CN106671527A - 一种易降解耐紫外线农用地膜的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种易降解耐紫外线农用地膜的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种易降解耐紫外线农用地膜的制备方法,属于农用地膜制备技术领域。本发明利用了蒙脱土屏蔽紫外线的特性和茶多酚的抗氧化性,将两者和聚乳酸混合熔融后纺丝成坚韧的聚乳酸网支撑骨架,再以具有良好机械性和透气性的细菌纤维素膜和骨架复合,充分利用两者优点,制得地膜,本发明制得的地膜与传统聚合物地膜相比,更易生物降解,且机械性能优异,抗撕抗拉强度高,具有良好的透水透气性,具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明公开了一种易降解耐紫外线农用地膜的制备方法,属于地膜材料制备技术领域。
背景技术
我国干旱半干旱地区约占全国总面积的52.5%,内陆干旱荒漠气候带土壤昼夜温差大,保水保湿度较低,蒸发量大于降水量,干旱农业的发展着重在提高现有水资源的利用率、协调水热资源利用的同步性,使土壤环境的生产能力得到补偿和良性循环利用。
中国从20世纪80年代开始将地膜应用于农业生产,由于地膜覆盖种植具有增温、保水、增产及扩大作物适作区的作用,该项技术已被大规模应用于农业生产。农用薄膜是继种子、化肥、农药之后的农业重要生产资料,它的应用为我国农业生产带来了一场革命,对农业增效、农民增收作出了重要贡献。它主要是棚膜和地膜、饲草用膜、遮阳网、防虫网等现代农用覆盖材料。
随着农业科学技术的迅速发展,农用地膜的应用范围不断扩大,农村使用地膜已成为确保农业高产稳产的重要手段,但随之也带来了许多问题。现有的农用地膜均是以聚丙烯、聚乙烯等作为原料制备的,其在土壤中不易被侵蚀分解,生物降解周期较长,降解过程中还会溶出增塑剂等有毒有害物质,同时随着地膜覆盖栽培年限的延长,残留地膜回收率低,残膜的聚集阻碍了土壤毛细管水的运移和降水的渗透,对土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤的通气性和透水性产生不良影响,造成土壤板结、地力下降,极易造成地膜污染,且地膜普遍耐氧化和抗紫外线的能力较弱,使用寿命短,浪费了资源。
细菌纤维素成膜性能好,细菌纤维素膜的抗撕能力比聚乙烯膜和聚氯乙烯膜要强5倍,此外细菌纤维素膜持水量高,其内部有很多“孔道”,有良好的透气、透水性能,且具有较高的湿强度,因此,研制一种利用细菌纤维素制备的农用地膜对改善地膜污染具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明主要解决的技术问题:针对现有的农用地膜多是以聚丙烯、聚乙烯等作为原料制备的,生物降解周期较长,极易造成地膜污染,且地膜普遍耐氧化和抗紫外线的能力较弱,使用寿命短的缺陷,提供一种以可降解聚乳酸为原料,掺杂抗紫外线和抗氧化性填料后熔融纺丝制备地膜骨架,再将细菌纤维素膜和骨架复配冷压制得农用地膜的方法,本发明利用了蒙脱土屏蔽紫外线的特性和茶多酚的抗氧化性,将两者和聚乳酸混合熔融后纺丝成坚韧的聚乳酸网支撑骨架,再以具有良好机械性和透气性的细菌纤维素膜和骨架复合,充分利用两者优点,制得地膜,本发明制得的地膜与传统聚合物地膜相比,更易生物降解,且机械性能优异,抗撕抗拉强度高,具有良好的透水透气性,具有广阔的应用前景。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明所采用的技术方案是:
