CN106645227A - Calibration method and system for filament current of X-ray tube - Google Patents

Calibration method and system for filament current of X-ray tube Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106645227A
CN106645227A CN201710040799.0A CN201710040799A CN106645227A CN 106645227 A CN106645227 A CN 106645227A CN 201710040799 A CN201710040799 A CN 201710040799A CN 106645227 A CN106645227 A CN 106645227A
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Prior art keywords
current value
ray tube
filament
current
calibration
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CN201710040799.0A
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CN106645227B (en
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黄炜钦
饶玉明
郑伟斌
王益民
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Shen Tu Medical Imaging Device Co Ltd Of Shenzhen
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Shen Tu Medical Imaging Device Co Ltd Of Shenzhen
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/04Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
    • G01N23/046Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2223/00Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
    • G01N2223/30Accessories, mechanical or electrical features
    • G01N2223/303Accessories, mechanical or electrical features calibrating, standardising

Abstract

The invention is applicable to the field of medical instruments and provides a calibration method for filament current of an X-ray tube. The calibration method comprises the following steps: acquiring current values of the X-ray tube for multiple times, calculating an average current value, judging whether the current filament current value conforms to a preset current value of a current level to be calibrated of the X-ray tube according to the average current value, if the current filament current value does not conform to the preset current value, calibrating the filament current value, carrying out the step of acquiring the current values of the X-ray tube for multiple times and calculating the average current value again, if the current filament current value conforms to the preset current value, saving the filament current value, and ending the calibration. According to the calibration method for the filament current of the X-ray tube, whether the current filament current value conforms to the preset current value of the X-ray tube can be judged only according to the average current value, and a user can know whether the filament current value is proper without a large number of tests; the calibration time is short, and the number of times of anode exposure is reduced; meanwhile, judgment and calibration are carried out according to the average current value obtained by multiple samplings and calculation; the precision of the calibrated current is high.

Description

A kind of calibration steps and system of X-ray tube heater current
Technical field
The invention belongs to medical instruments field, more particularly to a kind of calibration steps and system of X-ray tube heater current.
Background technology
Tomography X (Computed Tomography, abbreviation CT) equipment is that a kind of conventional medical diagnosis sets It is standby.CT equipment is by by examining human exposure X-ray and receiving the X-ray penetrated by inspection human body, forming to present and receive The photographs of organ-tissue form in inspection human body.In CT equipment, X-ray is to be generated and transmitted by out by X-ray tube.
X-ray tube is actually the cathode-ray diode of a big high vacuum, and it has negative electrode and anode, in negative electrode On be provided with filament.In the course of work of X-ray tube, by adding electric current to cathode filament so that filament heating is simultaneously produced from Converged by electronics, then to negative and positive the two poles of the earth high voltage, it is cloudy under High Voltage electric field driven because negative and positive the two poles of the earth electrical potential difference increases suddenly Free electron beam on the filament of pole in active state will clash into and occur energy conversion, a part of electric energy to anode molybdenum-base tungsten target It is converted into X-ray to be launched by window, another part electric energy is converted into heat energy and is distributed by cooling system.Wherein, negative electrode is supplied The electric current of filament is referred to as heater current, and the voltage between negative and positive the two poles of the earth is referred to as tube voltage, and the electronics that filament heating is produced is in the moon The electric current that on the sunny side hypervelocity is moved and formed under positive the two poles of the earth high voltage electric field effect is referred to as tube current (also referred to as mA).
When each X-ray tube is produced, the characterisitic parameter for obtaining X-ray tube, the characterisitic parameter is needed to include heater current With the corresponding relation of the electric current of X-ray tube, and the heater current of X-ray tube is calibrated by high pressure generator, obtained at present The common method for taking the characterisitic parameter of X-ray tube is gradually to increase method by heater current, but is increased using heater current Pattern calibrates that current precision out is inadequate, prover time length, X-ray because filament has that heating is uneven The anode multiexposure, multiple exposure of pipe causes the serious shortcoming of anode heating, affects the service life of X-ray tube.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved is the calibration steps and system for providing a kind of X-ray tube heater current, Aim to solve the problem that in prior art carry out occurring when heater current is calibrated current precision not enough, the sun of prover time length, X-ray tube Pole multiexposure, multiple exposure causes the serious problem of anode heating.
The present invention is achieved in that a kind of calibration steps of X-ray tube heater current, including:
The current value of multi collect X-ray tube, and calculate average current value;
To be calibrated current gear of the current filament current value if appropriate for the X-ray tube is judged according to the average current value The pre-set current value of position;
If being not suitable for, the filament current value is calibrated, and perform the electric current of the multi collect X-ray tube The step of being worth, and calculate average current value;
If being adapted to, the filament current value is preserved, and terminate calibration.
