CN106655128A - Partial power off control system of distribution network and distribution network system - Google Patents
Partial power off control system of distribution network and distribution network system Download PDFInfo
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- CN106655128A CN106655128A CN201611227140.8A CN201611227140A CN106655128A CN 106655128 A CN106655128 A CN 106655128A CN 201611227140 A CN201611227140 A CN 201611227140A CN 106655128 A CN106655128 A CN 106655128A
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- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002592 echocardiography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 206010003830 Automatism Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
- H02H7/28—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured for meshed systems
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- H02J13/0006—
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y04S10/20—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution using protection elements, arrangements or systems
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- Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses a partial power off control system of a distribution network and a distribution network system. According to the partial power off control system of the distribution network, column smart switches are installed on each outgoing line of a power system, a main transformer of the power system is grounded through an arc suppression coil, and the column smart switches can determine single-phase grounding faults. The column smart switches for determining single-phase grounding faults are installed on each outgoing line in a distribution manner, when the line has faults, the line sending the faults can be cut off intelligently, fault information and specific positions of the faults are sent to a main station and a preset smart terminal of an operation and maintenance person through short messages, so that the single-phase grounding faults are determined accurately, and the power can be provided for users in mountains more reliably.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to power system automation technology field, is to be related to a kind of power-off of power distribution network local in particular
Control system and distribution network system.
Background technology
Requirement more and more higher of all kinds of power consumers to power supply reliability.Power supply reliability can be characterized by power off time,
Following measures are typically taken to reduce power off time, to improve power supply reliability：(1) the power supply unit scheduled overhaul time is optimized,
Reduce the scheduled outage time；(2) reliability of power supply unit itself is greatly improved, the planned preventive repair time is delayed, shortens plan inspection
The time is repaiied, the measure needs to increase great amount of investment, and renewal of the equipment is regenerated and is likely to cause long-time to have a power failure；(3) run equipment to exist
Line states are monitored, and on the one hand avoid the power off time required for the traditional periodic inspection under equipment state in good health, the opposing party
Face prevents it from developing into failure and causing trouble property is stopped by taking to hidden trouble of equipment early warning and in time maintenance maintenance measure
Electric event；(4) distribution network operation automatization level is improved comprehensively, realize fault automatic location, automatism isolation, recover automatically, make
Fault outage time, power failure range can obtain reduction as much as possible and reduce.
At present, complete distribution automation system includes distribution main website, substation and terminal, by ca bin
(FTU), switching station's terminal unit (DTU) and remote-terminal unit (RTU) are transported to the voltage on circuit, equipment, electric current, power etc.
Row information is acquired, and by communication channel, useful information is uploaded to into distribution main website carries out aggregation process.And simple distribution
In net feed line automatization system (FA), only with ca bin FTU.It is different according to power distribution network scene service condition, automatically
Changing terminal can both take " passive " mode for waiting main website order to be operated, it is also possible to take treatment in situ to operate and report
" active " mode of main website operation result information.The former is referred to as centralized distribution network automated scheme, it is adaptable to city confession
Based on electric system, there is the power distribution network of the reliable communicating mode such as optical fiber；The latter is referred to as Distributed power automation scheme, is adapted to
In the rural area using wireless communication mode, the power distribution network in mountain area area.
In distribution feeder automation system flow, line fault judges the ring for being most critical, distribution network line event
Barrier is divided into two big class：Short trouble and singlephase earth fault.The judgement of short trouble is relatively easy with excision, actual motion
In the failure relay protection devices it is also fairly perfect with function, but be disadvantageous in that for most of distribution network systems, still adopt
Failure is eliminated with the mode for cut-offfing switch excision whole piece faulty line in station, power failure coverage is larger.Need on the line
Fault section isolation is out had a power failure using the switch with automation function, other normal segments restore electricity in time.For list
Phase earth fault, because China's distribution network line adopts the small current neutral grounding method of operation, the in addition operation of distribution network system itself
Situation state complex is changeable, and failure electric characteristic amount when there is singlephase earth fault in system is not obvious, causes faulty line
And position judgment is difficult, this also causes the one-phase earthing failure in electric distribution network of small current neutral grounding system to become perplex for many years China's distribution
One of difficult problem of network operation.
