CN106631278B - Full-control industrialized production method of straw mushrooms and culture medium thereof - Google Patents
Full-control industrialized production method of straw mushrooms and culture medium thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D3/00—Calcareous fertilisers
- C05D3/02—Calcareous fertilisers from limestone, calcium carbonate, calcium hydrate, slaked lime, calcium oxide, waste calcium products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Mushroom Cultivation (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, in particular to a straw mushroom culture medium and a straw mushroom culture method. The culture medium provided by the invention can improve the biotransformation rate, and the obtained straw mushrooms are stable in yield and uniform in quality. Experiments show that when the culture medium provided by the invention is used for culturing the straw mushrooms, the biotransformation rate can reach 52.8%, the straw mushrooms obtained in different experimental groups are uniform in quality, and the size of each batch of straw mushrooms is uniform.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, in particular to a straw mushroom culture medium and a straw mushroom culture method.
Background
The volvaria volvacea is one of edible fungi, has delicious taste, fresh and tender mouthfeel and rich nutrition, and has certain medicinal value. The straw mushroom not only is rich in protein, complete amino acids and vitamins, but also contains anti-tumor components, has the effects of enhancing immunity, preventing aging and prolonging life, is a health-care food with high protein, low fat and low calorie, and is a treasure in edible fungi.
The culture medium is organic, inorganic or organic-inorganic mixed substance which is used as a substrate for edible fungi in culture production and provides nutrition and moisture for edible fungi mycelium. At present, the culture medium for straw mushrooms mainly takes cottonseed hulls and waste cotton as main raw materials, and straw, wheat straw, corncobs, wheat bran and the like as auxiliary raw materials.
On one hand, the edible fungi has large production capacity, so that the price of production raw materials is continuously improved due to limited raw materials, and the production cost is continuously increased; on the other hand, the conventional cultivation method has the problems of large labor for fermentation and shelving, low utilization rate of substrate raw materials, low biological conversion rate of straw mushrooms and the like.
Therefore, a culture medium suitable for straw mushrooms should be further developed in order to reduce and improve the bioconversion rate of straw mushrooms and reduce production costs.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a culture medium for straw mushroom and a method for culturing straw mushroom, wherein the culture medium provided by the present invention is suitable for the culture of straw mushroom, and the straw mushroom is cultured by the culture medium, and the culture medium has high biotransformation rate, good stability and good uniformity.
The culture medium provided by the invention comprises the following components in parts by mass:
the main material is selected from whole corncobs, waste mushroom dregs or waste mushroom dregs;
the water content of the culture substrate is 65-70%; the pH value is 7.5-10.
In some embodiments, the culture substrate comprises the following components in parts by mass:
the water content of the culture substrate is 70%; the pH was 10.
In other embodiments, the culture substrate comprises the following components in parts by mass:
80 parts of main materials;
20 parts of bran;
4 parts of lime;
the water content of the culture substrate is 67%; the pH was 9.
In some embodiments, the waste mushroom dregs are pleurotus eryngii waste mushroom dregs and/or needle mushroom waste mushroom dregs; the raw materials of the waste dregs comprise prunella vulgaris and/or wild chrysanthemum.
The whole corn cob is also called a corn cob and is a cob after kernels of the corn are removed. The invention uses whole unbroken corn cobs.
The waste medicine dregs are dregs generated by extracting traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The Chinese medicinal materials are herbal medicinal materials. Preferably, the waste medicine residues are herbal tea medicine residues, and more preferably, the raw materials of the waste medicine residues comprise prunella vulgaris and/or wild chrysanthemum. The extraction method comprises water decoction, solvent extraction, steam distillation, sublimation, squeezing, two-phase solvent extraction, precipitation, salting out, dialysis, crystallization, chromatography, ultrasonic assisted extraction or supercritical CO extraction2And (4) extracting. Preference is given toThe extraction method is a water decoction method. Specifically, the waste residue is prepared by decocting herba mesonae chinensis, flos Plumeriae Acutifoliae, folium Microcoris Paniculatae, flos Lonicerae, Glycyrrhrizae radix, Prunellae Spica, and flos Chrysanthemi Indici with water; wherein the mass ratio of the mesona chinensis benth to the frangipani to the microcos paniculata to the wild chrysanthemum flower to the honeysuckle flower to the selfheal to the liquorice root is 5:5:5:3.5:3:3: 1.
The waste mushroom dregs are edible mushroom waste, also called mushroom bran, mushroom dregs, leftovers and the like, and are culture materials after edible mushrooms are cultivated. The culture raw materials of the pleurotus eryngii waste mushroom dregs comprise wood chips, corncobs, bagasse, wheat bran, corn flour and the like, and the fruiting frequency is 1 time. The culture raw materials of the needle mushroom waste mushroom dregs comprise corncobs, rice bran, beet pulp, cottonseed hulls and the like, and the fruiting frequency is 1 time.