(1)将蒙脱土放入球磨机中研磨1~2h后过500目筛得到蒙脱土粉末,按质量比为1:1将蒙脱土和桃胶混合后装入发酵罐中,再向罐中加入桃胶总质量3~5倍的蒸馏水,加热至50~60℃后搅拌混合20~30min;
(2)待上述搅拌结束后自然冷却至室温,所得混合物为发酵底物,按接种量为5%向发酵底物中接入枯草芽孢杆菌,密封罐口在35~40℃下保温发酵5~7天,发酵结束后过滤得到滤渣,将滤渣冷冻干燥后即得改性蒙脱土;
(3)按重量份数计,称取10~15份上述改性蒙脱土、10~15份茶多酚和80~90份聚乳酸依次放入反应釜中,加热升温至220~240℃,搅拌熔融30~40min得到混合熔体,将混合熔体输入纺丝组件中,在管式牵伸器中以4000~7000m/min的气流牵伸速度进行牵伸,并通过摆片式摆丝器分丝铺网,将铺网输入水刺区域,在8~10MPa的水压下固结成网,以 80~90℃温度烘干,即得200~300目聚乳酸网骨架,备用;
(4)按重量份数计,称取2~4份葡萄糖、0.5~0.8份蛋白胨、0.5~0.8份酵母粉、0.2~0.4份磷酸氢二钠、0.1~0.3份柠檬酸和90~95份蒸馏水混合均匀后放入高温灭菌罐中,在120~125℃下灭菌10~15min后得到细菌发酵培养液;
(5)按接种量为10%将木醋杆菌接入上述细菌发酵培养液中,放入恒温电热培养箱中,在30~35℃下静置培养7~9天,待培养结束后,用镊子取出培养液表面漂浮的细菌纤维素膜,用蒸馏水冲洗3~5次后浸入浓度为0.1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中,加热升温至70~80℃浸泡50~70min,取出后再次用蒸馏水冲洗3~5次,得到半透明状细菌纤维素膜;
(6)将备用的聚乳酸网骨架平铺在不锈钢模具中,再将上述得到的细菌纤维素膜平铺在聚乳酸网骨架上,以3~5MPa的压力冷压2~4min成型,将冷压后的膜片翻面后重新放入模具,再向膜片上平铺一层细菌纤维素膜,以3~5MPa的压力二次冷压2~4min后脱模,即得易降解耐紫外线农用地膜。
本发明的应用方法是:首先对农田进行深翻、施底肥工序,随后沿农田四周挖一条宽20cm、深10cm的浅沟,随后将本发明制得的易降解耐紫外线农用地膜埋进浅沟里用土盖上定位,再将地膜拉至另一边剪断后埋进浅沟,最后将地膜四周拉平并放进浅沟并撒土将浅沟中地膜边沿覆盖填平,再在地膜上打孔种植作物即可。经检测,本发明制得的农用地膜断裂伸长率为850~990%,横向拉伸强度24~28MPa,同时,本发明农用地膜具有较好的生物降解性,在土壤中完全降解周期4~6个月,且本发明农用地膜抗紫外线、耐氧化性能较好,对紫外光屏蔽率达96%以上,使用寿命达25个月以上。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明所制备的农用地膜成膜性好,拉伸强度高,能被自然界中微生物完全降解消化,降解周期短,且不会造成环境污染,同时本发明地膜具有很好的抗氧化及防紫外线能力,有效延长了农用地膜使用寿命;
(2)本发明所制备的农用地膜能够适应各地不同气候条件和土壤环境,满足不同作物的保温、保水、灭草的功能,且具有增产、节水的作用,可使不同作物增产8%以上。
具体实施方式