Further, the current value of the multi collect X-ray tube, and calculate average current value and include:
In preset time, according to preset time interval collection the current value of the X-ray tube is flow through;
According to the current value of the X-ray tube collected in the preset time, the calculating X-ray tube is when described preset Interior average current value;
It is then described to judge current filament current value if appropriate for the to be calibrated of the X-ray tube according to the average current value The pre-set current value of electric current gear includes:
Judge the average current value whether in the error range of pre-set current value;
If judging that the current filament current value is adapted to the default electricity of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube Flow valuve, if not existing, judges that the current filament current value is not suitable for the default electricity of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube Flow valuve.
Further, it is described calibration is carried out to the filament current value to include:
According to the current value and the corresponding relation of filament current value of X-ray tube, the corresponding mesh of the pre-set current value is obtained Mark filament current value;
The corresponding actual lamp filaments current value of the pre-set current value is obtained according to preset identification parameter algorithm;
Calculate the departure of the target filament current value and the actual lamp filaments current value;
The filament current value is calibrated according to the departure.
Further, it is described that the corresponding actual lamp filaments electric current of the average current value is obtained according to preset identification parameter algorithm Value includes:
The pre-set current value is represented with I, respectively with I1And I2Pre-set current value in expression twice, with Fdata1Represent I1 Corresponding filament current value, with Fdata2Represent I2Corresponding filament current value, with FdataRepresent that the pre-set current value is corresponding Actual lamp filaments current value, then:
Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I1-I2)]*(I-I1)+Fdata1
Further, described preservation also includes after the filament current value:
Whether the electric current gear all to be calibrated for judging the X-ray tube is fully completed calibration, if completing, terminates school It is accurate;
If not completing, perform described the step of calibrate to the filament current value.
Present invention also offers a kind of calibration system of X-ray tube heater current, including:
Current acquisition unit, for the current value of multi collect X-ray tube, and calculates average current value;
Electric current judging unit, for judging that current filament current value is penetrated if appropriate for the X according to the average current value The pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of spool;
Judge performance element, if for being not suitable for, calibrating to the filament current value, and indicate that the electric current is adopted Collection unit performs the current value of the multi collect X-ray tube, and the step of calculate average current value, if being adapted to, preserves institute Filament current value is stated, and terminates calibration.
Further, the current acquisition unit specifically for:
In preset time, the current value of the X-ray tube is flow through according to preset time interval collection, according to described preset The current value of the X-ray tube collected in the time, calculates average current value of the X-ray tube in the preset time;
Then the electric current judging unit specifically for:
The average current value is judged whether in the error range of pre-set current value, if working as headlight described in judgement Silk current value is adapted to the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube, if not existing, judges the current filament Current value is not suitable for the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube.
Further, the judgement performance element includes:
Desired value acquisition module, for according to the corresponding relation of the current value of X-ray tube and filament current value, obtaining described The corresponding target filament current value of pre-set current value;
Departure computing module, for obtaining the corresponding actual lamp of the pre-set current value according to preset identification parameter algorithm Silk current value, calculates the departure of the target filament current value and the actual lamp filaments current value;
Current value calibration module, for being calibrated to the filament current value according to the departure.
Further, the departure computing module specifically for:
The pre-set current value is represented with I, respectively with I1And I2Pre-set current value in expression twice, with Fdata1Represent I1 Corresponding filament current value, with Fdata2Represent I2Corresponding filament current value, with FdataRepresent that the pre-set current value is corresponding Actual lamp filaments current value, then:
Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I1-I2)]*(I-I1)+Fdata1
Further, the judgement performance element is additionally operable to:
Whether the electric current gear all to be calibrated for judging the X-ray tube is fully completed calibration, if completing, terminates school It is accurate;
If not completing, perform described the step of calibrate to the filament current value.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effect is the present invention:In embodiments of the present invention, by multi collect X-ray The current value of pipe, and average current value is calculated, judge current filament current value if appropriate for the X-ray tube with the average current value Pre-set current value, if be adapted to, preserve the filament current value, if being not suitable for, re-start calibration.By the present embodiment, Only need to just can interpolate that current filament current value is the pre-set current value of enough suitable X-ray tube by average current value, because Need not move through a large amount of tests may know that filament current value if appropriate for, prover time is short, reduces anode exposure frequency, while Because being calculated average current value according to multiple repairing weld to be judged and calibrated, the current precision calibrated out is high, during calibration Between it is short.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of flow chart of the calibration steps of X-ray tube heater current that one embodiment of the invention is provided;
Fig. 2 is a kind of structural representation of the calibration system of X-ray tube heater current that another embodiment of the present invention is provided;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of judgement performance element provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
In order that the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention become more apparent, it is right below in conjunction with drawings and Examples The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is only to explain the present invention, and It is not used in the restriction present invention.