In some embodiments, the main material is needle mushroom waste mushroom dregs.
In this example, the culture medium includes, by mass, 65 parts of waste needle mushroom dregs, 15 parts of ground straw, 20 parts of bran, and 4 parts of lime.
In this example, the medium had a water content of 65% and a pH of 10.
In some embodiments, the main material is waste herb residue of herbal tea.
In this example, the culture medium includes 65 parts by mass of herb tea waste residues, 15 parts by mass of ground straw, 20 parts by mass of bran, and 2 parts by mass of lime.
In this example, the medium had a water content of 70% and a pH of 7.5.
In some embodiments, the main materials are corn cobs and pleurotus eryngii waste mushroom dregs.
In this example, the culture medium includes whole corncobs 70 parts by mass, pleurotus eryngii waste residues 20 parts by mass, bran 10 parts by mass, and lime 2 parts by mass.
In this example, the water content of the medium was 67%, and the pH was 9 to 10.
The culture medium provided by the invention takes the waste mushroom dregs or the waste herb residues as the main materials, and the use amount of the crushed straws and the bran is greatly reduced, so that the production cost is greatly saved. Moreover, experiments of the invention show that the culture medium provided by the invention can improve the biotransformation rate, and the obtained straw mushroom has good quality stability and quality uniformity.
The preparation method of the culture medium provided by the invention comprises the steps of mixing the main material, the crushed straws, the bran and the lime, and adjusting the water content to 70%; the pH value is 10, and the culture medium is prepared by autoclaving and cooling;
the autoclaving step comprises vacuumizing and exhausting for 2 times at 121 deg.C for 90 min;
and cooling to 28-36 ℃.
The culture medium provided by the invention is applied to straw mushroom culture.
The invention also provides a culture method of straw mushrooms, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: inoculating the straw mushroom cultivated species to the culture medium provided by the invention, wherein the temperature is 30-35 ℃, the humidity is 70-80%, and CO is used2The concentration is 6000ppm to 9000ppm, and the culture lasts for 11 days to 12 days;
step 2: streaking on a culture substrate with a knife, followed by stimulation with lime water;
and step 3: 28-32 ℃, humidity of 85-95 percent and CO2The concentration is 2000ppm to 2500ppm, the illumination intensity is 150Lux, and the culture is carried out for 1 day to 2 days;
and 4, step 4: the temperature is 30-32 ℃, the humidity is 85-95 percent, and CO is2The concentration is 1500ppm to 2000ppm, the wind speed is 5m/s, and the intermittent illumination culture is carried out for 2 to 3 days;
and 5: the temperature is 30-32 ℃, the humidity is 85-95 percent, and CO is2The concentration is 1000ppm to 1500ppm, the illumination intensity is 50Lux to 100Lux, the mushrooms are cultured until the length is 3cm to 8cm and the diameter is 1.5cm to 5cm, and the mushrooms are harvested.
In the method, step 1 is mycelium culture, step 2 is mycelium stimulation, step 3 is kinking fruiting, and steps 4-5 are the growth stage of the straw mushroom, wherein step 4 is the egg-shaped period of the straw mushroom, and step 5 is the elongation period. The elongation period of the straw mushroom cultured by the method is about 15 to 18 days.
In the step 1, liquid strains or solid strains are adopted for inoculation. In the embodiment of the invention, solid strains are adopted, and the inoculation quality is 3-5: 100.
The time for the hypha culture is preferably 11 days. The time for the strain to grow out is 1 day.
The prior art considers that the poor hypha growth can be caused by the high density of the culture medium, and in the prior cultivation method, the density of the culture medium is usually 0.35g/cm3. However, the present inventors have found that the density of the medium is 0.35g/cm3The hyphae are easy to break, the density of the culture medium is properly improved, and the growth of the hyphae is facilitated. In some embodiments, the density of the culture substrate in step 1 is 0.55g/cm3～0.65g/cm3. In one embodiment, the density of the medium is 0.6g/cm3。
In a specific embodiment, a plastic basket of (30-70) cm x (40-80) cm is adopted for culturing the straw mushrooms. In some embodiments, the score line in step 2 has a depth of 0.2cm to 0.3 cm. The medium was streaked into squares of 5X 5cm side length.
In some examples, the mycelium is dissolved in 1 wt% lime water, and has a pH of 12, and the amount is 1kg/m2。
In some embodiments, the intermittent illumination in step 4 is:
illumination is carried out for 8-10 h;
dark for 14-16 h.
In some embodiments, the intermittent illumination in step 4 is:
illumination is carried out for 10 hours;
and 14h in darkness.