首先将蒙脱土放入球磨机中研磨1~2h后过500目筛得到蒙脱土粉末,按质量比为1:1将蒙脱土和桃胶混合后装入发酵罐中,再向罐中加入桃胶总质量3~5倍的蒸馏水,加热至50~60℃后搅拌混合20~30min;待上述搅拌结束后自然冷却至室温,所得混合物为发酵底物,按接种量为5%向发酵底物中接入枯草芽孢杆菌,密封罐口在35~40℃下保温发酵5~7天,发酵结束后过滤得到滤渣,将滤渣冷冻干燥后即得改性蒙脱土;随后按重量份数计,称取10~15份上述改性蒙脱土、10~15份茶多酚和80~90份聚乳酸依次放入反应釜中,加热升温至220~240℃,搅拌熔融30~40min得到混合熔体,将混合熔体输入纺丝组件中,在管式牵伸器中以4000~7000m/min的气流牵伸速度进行牵伸,并通过摆片式摆丝器分丝铺网,将铺网输入水刺区域,在8~10MPa的水压下固结成网,以 80~90℃温度烘干,即得200~300目聚乳酸网骨架,备用;再按重量份数计,称取2~4份葡萄糖、0.5~0.8份蛋白胨、0.5~0.8份酵母粉、0.2~0.4份磷酸氢二钠、0.1~0.3份柠檬酸和90~95份蒸馏水混合均匀后放入高温灭菌罐中,在120~125℃下灭菌10~15min后得到细菌发酵培养液;再按接种量为10%将木醋杆菌接入上述细菌发酵培养液中,放入恒温电热培养箱中,在30~35℃下静置培养7~9天,待培养结束后,用镊子取出培养液表面漂浮的细菌纤维素膜,用蒸馏水冲洗3~5次后浸入浓度为0.1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中,加热升温至70~80℃浸泡50~70min,取出后再次用蒸馏水冲洗3~5次,得到半透明状细菌纤维素膜;最后将备用的聚乳酸网骨架平铺在不锈钢模具中,再将上述得到的细菌纤维素膜平铺在聚乳酸网骨架上,以3~5MPa的压力冷压2~4min成型,将冷压后的膜片翻面后重新放入模具,再向膜片上平铺一层细菌纤维素膜,以3~5MPa的压力二次冷压2~4min后脱模,即得易降解耐紫外线农用地膜。
实例1
首先将蒙脱土放入球磨机中研磨1h后过500目筛得到蒙脱土粉末,按质量比为1:1将蒙脱土和桃胶混合后装入发酵罐中,再向罐中加入桃胶总质量3倍的蒸馏水,加热至50℃后搅拌混合20min;待上述搅拌结束后自然冷却至室温,所得混合物为发酵底物,按接种量为5%向发酵底物中接入枯草芽孢杆菌,密封罐口在35℃下保温发酵5天,发酵结束后过滤得到滤渣,将滤渣冷冻干燥后即得改性蒙脱土;随后按重量份数计,称取10份上述改性蒙脱土、10份茶多酚和80份聚乳酸依次放入反应釜中,加热升温至220℃,搅拌熔融30min得到混合熔体,将混合熔体输入纺丝组件中,在管式牵伸器中以4000m/min的气流牵伸速度进行牵伸,并通过摆片式摆丝器分丝铺网,将铺网输入水刺区域,在8MPa的水压下固结成网,以 80℃温度烘干,即得200目聚乳酸网骨架,备用;再按重量份数计,称取2份葡萄糖、0.5份蛋白胨、0.5份酵母粉、0.2份磷酸氢二钠、0.1份柠檬酸和90份蒸馏水混合均匀后放入高温灭菌罐中,在120℃下灭菌10min后得到细菌发酵培养液;再按接种量为10%将木醋杆菌接入上述细菌发酵培养液中,放入恒温电热培养箱中,在30℃下静置培养7天,待培养结束后,用镊子取出培养液表面漂浮的细菌纤维素膜,用蒸馏水冲洗3次后浸入浓度为0.1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中,加热升温至70℃浸泡50min,取出后再次用蒸馏水冲洗3次,得到半透明状细菌纤维素膜;最后将备用的聚乳酸网骨架平铺在不锈钢模具中,再将上述得到的细菌纤维素膜平铺在聚乳酸网骨架上,以3MPa的压力冷压2min成型,将冷压后的膜片翻面后重新放入模具,再向膜片上平铺一层细菌纤维素膜,以3MPa的压力二次冷压2min后脱模,即得易降解耐紫外线农用地膜。
本实例操作简便,使用时,首先对农田进行深翻、施底肥工序,随后沿农田四周挖一条宽20cm、深10cm的浅沟,随后将本发明制得的易降解耐紫外线农用地膜埋进浅沟里用土盖上定位,再将地膜拉至另一边剪断后埋进浅沟,最后将地膜四周拉平并放进浅沟并撒土将浅沟中地膜边沿覆盖填平,再在地膜上打孔种植作物即可。经检测,本发明制得的农用地膜断裂伸长率为850%,横向拉伸强度24MPa,同时,本发明农用地膜具有较好的生物降解性,在土壤中完全降解周期4个月,且本发明农用地膜抗紫外线、耐氧化性能较好,对紫外光屏蔽率达97%,使用寿命达26个月。