Current China urban area power distribution network more adopts buried cable or suspended insulated guide wire form, circuit to occur short
Road is relatively low with the probability of singlephase earth fault.And in rural area and mountain region area, for economics, still mainly use
Overhead bare conductor mode laying-out, at ordinary times due to the accident etc. of various natures or artificial origin, single-phase earthing accident is more,
Especially in mountain region area, in the winter time in the case of wind and snow or summer Thunderstorm Weather, it is easy to which circuit single-phase earthing feelings occur in succession
Condition, it is often uncomfortable that part single-phase earthing can also further deteriorate atrocious weather condition when occurring for short trouble, and failure
Outgoing line patrolling maintenance is closed, first whole piece line outage wait weather can only take a turn for the better could start maintenance；If faulty section can be realized
Section automatic excision with isolate, mountain area customer power supply reliability will be significantly improved.Therefore, mountain area distribution feeder is studied
Automation application, with important practical significance and value.
The content of the invention
In view of this, the invention provides a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system and distribution network system, existing to solve
Have in technology for mountain area customer power supply when, if there is singlephase earth fault, and severe weather conditions cannot carry out just
Often maintenance, reduces the problem of mountain area customer power supply reliability.
For achieving the above object, the present invention provides following technical scheme：
A kind of power distribution network local power-off control system, including：Intelligently open in mounting post in every outlet of power system
Close, the main transformer Jing grounding through arc of the power system, the achievable singlephase earth fault of intelligent switch is sentenced on the post
It is disconnected.
Wherein, intelligent switch is carried out data transmission with main website by the communication channel that public network operator provides on the post.
Wherein, the communication channel that the public network operator provides includes：GPRS and SMS communication.
A kind of distribution network system system, it is described comprising the power distribution network local power-off control system described in above-mentioned any one
Power distribution network local power-off control system includes：The intelligent switch in mounting post in every outlet of power system, the power train
The main transformer Jing grounding through arc of system, intelligent switch is capable of achieving singlephase earth fault judgement on the post, when on the post
When intelligent switch judges singlephase earth fault occurs on circuit, failure letter can be uploaded to main website by intelligent switch on the post
Breath, while sending short message report fault message to the intelligent terminal of operating maintenance personnel set in advance.
Wherein, the main website is used for the detailed displaying of fault message and record statistics is used.
Wherein, intelligent switch can be implemented separately to operation set in advance under the main website not ruuning situation on the post
The intelligent terminal of maintainer sends short message report fault message.
Understand via above-mentioned technical scheme, compared with prior art, the invention discloses a kind of power-off of power distribution network local
Control system and distribution network system, power distribution network local power-off control system includes：Pacify in every outlet of power system
Intelligent switch on dress post, the main transformer Jing grounding through arc of power system, intelligent switch is capable of achieving single-phase earthing event on post
Barrier judges.The present invention can realize intelligent switch on the post that one-way earth fault judges by the installation on occurring per bar, online
When road is broken down, the circuit cut-out of failure intelligently can will be sent, and by the particular location of fault message and failure by short
Letter message is sent to the intelligent terminal of main website and operating maintenance personnel set in advance, realizes that singlephase earth fault accurately judges,
Improve mountain area customer power supply reliability.
Description of the drawings
In order to be illustrated more clearly that the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing
The accompanying drawing to be used needed for having technology description is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only this
Inventive embodiment, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can be with basis
The accompanying drawing of offer obtains other accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system structural representation provided in an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is three-phase voltage current and residual voltage current waveform schematic diagram on circuit 1；
Fig. 3 is three-phase voltage current and residual voltage current waveform schematic diagram on circuit 2；
Fig. 4 is that intelligent switch action is illustrated on certain mountain area level Four sectionalized line short trouble post provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Figure.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete
Site preparation is described, it is clear that described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the invention, rather than the embodiment of whole.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, it is every other that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained under the premise of creative work is not made
Embodiment, belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
If a kind of more reliable singlephase earth fault determination methods can be found, and it is applied in line switching, from
And cause system when there is singlephase earth fault, be close on circuit the switch of fault section can make accurately response, judge,
Automatically cut off corresponding failure section, and fault message is sent to into operation carries out in-situ processing with maintainer, can greatly improve
Distribution network reliability.