Fig. 1 shows a kind of calibration steps of X-ray tube heater current provided in an embodiment of the present invention, including:
S101, the current value of multi collect X-ray tube, and calculate average current value;
S102, judges current filament current value if appropriate for the to be calibrated of the X-ray tube according to the average current value The pre-set current value of electric current gear;
S103, if being not suitable for, calibrates to the filament current value, and return to step S101;
S104, if being adapted to, preserves the filament current value, and judges to calibrate the electricity all to be calibrated of the X-ray tube Whether stream gear is fully completed calibration, and calibration is terminated if completing;
S105, if not completing, return to step S103.
In above-mentioned steps S101, a sampling time is set with the sampling interval, such as in certain time for proceeding by calibration It is interior, with 50 seconds as sampling time, with 5 seconds as sampling interval, the electric current of X-ray tube is sampled, obtain 10 sample rate currents Value, 10 sampled current values to obtaining carry out average computation, obtain average current value.
Specifically, the conventional electric current gear of X-ray tube includes:10mA、11mA、12.5mA、14mA、16mA、18mA、 20mA、22mA、25mA、28mA、32mA、36mA、40mA、45mA、50mA、56mA、63mA、71mA、80mA、90mA、100mA、 110mA、125mA、140mA、160mA、180mA、200mA、220mA、250mA、280mA、320mA、360mA、400mA、 450mA, 500mA, 560mA, 630mA, the output voltage range of X-ray tube are:40kv-150kv, its stepped voltage is 1kv. In concrete calibration process, typically calibration is proceeded by with the electric current gear of the output voltage of 40kv and 10mA, in step s 102, The error range of one pre-set current value of setting, such as in calibration, sets the current value of X-ray tube as 200mA, and is set for The error range of the average current value calculated in calibration process, such as the error upper limit+5mA of the current value of setting X-ray, and Error floor -5mA, when the average current value for calculating may determine that current heater current in the range of 195mA to 205mA, then Value is adapted to the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube, if the average current value for calculating is not arrived in 195mA In the range of 205mA, then judge that current filament current value is not suitable for the predetermined current of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube Value, needs to calibrate heater current.
In step s 103, if the judged result that step S102 draws is current filament current value is not suitable for the X-ray tube The electric current gear to be calibrated pre-set current value, then need to re-start heater current calibration, specifically calibration steps is:
S1031, according to the current value and the corresponding relation of filament current value of X-ray tube, obtains the pre-set current value pair The target filament current value answered.In this step, current value and heater current of the calibration system according to the X-ray tube for pre-setting The corresponding relation of value, obtains the corresponding target filament current value of the average current value, to be carried out according to the target filament current value Subsequent step.
S1032, according to preset identification parameter algorithm the corresponding actual lamp filaments current value of the pre-set current value is obtained.At this In step, the pre-set current value is represented with I, respectively with I1And I2Pre-set current value in expression twice, with Fdata1Represent I1It is right The filament current value answered, with Fdata2Represent I2Corresponding filament current value, with FdataRepresent the corresponding reality of the pre-set current value Border filament current value, then according to formula Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I-I1)]*(I1-I2)+Fdata1It is calculated default electricity The corresponding actual lamp filaments current value of flow valuve, specifically, in above-mentioned formula, I1Represent the preset of the last X-ray tube for setting Current value, I2The preset current value of the X-ray tube of last setting in expression.For example, the electric current of current time setting X-ray tube Value is I=80mA, and the current value of the X-ray tube of last time setting is I1=63mA, while last filament current value is Fdata1 =4.2A, the current value of the X-ray tube of upper last setting is I2=50mA, while upper last filament current value is Fdata2 =4.0A, then the corresponding filament current value of current time X-ray tube is Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I1-I2)]*(I-I1)+ Fdata1=[(4.2-4.0)/(63-50)] * [80-63]+4.2=4.55mA.When filament is heated with 4.55mA, the pipe electricity of output Flow for I3;The current value I that sampling is returned when such as calibrating3It is more excessive than I deviations set in advance, need to recalibrate:Fdata3= [(Fdata2-Fdata)/(I2-I3)]*(I-I3)+Fdata2
S1033, calculates the departure of the target filament current value and the actual lamp filaments current value.In this step, The calculated actual lamp filaments current value of target filament current value and step S1032 obtained according to step S1031 calculates deviation Amount, it is assumed that the target filament current value that step S1031 is obtained is 4.7mA, then departure=4.55-4.7=-0.15mA, is such as walked The target filament current value that rapid S1031 is obtained is 4.3, then departure=4.55-4.3=0.25mA.