实例2
首先将蒙脱土放入球磨机中研磨2h后过500目筛得到蒙脱土粉末,按质量比为1:1将蒙脱土和桃胶混合后装入发酵罐中,再向罐中加入桃胶总质量4倍的蒸馏水,加热至55℃后搅拌混合25min;待上述搅拌结束后自然冷却至室温,所得混合物为发酵底物,按接种量为5%向发酵底物中接入枯草芽孢杆菌,密封罐口在38℃下保温发酵6天,发酵结束后过滤得到滤渣,将滤渣冷冻干燥后即得改性蒙脱土;随后按重量份数计,称取13份上述改性蒙脱土、13份茶多酚和85份聚乳酸依次放入反应釜中,加热升温至230℃,搅拌熔融35min得到混合熔体,将混合熔体输入纺丝组件中,在管式牵伸器中以5500m/min的气流牵伸速度进行牵伸,并通过摆片式摆丝器分丝铺网,将铺网输入水刺区域,在9MPa的水压下固结成网,以 85℃温度烘干,即得250目聚乳酸网骨架,备用;再按重量份数计,称取3份葡萄糖、0.7份蛋白胨、0.7份酵母粉、0.3份磷酸氢二钠、0.2份柠檬酸和93份蒸馏水混合均匀后放入高温灭菌罐中,在123℃下灭菌13min后得到细菌发酵培养液;再按接种量为10%将木醋杆菌接入上述细菌发酵培养液中,放入恒温电热培养箱中,在33℃下静置培养8天,待培养结束后,用镊子取出培养液表面漂浮的细菌纤维素膜,用蒸馏水冲洗4次后浸入浓度为0.1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中,加热升温至75℃浸泡60min,取出后再次用蒸馏水冲洗4次,得到半透明状细菌纤维素膜;最后将备用的聚乳酸网骨架平铺在不锈钢模具中,再将上述得到的细菌纤维素膜平铺在聚乳酸网骨架上,以4MPa的压力冷压3min成型,将冷压后的膜片翻面后重新放入模具,再向膜片上平铺一层细菌纤维素膜,以4MPa的压力二次冷压3min后脱模,即得易降解耐紫外线农用地膜。
本实例操作简便,使用时,首先对农田进行深翻、施底肥工序,随后沿农田四周挖一条宽20cm、深10cm的浅沟,随后将本发明制得的易降解耐紫外线农用地膜埋进浅沟里用土盖上定位,再将地膜拉至另一边剪断后埋进浅沟,最后将地膜四周拉平并放进浅沟并撒土将浅沟中地膜边沿覆盖填平,再在地膜上打孔种植作物即可。经检测,本发明制得的农用地膜断裂伸长率为920%,横向拉伸强度26MPa,同时,本发明农用地膜具有较好的生物降解性,在土壤中完全降解周期5个月,且本发明农用地膜抗紫外线、耐氧化性能较好,对紫外光屏蔽率达98%,使用寿命达27个月。
实例3
首先将蒙脱土放入球磨机中研磨2h后过500目筛得到蒙脱土粉末,按质量比为1:1将蒙脱土和桃胶混合后装入发酵罐中,再向罐中加入桃胶总质量5倍的蒸馏水,加热至60℃后搅拌混合30min;待上述搅拌结束后自然冷却至室温,所得混合物为发酵底物,按接种量为5%向发酵底物中接入枯草芽孢杆菌,密封罐口在40℃下保温发酵7天,发酵结束后过滤得到滤渣,将滤渣冷冻干燥后即得改性蒙脱土;随后按重量份数计,称取15份上述改性蒙脱土、15份茶多酚和90份聚乳酸依次放入反应釜中,加热升温至240℃,搅拌熔融40min得到混合熔体,将混合熔体输入纺丝组件中,在管式牵伸器中以7000m/min的气流牵伸速度进行牵伸,并通过摆片式摆丝器分丝铺网,将铺网输入水刺区域,在10MPa的水压下固结成网,以90℃温度烘干,即得300目聚乳酸网骨架,备用;再按重量份数计,称取4份葡萄糖、0.8份蛋白胨、0.8份酵母粉、0.4份磷酸氢二钠、0.3份柠檬酸和95份蒸馏水混合均匀后放入高温灭菌罐中,在125℃下灭菌15min