The present invention proposes a kind of singlephase earth fault algorithm applied in electric distribution network overhead wire pvs (pole-mounted vacuum switch),
It is replaced by the intelligent pole with the single-phase earthing arbitration functions by the common on-pole switch on pilot transformer station line outlet
Switch, realizes the accurate judgement to singlephase earth fault, and the realization for distribution feeder automation provides key equipment, tool
There is important actual application value.
Accompanying drawing 1 is referred to, Fig. 1 is a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system structural representation provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Figure.As shown in figure 1, the invention discloses a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system, specifically includes：In power system per bar
Intelligent switch in mounting post in outlet, such as install on a post intelligent switch 2 on intelligent switch 1 and post in every outlet,
The Jing arc suppression coils 3 of main transformer 4 of the power system are grounded, and intelligent switch 1 or 2 is capable of achieving singlephase earth fault on the post
Judge.
Wherein, intelligent switch is carried out data transmission with main website by the communication channel that public network operator provides on the post.
Wherein, the communication channel that the public network operator provides includes：GPRS and SMS communication.
Specifically, it is specifically specific in actual physics simulated experiment analysis by the present invention, refer to accompanying drawing 1, Fig. 1
Judge pilot system figure for singlephase earth fault.For verifying the actual physics simulated test system with two outlets of this algorithm
System, all installs the intelligent switch, main transformer Jing grounding through arc in every outlet, system total capacitance electric current is 15A, is simulated
Test is as follows：
If earth fault is located at circuit 1：The measurement of intelligence 1 on switch column obtains three-phase voltage current and zero sequence electricity on circuit 1
Current voltage waveform is as shown in Figure 2.After failure occurs, zero-sequence current is 6.3A on circuit 1.In Fig. 2 lower section be using db4 small echos with
HFS extraction of values waveform of the db5 small echos to zero-sequence current.As can be seen that there is moment in failure, zero-sequence current has one
Higher high fdrequency component, extracts db small echo high frequency values, is compared with other section of high frequency value mean value of small echo in the power frequency period
Compared with, a multiple is obtained, as shown in table 1, the threshold value that failure judgement is arranged herein is 30 to the multiple value that db4-8 small echos are obtained, institute
There is multiple value more than 30, it can be determined that to obtain the switch place circuit i.e. circuit 1 for singlephase earth fault circuit.
Table 1
If earth fault is located at circuit 2：The measurement of intelligent switch 1 on post obtains three-phase voltage current and zero sequence electricity on circuit 2
Current voltage waveform is as shown in Figure 3.After failure occurs, zero-sequence current is 3.2A on circuit 1.Lower section is equally little using db4 in Fig. 3
Ripple and HFS extraction of values waveform of the db5 small echos to zero-sequence current.The multiple value that db4-8 small echos are obtained is as shown in table 2.Herein
Arrange failure judgement threshold value be 30, all multiple values be less than the value, it can be determined that the switch place circuit be circuit 1 not
It is singlephase earth fault circuit.
Table 2
Method according to providing in the present invention, in realistic simulation test, demonstrates the accurate of institute's extracting method in the present invention
Property.
