的漏极与二极管D2的负极连接；二极管D1的负极与二极管D4的负极、二极管D3的正极、二极管D2的正极、输出滤波电感L的一端连接；输出滤波电感L的另一端与输出滤波电容C f 的一端、负载R d 的一端连接；输出滤波电容C f 的另一端、负载R d 的另一端、开关管S3的源极、开关管S4的漏极接地。Please refer to Fig. 1, the present invention provides a single-inductance double-Buck full-bridge inverter with a series-parallel structure of diodes, which is characterized in that it includes a DC power supply U d , an electrolytic capacitor C d on the DC side, a switch tube S 1 , and a switch Tube S 2 , switch tube S 3 , switch tube S 4 , diode D 1 , diode D 2 , diode D 3 , diode D 4 , output filter inductor L , output filter capacitor C f and load R d ; DC power supply U d The positive pole is respectively connected to the positive pole of the DC side electrolytic capacitor Cd , the drain of the switch tube S1, the negative pole of the diode D3 , and the drain pole of the switch tube S3 ; the negative pole of the DC power supply Ud is respectively connected to the DC side electrolytic capacitor Cd The cathode, the anode of diode D4, the source of switch S2, and the source of switch S4 are connected ; the source of switch S1 is connected to the anode of diode D1, and the drain of switch S2 is connected to diode D 2 ; the cathode of diode D1 is connected to the cathode of diode D4 , the anode of diode D3 , the anode of diode D2, and one end of the output filter inductor L ; the other end of the output filter inductor L is connected to the output filter capacitor C f One end of the load R d is connected to one end ; the other end of the output filter capacitor C f , the other end of the load R d , the source of the switch S3, and the drain of the switch S4 are grounded.
由于系统为全桥的拓扑结构，降低了输入电压应力，提高电压利用率；输出只需要一个滤波电感，且电感为双向磁化，提高磁芯利用率，降低系统重量和体积，提高功率密度。系统拓扑为二极管串并联结构，具体可以拆分为两个Buck电路：直流电源U d ，滤波电容C d ，开关管S1、S4，二极管D1、D4，输出滤波电感L、输出滤波电容C f 和负载R d 构成的Buck电路一；直流电压U d ，滤波电容C d ，开关管S2、S3，二极管D2、D3，输出滤波电感L、输出滤波电容C f 和负载R d 构成的Buck电路二。Since the system is a full-bridge topology, the input voltage stress is reduced and the voltage utilization rate is improved; the output only needs one filter inductor, and the inductance is bidirectionally magnetized, which improves the core utilization rate, reduces the system weight and volume, and increases the power density. The system topology is a diode series-parallel structure, which can be split into two Buck circuits: DC power supply U d , filter capacitor C d , switch tubes S 1 and S 4 , diodes D 1 and D 4 , output filter inductor L , output filter Buck circuit 1 composed of capacitor C f and load R d ; DC voltage U d , filter capacitor C d , switch tubes S 2 and S 3 , diodes D 2 and D 3 , output filter inductor L , output filter capacitor C f and load Buck circuit 2 composed of R d .
请参照图2，本发明还提供一种二级管串并联结构的单电感双Buck全桥逆变器的控制方法，其特征在于：将逆变器的输出电压u o 与给定的基准正弦电压u ref 比较得到第一误差信号，第一误差信号经PI控制算法得到电压外环输出值u e ；将输出滤波电感L的电流瞬时值i L 与电压外环输出值u e 比较得到第二误差信号，第二误差信号经PI控制算法得到电流内环输出值u r ；电流内环输出值u r 与高频设计的三角波载波u c 比较，得到的PWM输出值在输出电压正半周作为开关管S1的控制信号，在输出电压负半周作为开关管S2的控制信号；将逆变器的输出电压u o 经过零比较器得到的开关信号作为S3的控制信号，开关信号经取反运算后作为开关管S4的控制信号。Please refer to FIG. 2 , the present invention also provides a control method for a single-inductance double-Buck full-bridge inverter with a series-parallel structure of diodes, which is characterized in that the output voltage u o of the inverter is compared with a given reference sinusoidal The voltage u ref is compared to obtain the first error signal, and the first error signal is obtained by the PI control algorithm to obtain the voltage outer loop output value u e ; the current instantaneous value i L of the output filter inductor L is compared with the voltage outer loop output value u e to obtain the second The error signal, the second error signal is obtained by the PI control algorithm to obtain the output value u r of the inner loop of the current; the output value u r of the inner loop of the current is compared with the triangular wave carrier uc designed for high frequency, and the obtained PWM output value is used as a switch in the positive half cycle of the output voltage The control signal of tube S1 is used as the control signal of switch tube S2 in the negative half cycle of the output voltage ; the switching signal obtained by passing the output voltage u o of the inverter through the zero comparator is used as the control signal of S3, and the switching signal is reversed After calculation, it is used as the control signal of the switch tube S4 .