后得到细菌发酵培养液;再按接种量为10%将木醋杆菌接入上述细菌发酵培养液中,放入恒温电热培养箱中,在35℃下静置培养9天,待培养结束后,用镊子取出培养液表面漂浮的细菌纤维素膜,用蒸馏水冲洗5次后浸入浓度为0.1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中,加热升温至80℃浸泡70min,取出后再次用蒸馏水冲洗5次,得到半透明状细菌纤维素膜;最后将备用的聚乳酸网骨架平铺在不锈钢模具中,再将上述得到的细菌纤维素膜平铺在聚乳酸网骨架上,以5MPa的压力冷压4min成型,将冷压后的膜片翻面后重新放入模具,再向膜片上平铺一层细菌纤维素膜,以5MPa的压力二次冷压4min后脱模,即得易降解耐紫外线农用地膜。
本实例操作简便,使用时,首先对农田进行深翻、施底肥工序,随后沿农田四周挖一条宽20cm、深10cm的浅沟,随后将本发明制得的易降解耐紫外线农用地膜埋进浅沟里用土盖上定位,再将地膜拉至另一边剪断后埋进浅沟,最后将地膜四周拉平并放进浅沟并撒土将浅沟中地膜边沿覆盖填平,再在地膜上打孔种植作物即可。经检测,本发明制得的农用地膜断裂伸长率为990%,横向拉伸强度28MPa,同时,本发明农用地膜具有较好的生物降解性,在土壤中完全降解周期6个月,且本发明农用地膜抗紫外线、耐氧化性能较好,对紫外光屏蔽率达99%,使用寿命达28个月。
Claims (1)
1.一种易降解耐紫外线农用地膜的制备方法,其特征在于具体制备步骤为:
(1)将蒙脱土放入球磨机中研磨1~2h后过500目筛得到蒙脱土粉末,按质量比为1:1将蒙脱土和桃胶混合后装入发酵罐中,再向罐中加入桃胶总质量3~5倍的蒸馏水,加热至50~60℃后搅拌混合20~30min;
(2)待上述搅拌结束后自然冷却至室温,所得混合物为发酵底物,按接种量为5%向发酵底物中接入枯草芽孢杆菌,密封罐口在35~40℃下保温发酵5~7天,发酵结束后过滤得到滤渣,将滤渣冷冻干燥后即得改性蒙脱土;
(3)按重量份数计,称取10~15份上述改性蒙脱土、10~15份茶多酚和80~90份聚乳酸依次放入反应釜中,加热升温至220~240℃,搅拌熔融30~40min得到混合熔体,将混合熔体输入纺丝组件中,在管式牵伸器中以4000~7000m/min的气流牵伸速度进行牵伸,并通过摆片式摆丝器分丝铺网,将铺网输入水刺区域,在8~10MPa的水压下固结成网,以 80~90℃温度烘干,即得200~300目聚乳酸网骨架,备用;
(4)按重量份数计,称取2~4份葡萄糖、0.5~0.8份蛋白胨、0.5~0.8份酵母粉、0.2~0.4份磷酸氢二钠、0.1~0.3份柠檬酸和90~95份蒸馏水混合均匀后放入高温灭菌罐中,在120~125℃下灭菌10~15min后得到细菌发酵培养液;
(5)按接种量为10%将木醋杆菌接入上述细菌发酵培养液中,放入恒温电热培养箱中,在30~35℃下静置培养7~9天,待培养结束后,用镊子取出培养液表面漂浮的细菌纤维素膜,用蒸馏水冲洗3~5次后浸入浓度为0.1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中,加热升温至70~80℃浸泡50~70min,取出后再次用蒸馏水冲洗3~5次,得到半透明状细菌纤维素膜;
(6)将备用的聚乳酸网骨架平铺在不锈钢模具中,再将上述得到的细菌纤维素膜平铺在聚乳酸网骨架上,以3~5MPa的压力冷压2~4min成型,将冷压后的膜片翻面后重新放入模具,再向膜片上平铺一层细菌纤维素膜,以3~5MPa的压力二次冷压2~4min后脱模,即得易降解耐紫外线农用地膜。
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