In some embodiments, the intensity of intermittent illumination is 150 Lux.
The invention provides a culture medium suitable for straw mushrooms and a culture method of straw mushrooms. Experiments show that when the culture medium provided by the invention is used for culturing the straw mushrooms, the biotransformation rate can reach 48.6%, the straw mushrooms obtained in different experimental groups are uniform in quality, and each straw mushroom is uniform in size.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of the straw mushroom production process of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a culture medium for straw mushrooms and a culture method for straw mushrooms, and a person skilled in the art can realize the culture by properly improving process parameters by referring to the content. It is expressly intended that all such similar substitutes and modifications which would be obvious to one skilled in the art are deemed to be included in the invention. While the methods and applications of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications in the methods and applications described herein, as well as other suitable variations and combinations, may be made to implement and use the techniques of this invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The test materials adopted by the invention are all common commercial products and can be purchased in the market.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples:
example 1
65kg of needle mushroom waste mushroom residues, 15kg of crushed straw, 20kg of bran and 4kg of lime, adjusting the water content of the culture medium to 65 percent and the pH value to 10, and continuously stirring until the basket filling is finished. The specification of the plastic cultivation basket is 37 multiplied by 47 multiplied by 12 cm.
A high-pressure sterilization pot is adopted, a plastic frame to be sterilized is placed on a sterilization vehicle in order, the sterilization vehicle is pushed into the sterilization pot, a door is closed, an operation button is started, the sterilization pot is set to be vacuumized and exhausted for 2 times, and sterilization is carried out for 90 minutes at the temperature of 121 ℃.
And (3) cooling: after the sterilization is finished, opening the rear side door of the sterilization pot, pushing the sterilization cart into a cooling chamber, and setting the temperature of the cooling chamber at 28-36 ℃.
Example 2
65kg of herb tea waste residues, 15kg of crushed straw, 20kg of bran and 2kg of lime, adjusting the water content of the culture medium to 70 percent and the pH value to 7.5, and continuously stirring until the basket filling is finished. The specification of the plastic cultivation basket is 37 multiplied by 47 multiplied by 12 cm.
A high-pressure sterilization pot is adopted, a plastic frame to be sterilized is placed on a sterilization vehicle in order, the sterilization vehicle is pushed into the sterilization pot, a door is closed, an operation button is started, the sterilization pot is set to be vacuumized and exhausted for 3 times, and sterilization is carried out for 90 minutes at the temperature of 121 ℃.
And (3) cooling: after the sterilization is finished, opening the rear side door of the sterilization pot, pushing the sterilization cart into a cooling chamber, and setting the temperature of the cooling chamber at 28-36 ℃.
Example 3
70kg of corn cobs, 20kg of pleurotus eryngii waste mushroom residues, 10kg of bran and 4kg of lime, adjusting the water content of the culture medium to 67 percent and the pH value to 9, and continuously stirring until the basket filling is finished. The specification of the plastic cultivation basket is 37 multiplied by 47 multiplied by 12 cm.
A high-pressure sterilization pot is adopted, a plastic frame to be sterilized is placed on a sterilization vehicle in order, the sterilization vehicle is pushed into the sterilization pot, a door is closed, an operation button is started, the sterilization pot is set to be vacuumized and exhausted for 3 times, and sterilization is carried out for 90 minutes at the temperature of 121 ℃.
And (3) cooling: after the sterilization is finished, opening the rear side door of the sterilization pot, pushing the sterilization cart into a cooling chamber, and setting the temperature of the cooling chamber at 28-36 ℃.
Comparative example 1
90kg of waste cotton, 10kg of crushed straw and 2kg of lime, adjusting the water content of the culture medium to 70 percent and the pH value to 10, and continuously stirring until the basket filling is finished. The specification of the plastic cultivation basket is 37 multiplied by 47 multiplied by 12 cm.
A high-pressure sterilization pot is adopted, a plastic frame to be sterilized is placed on a sterilization vehicle in order, the sterilization vehicle is pushed into the sterilization pot, a door is closed, an operation button is started, the sterilization pot is set to be vacuumized and exhausted for 3 times, and sterilization is carried out for 90 minutes at the temperature of 121 ℃.
And (3) cooling: after the sterilization is finished, opening the rear side door of the sterilization pot, pushing the sterilization cart into a cooling chamber, and setting the temperature of the cooling chamber at 28-36 ℃.
Comparative example 2
90kg of cottonseed hulls, 10kg of straw and 2kg of lime, adjusting the water content of the culture medium to 70 percent and the pH value to 10, and continuing stirring until the basket filling is finished. The specification of the plastic cultivation basket is 37 multiplied by 47 multiplied by 12 cm.