S1034, calibrates according to the departure to the filament current value.In this step, calibration system according to The calculated departure of step S1033 is calibrated.
In step S104, after current electric current gear to be calibrated completes calibration, will be according to preset calibration along continuation school Accurate next electric current gear to be calibrated, after all electric current gear calibration to be calibrated is completed, exits calibration procedure, if having unfinished The electric current gear of calibration, then continue the electric current gear unfinished to this and calibrate.
Above-described embodiment provided by the present invention, it is only necessary to the current value of multi collect preset time internal X-ray pipe, and According to multi collect to current value calculate average current value just can determine current filament current value if appropriate for if uncomfortable Close, then filament current value is calibrated, if being adapted to the filament current value is preserved.Further, according to preset formula pair Currently practical filament current value is calculated, and can accurately calculate the exact value of currently practical filament current value.It is of the invention real Apply example need not move through a large amount of tests may know that filament current value if appropriate for, prover time is short, reduces anode exposure frequency, Simultaneously as be calculated average current value according to multiple repairing weld and being judged and being calibrated, the current precision calibrated out is high.
Present invention also offers a kind of calibration system of X-ray tube heater current as shown in Figure 2, including:
Current acquisition unit 201, for the current value of multi collect X-ray tube, and calculates average current value;
Electric current judging unit 202, for judging current filament current value if appropriate for the X according to the average current value The pre-set current value of ray tube;
Judge performance element 203, if for being not suitable for, calibrating to the filament current value, and indicate the electricity The step of current value of X-ray tube is flow through in the stream collecting unit execution acquisition, if being adapted to, preserves the filament current value, And terminate to calibrate.
Further, current acquisition unit 201 specifically for:
In preset time, the current value of the X-ray tube is flow through according to preset time interval collection, according to described preset The current value of the X-ray tube collected in the time, calculates average current value of the X-ray tube in the preset time;
Then electric current judging unit 202 specifically for:
The average current value is judged whether in the error range of pre-set current value, if working as headlight described in judgement Silk current value is adapted to the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube, if not existing, judges the current filament Current value is not suitable for the pre-set current value of the X-ray tube.
Further, as shown in figure 3, judging that performance element 203 includes:
Desired value acquisition module 2031, for according to the corresponding relation of the current value of X-ray tube and filament current value, obtaining The corresponding target filament current value of the pre-set current value;
Departure computing module 2032, for obtaining the corresponding reality of the pre-set current value according to preset identification parameter algorithm Border filament current value, calculates the departure of the target filament current value and the actual lamp filaments current value;
Current value calibration module 2033, for being calibrated to the filament current value according to the departure.
Further, departure computing module 2032 specifically for:
The pre-set current value is represented with I, respectively with I1And I2Pre-set current value in expression twice, with Fdata1Represent I1 Corresponding filament current value, with Fdata2Represent I2Corresponding filament current value, with FdataRepresent that the pre-set current value is corresponding Actual lamp filaments current value, then:
Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I1-I2)]*(I-I1)+Fdata1
Further, judge that performance element 203 is additionally operable to:
Whether the electric current gear all to be calibrated for judging the X-ray tube is fully completed calibration, if completing, terminates school It is accurate;
If not completing, perform described the step of calibrate to the filament current value.
Presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is the foregoing is only, not to limit the present invention, all essences in the present invention Any modification, equivalent and improvement made within god and principle etc., should be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of calibration steps of X-ray tube heater current, it is characterised in that include:
The current value of multi collect X-ray tube, and calculate average current value;
Judge current filament current value if appropriate for the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube according to the average current value Pre-set current value;
If being not suitable for, the filament current value is calibrated, and perform the current value of the multi collect X-ray tube, and The step of calculating average current value;
If being adapted to, the filament current value is preserved, and terminate calibration.