在输出滤波电感L的电流瞬时值i L 大于零的正半周期，开关管S1和续流二极管D4交替工作，开关管S4导通，S2、S3截至。此时电路工作包括两个模态：In the positive half cycle when the instantaneous current value i L of the output filter inductor L is greater than zero, the switching tube S 1 and the freewheeling diode D 4 work alternately, the switching tube S 4 is turned on, and S 2 and S 3 are turned off. At this time, the circuit operation includes two modes:
1）工作模态Ⅰ：1) Working mode Ⅰ:
如图3所示，开关管S2、S3截至，S4导通，此时S1开通，续流二极管D4截至，直流电源U d 经S1、D1向输出滤波电感L充能，电感电流i L 线性上升，输出逆变电压u o 值正向线性增大。该模态一直持续到开关管S1关断，然后进入工作模态Ⅱ。As shown in Figure 3, the switching tubes S 2 and S 3 are turned off, and S 4 is turned on. At this time, S 1 is turned on, and the freewheeling diode D 4 is turned off. The DC power supply U d charges the output filter inductor L through S 1 and D 1 , the inductor current i L increases linearly, and the value of the output inverter voltage u o increases linearly. This mode continues until the switch tube S1 is turned off, and then enters the working mode II.
2）工作模态Ⅱ：2) Working mode Ⅱ:
如图4所示，保持开关管S2、S3截至，S4导通，此时S1关断，续流二极管D4导通进入续流状态，输出滤波电感电流i L 线性下降，逆变输出电压u o 线性减小。该模态一直持续到开关管S1开通，然后又进入工作模态Ⅰ。As shown in Figure 4, keep the switch tubes S 2 and S 3 turned off, and S 4 is turned on. At this time, S 1 is turned off, and the freewheeling diode D 4 is turned on to enter the freewheeling state. The output filter inductor current i L decreases linearly, and the inverse Variable output voltage u o linear decrease. This mode continues until the switch tube S1 is turned on , and then enters the working mode I.
在输出滤波电感L的电流瞬时值i L 小于零的负半周期，开关管S2和续流二极管D3交替工作，开关管S3导通，S1、S4截至。此时电路工作包括两个模态：In the negative half cycle when the current instantaneous value i L of the output filter inductor L is less than zero, the switching tube S 2 and the freewheeling diode D 3 work alternately, the switching tube S 3 is turned on, and S 1 and S 4 are turned off. At this time, the circuit operation includes two modes:
1）工作模态Ⅲ：1) Working mode Ⅲ:
如图5所示，开关管S1、S4截至，S3导通，此时S2开通，续流二极管D3截至，直流电源U d 经S2、D2向输出滤波电感L负向充能，电感电流i L 负向线性上升，输出逆变电压u o 值负向线性增大。该模态一直持续到开关管S2关断，然后进入工作模态Ⅳ。As shown in Figure 5, the switch tubes S 1 and S 4 are turned off, and S 3 is turned on . At this time, S 2 is turned on , and the freewheeling diode D 3 is turned off. Charging, the inductor current i L increases linearly in the negative direction, and the value of the output inverter voltage u o increases linearly in the negative direction. This mode continues until the switch tube S2 is turned off, and then enters the working mode IV.
2）工作模态Ⅳ：2) Working mode Ⅳ:
如图6所示，保持开关管S1、S4截至，S3导通，此时S2关断，续流二极管D3导通进入续流状态，输出滤波电感电流i L 负向线性下降，逆变输出电压u o 负向线性减小。该模态一直持续到开关管S2开通，然后又进入工作模态Ⅲ。As shown in Figure 6, keep the switch tubes S 1 and S 4 cut off, and S 3 is turned on. At this time, S 2 is turned off, and the freewheeling diode D3 is turned on to enter the freewheeling state, and the output filter inductor current i L decreases linearly in the negative direction , the inverter output voltage u o decreases linearly in the negative direction. This mode continues until the switch tube S2 is turned on , and then enters the working mode III.
根据以上四个工作模态分析，可以得到图7所示双闭环SPWM高频数字控制下图1拓扑四个开关管栅源极的驱动波形。在输出滤波电感电流i L 大于零的正半周期，开关管S1高频开通关断，S2、S3截至，S4导通；在输出滤波电感电流i L 小于零的负半周期，开关管S2高频开通关断，S1、S4截至，S3导通。According to the analysis of the above four working modes, the driving waveforms of the gate and source electrodes of the four switching transistors in the topology shown in Figure 1 under the double-closed-loop SPWM high-frequency digital control shown in Figure 7 can be obtained. In the positive half cycle when the output filter inductor current i L is greater than zero, the switch tube S 1 is turned on and off at high frequency, S 2 and S 3 are turned off, and S 4 is turned on; in the negative half cycle when the output filter inductor current i L is less than zero, The switch tube S 2 is turned on and off at high frequency, S 1 and S 4 are turned off, and S 3 is turned on.
综合上述分析，可以得到图8所示双闭环SPWM高频数字控制下图1拓扑输出信号u o 、i L 、u L 的工作波形。逆变输出电压u o 呈现220V/50Hz正弦变化，输出滤波电感电流i L 在输出电压u o 正半周大于零，输出电压u o 负半周小于零。输出滤波电感两端的电压u L 根据输出电压u o 的变化而变化。Based on the above analysis, the working waveforms of the topological output signals u o , i L , u L in Figure 1 under the double closed-loop SPWM high-frequency digital control shown in Figure 8 can be obtained. The inverter output voltage u o presents a 220V/50Hz sinusoidal change, the output filter inductor current i L is greater than zero in the positive half cycle of the output voltage u o , and less than zero in the negative half cycle of the output voltage u o . The voltage u L across the output filter inductor changes according to the change of the output voltage u o .
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰，皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made according to the scope of the patent application of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention.
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