Singlephase earth fault determination methods in the present invention, are applied to be provided with intelligent switch on post in every outlet, and
The circuit of main transformer Jing grounding through arc, the method includes：Obtain the three-phase voltage current and zero sequence electricity on detection circuit
Current voltage oscillogram；Low-and high-frequency decomposition is carried out to residual voltage electric current using db4-db8 wavelet functions, residual voltage is respectively obtained
The high frequency waveforms figure of electric current；High frequency waveforms figure high frequency mutation value is extracted, the corresponding low-and high-frequency of db4-db8 wavelet functions is calculated respectively
Component ratio；When high-low frequency weight ratio has at least three to exceed predetermined threshold value, then judge that detection circuit occurs single-phase earthing event
Barrier.The present invention is carried out point by the decomposition and reconstruction of small echo to the frequency spectrum Characteristics of Mutation information during single-phase earth fault transient
Analysis, according to frequency spectrum diverse location mutation value different effective criterion attributes are chosen, and judge whether place circuit occurs earth fault,
So as to realize being whether judgement that the circuit occurs earth fault, it is possible to achieve one-phase earthing failure in electric distribution network it is automatically fixed
Position, and reach trouble point is accurately positioned.
The invention discloses a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system, the power distribution network local power-off control system bag
Include：The intelligent switch in mounting post in every outlet of power system, the main transformer Jing grounding through arc of power system, post
Upper intelligent switch is capable of achieving singlephase earth fault and judges.The present invention can realize unidirectional ground connection event by installing on occurring per bar
Intelligent switch on the post that barrier judges, in line failure, intelligently can will send the circuit cut-out of failure, and failure is believed
The particular location of breath and failure is sent to the intelligent terminal of main website and operating maintenance personnel set in advance by short message, real
Show singlephase earth fault accurately to judge, improve mountain area customer power supply reliability.
The present invention on the basis of a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system disclosed above, the invention also discloses one
Plant distribution network system system.
Specifically, a kind of distribution network system system, comprising the power distribution network local power-off control system described in above-mentioned any one
System, power distribution network local power-off control system includes：The intelligent switch in mounting post in every outlet of power system, for example
Intelligent switch 2 on intelligent switch 1 and post is installed on a post, the Jing of main transformer 4 of the power system disappears in every outlet
Arc coil 3 is grounded, and intelligent switch 1 or 2 is capable of achieving singlephase earth fault judgement on the post.When intelligent switch judges on the post
When there is singlephase earth fault on circuit, fault message can be uploaded to main website by intelligent switch on the post, while to advance
The intelligent terminal of the operating maintenance personnel of setting sends short message report fault message.
Wherein, the main website is used for the detailed displaying of fault message and record statistics is used.
Wherein, intelligent switch can be implemented separately to operation set in advance under the main website not ruuning situation on the post
The intelligent terminal of maintainer sends short message report fault message.
According to the present invention, adopting trolley line, circuit distance, user's dispersion to install on circuit current mountain route more
Intelligent switch does not typically adopt private network optical-fibre communications with the information communication of main website, but the communication provided by public network operator is believed
Road is carried out, such as common GPRS and SMS communication.The communication robust of such communication condition is not high, and information real-time is also difficult to
Ensure, therefore distribution network automated suitable employing distributed schemes, now to realize on circuit fault automatic location and isolate, need
Want applied voltage time type strategy.
Fig. 4 is that intelligent switch action is illustrated on certain mountain area level Four sectionalized line short trouble post provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Figure.Fig. 4 (a)：During normal operation, in addition to interconnection switch is off, rest switch is in closure state；Fig. 4 (b)：
Switch on circuit between 2 and switch 3 and singlephase earth fault occurs, interior switch of standing is kept closed motionless, the judgement ground connection of switch 2
Tripping operation excision failure, switch 3 after failure, switch 4 is because of dead electricity separating brake；Fig. 4 (c)：Switch 2 is overlapped, because of singlephase earth fault
Still suffer from, switch 2 unsuccessful reclosings, locking after 2 unsuccessful reclosings of switch, switch 3 detects 2 unsuccessful reclosings of switch, also closes
Lock, so as to realize the isolation to fault section；Fig. 4 (d)：4 automatic closings are switched, is recovered non-faulting section and is powered.
From the analysis of operative action, short circuit judges it is the key content in Distributed power automation scheme.
Find in trial operation, the singlephase earth fault for having more than half is temporary fault, at one or two minute even more
Can die away in short time.Therefore for the separating brake of singlephase earth fault should arrange relatively long delay time, so may be used
To avoid because this temporary singlephase earth fault causes the problem of the frequent power failure of system.