2. calibration steps as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the current value of the multi collect X-ray tube, and calculate Average current value includes:
In preset time, according to preset time interval collection the current value of the X-ray tube is flow through;
According to the current value of the X-ray tube collected in the preset time, the calculating X-ray tube is in the preset time Average current value;
It is then described that to be calibrated electric current of the current filament current value if appropriate for the X-ray tube is judged according to the average current value The pre-set current value of gear includes:
Judge the average current value whether in the error range of pre-set current value;
If, judge that the current filament current value is adapted to the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube, If not existing, judge that the current filament current value is not suitable for the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube.
3. calibration steps as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that described calibration is carried out to the filament current value to include:
According to the current value and the corresponding relation of filament current value of X-ray tube, the corresponding target lamp of the pre-set current value is obtained Silk current value;
The corresponding actual lamp filaments current value of the pre-set current value is obtained according to preset identification parameter algorithm;
Calculate the departure of the target filament current value and the actual lamp filaments current value;
The filament current value is calibrated according to the departure.
4. calibration steps as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that described to obtain described flat according to preset identification parameter algorithm The corresponding actual lamp filaments current value of current value includes:
The pre-set current value is represented with I, respectively with I1And I2Pre-set current value in expression twice, with Fdata1Represent I1Correspondence Filament current value, with Fdata2Represent I2Corresponding filament current value, with FdataRepresent the corresponding reality of the pre-set current value Filament current value, then:
Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I1-I2)]*(I-I1)+Fdata1
5. the calibration steps as shown in claim 1, it is characterised in that also include after the preservation filament current value:
Whether the electric current gear all to be calibrated for judging the X-ray tube is fully completed calibration, if completing, terminates calibration;
If not completing, perform described the step of calibrate to the filament current value.
6. a kind of calibration system of X-ray tube heater current, it is characterised in that include:
Current acquisition unit, for the current value of multi collect X-ray tube, and calculates average current value;
Electric current judging unit, for judging current filament current value if appropriate for the X-ray tube according to the average current value Electric current gear to be calibrated pre-set current value;
Judge performance element, if for being not suitable for, calibrating to the filament current value, and indicate the current acquisition list Unit performs the current value of the multi collect X-ray tube, and the step of calculate average current value, if being adapted to, preserves the lamp Silk current value, and terminate calibration.
7. calibration system as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that the current acquisition unit specifically for:
In preset time, the current value of the X-ray tube is flow through according to preset time interval collection, according to the preset time The current value of the X-ray tube for inside collecting, calculates average current value of the X-ray tube in the preset time;
Then the electric current judging unit specifically for:
The average current value is judged whether in the error range of pre-set current value, if judging the current filament electricity Flow valuve is adapted to the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube, if not existing, judges the current heater current Value is not suitable for the pre-set current value of the electric current gear to be calibrated of the X-ray tube.
8. calibration system as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that the judgement performance element includes:
Desired value acquisition module, it is described default for according to the corresponding relation of the current value of X-ray tube and filament current value, obtaining The corresponding target filament current value of current value;
Departure computing module, for obtaining the corresponding actual lamp filaments electricity of the pre-set current value according to preset identification parameter algorithm Flow valuve, calculates the departure of the target filament current value and the actual lamp filaments current value;
Current value calibration module, for being calibrated to the filament current value according to the departure.
9. calibration system as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that the departure computing module specifically for:
The pre-set current value is represented with I, respectively with I1And I2Pre-set current value in expression twice, with Fdata1Represent I1Correspondence Filament current value, with Fdata2Represent I2Corresponding filament current value, with FdataRepresent the corresponding reality of the pre-set current value Filament current value, then:
Fdata=[(Fdata1-Fdata2)/(I1-I2)]*(I-I1)+Fdata1
10. calibration system as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that the judgement performance element is additionally operable to:
Whether the electric current gear all to be calibrated for judging the X-ray tube is fully completed calibration, if completing, terminates calibration;
If not completing, perform described the step of calibrate to the filament current value.
CN201710040799.0A 2017-01-20 2017-01-20 Method and system for calibrating filament current of X-ray tube Active CN106645227B (en)

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CN107049347A (en) * 2017-06-14 2017-08-18 珠海和佳医疗设备股份有限公司 The calibration method of X-ray production apparatus tube current
CN108093549A (en) * 2017-12-26 2018-05-29 南宁举医疗电子设备股份有限公司 X-ray tube has an X-rayed heater current upper lower limit value method for self-calibrating
CN109041392A (en) * 2018-09-28 2018-12-18 苏州博思得电气有限公司 Filament bearing calibration, device and electronic equipment
CN112630714A (en) * 2020-11-30 2021-04-09 深圳市科陆电子科技股份有限公司 Intelligent fusion terminal error calibration method and intelligent fusion terminal

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