In sum, the invention discloses a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system and distribution network system, the distribution
Net local power-off control system includes：The intelligent switch in mounting post in every outlet of power system, the main transformer of power system
Depressor Jing grounding through arc, intelligent switch is capable of achieving singlephase earth fault judgement on post.The present invention per bar by occurring
Installation can realize intelligent switch on the post of one-way earth fault judgement, in line failure, intelligently can will send event
The circuit cut-out of barrier, and the particular location of fault message and failure is sent to main website and fortune set in advance by short message
The intelligent terminal of row maintainer, realizes that singlephase earth fault accurately judges, improves mountain area customer power supply reliability.
It should be noted that each embodiment in this specification is described by the way of progressive, each embodiment weight
Point explanation is all difference with other embodiment, between each embodiment identical similar part mutually referring to.
Method proposed by the invention is exemplarily described above in association with accompanying drawing, the explanation of above example is
It is used to help understand the core concept of the present invention.For one of ordinary skill in the art, according to the thought of the present invention, concrete
Will change in embodiment and range of application, such as front-rear axle has motor to participate in the hybrid power system for driving.
In sum, this specification content should not be construed as limiting the invention.
The foregoing description of the disclosed embodiments, enables professional and technical personnel in the field to realize or using the present invention.
Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent for those skilled in the art, as defined herein
General Principle can be realized in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.Therefore, the present invention
The embodiments shown herein is not intended to be limited to, and is to fit to and principles disclosed herein and features of novelty phase one
The most wide scope for causing.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of power distribution network local power-off control system, it is characterised in that include：The mounting post in every outlet of power system
Upper intelligent switch, the main transformer Jing grounding through arc of the power system, intelligent switch is capable of achieving single-phase connecing on the post
Earth fault judges.
2. power distribution network local according to claim 1 power-off control system, it is characterised in that on the post intelligent switch with
Main website is carried out data transmission by the communication channel that public network operator provides.
3. power distribution network local according to claim 2 power-off control system, it is characterised in that the public network operator provides
Communication channel include：GPRS and SMS communication.
4. a kind of distribution network system system, it is characterised in that the distribution in 1-3 described in any one is required comprising aforesaid right
Net local power-off control system, power distribution network local power-off control system includes：Install in every outlet of power system
Intelligent switch on post, the main transformer Jing grounding through arc of the power system, intelligent switch is capable of achieving single-phase on the post
Earth fault judges, when intelligent switch judges singlephase earth fault occurs on circuit on the post, can be by intelligence on the post
Can switch to main website and upload fault message, while sending short message report to the intelligent terminal of operating maintenance personnel set in advance
Accuse fault message.
5. distribution network system system according to claim 4, it is characterised in that the main website is used for the detailed of fault message
Show and record statistics to use.
6. distribution network system system according to claim 4, it is characterised in that intelligent switch is in the main website on the post
Can not be implemented separately under ruuning situation to the intelligent terminal of operating maintenance personnel set in advance and send short message report failure
Information.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611227140.8A CN106655128B (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | A kind of power distribution network part power-off control system and distribution network system |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611227140.8A CN106655128B (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | A kind of power distribution network part power-off control system and distribution network system |
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| CN106655128A true CN106655128A (en) | 2017-05-10 |
| CN106655128B CN106655128B (en) | 2019-10-08 |
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| CN107784485A (en) * | 2018-01-22 | 2018-03-09 | 柴建霖 | A kind of grid equipment state evaluation system |
| CN110703039A (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2020-01-17 | 国网浙江宁波市奉化区供电有限公司 | Rapid positioning method for distribution network line fault |
| CN111638469A (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2020-09-08 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | Disconnection fault analysis and positioning method based on DMS system |
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| CN110703039A (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2020-01-17 | 国网浙江宁波市奉化区供电有限公司 | Rapid positioning method for distribution network line fault |
| CN111638469A (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2020-09-08 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | Disconnection fault analysis and positioning method based on DMS system |
| CN111638469B (en) * | 2020-04-20 | 2022-07-26 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | Disconnection fault analysis and positioning method based on DMS system |
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