A high-pressure sterilization pot is adopted, a plastic frame to be sterilized is placed on a sterilization vehicle in order, the sterilization vehicle is pushed into the sterilization pot, a door is closed, an operation button is started, the sterilization pot is set to be vacuumized and exhausted for 2 times, and sterilization is carried out for 90 minutes at the temperature of 121 ℃.
And (3) cooling: after the sterilization is finished, opening the rear side door of the sterilization pot, pushing the sterilization cart into a cooling chamber, and setting the temperature of the cooling chamber at 28-36 ℃.
Example 4
The culture medium of the examples 1-3 and the comparative examples 1-2 is adopted for culturing the volvariella volvacea, and the culture method comprises the following steps:
1. inoculation and cultivation
The culture medium cooled to below 36 ℃ is inoculated by an automatic inoculating machine, the inoculating machine is placed in a sufficiently clean inoculating room, 75g of solid strains are inoculated to each basket of culture medium, and the inoculated culture medium is conveyed to the culture room through a conveying belt.
The temperature of the culture room is set to be 30-35 ℃, the humidity is 70-80%, the concentration of carbon dioxide is 6000-9000 ppm, and the culture time is 11-12 days.
2. Bud forcing stage
(1) Mycelium stimulation
When the mycelium of straw mushroom is mature after-ripening culture, mycelium stimulation can be carried out, namely a special small knife is used for cutting a square with the side length of 5 multiplied by 5cm, the depth is 0.2 cm-0.3 cm, the spraying concentration is 1 percent, the pH value is 12, and the using amount is 1kg/m2. The hyphae were stimulated to kink. Placing the plastic basket with the mycelium removed on a bed frame of a breeding room for inducing fruiting.
(2) Knotted fruiting
The cultivation bed frame of the growing room is generally 7 layers, the germination is a key link of straw mushroom cultivation, and environmental parameters must be regulated so that the germination quantity is uniform and stable. The specific environmental parameters are: the temperature is set to be 28-32 ℃, the humidity is 85% -95%, and CO is2The concentration is 2000 ppm-2500 ppm, and the illumination intensity is 150 Lux. The kink began about 1 day.
3. Growth stage
(1) Egg shaped period
After the hypha twists, the development of individuals is different, and branches are in sequence and different in size, which can affect the uniformity. Therefore, when the white point of the mushroom buds reaches the size of mung beans, the mushroom buds can be seen by naked eyes after the mushroom buds appear on day 1, measures such as low temperature, weak wind, intermittent illumination inhibition and the like are adopted to promote the mushroom buds to be tidy and strong. The specific environmental parameters are: the temperature is 30-32 ℃, the humidity is 85-95 percent, and CO is2The concentration is 1500-2000 ppm, and the wind speed is 5 m/s. The period of intermittent illumination is as follows: illumination is carried out for 10 hours; then 14h dark. Culturing for 2-3 days.
(2) Elongation phase
The management of the elongation stage is mainly to promote the growth of the fruiting body.The specific environmental parameters are: temperature is 30-32 ℃, humidity is 85% -95%, and CO is2The concentration is 1000 ppm-1500 ppm, and the illumination intensity is 50-100 Lux. Culturing mushroom to quail egg and small native egg, with mushroom length of 3-8cm and diameter of 1.5-5cm, and harvesting. (over about 18 days).
100 baskets of volvariella volvacea were cultured per medium, the biotransformation efficiency was calculated and the uniformity of the volvariella volvacea plants was evaluated. The results are as follows:
TABLE 1 comparison of the mean yield differences between the different formulations
Note: the same column lowercase letter in the table indicates significant difference (P < 0.05);
the capitalization alphabet shows significant difference (P < 0.01).
TABLE 2 comparison of significance of differences in culture quality between different formulations
Note: feeding: feeding began the day after inoculation.
Growth vigor: , + + + + fast, + slow
Density: , + + + + dense, + dilute.
Time: budding begins the day after inoculation.
Distribution: + uniform, + relatively uniform and + local
Stage (2): the early stage, the middle stage and the late stage are respectively carried out on 11 th to 14 th days, 15 th to 18 th days and 19 th to 22 th days after inoculation.
Grading:
first-stage: the length is more than 3cm, the diameter is more than 2cm, and the umbrella is not opened;
and (2) second stage: 2cm < length <3cm, 1.5cm < diameter <2cm, and no umbrella is opened;
defective products: length <2cm, diameter <1.5 cm.
The result shows that when the culture medium provided by the invention is used for culturing the straw mushrooms, the biotransformation rate can reach 48.6%, the straw mushrooms obtained in different experimental groups are uniform in quality, and each straw mushroom is uniform in size.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that it is obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and improvements should also be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The culture medium for the straw mushrooms is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass:
65 parts of needle mushroom fungus residues, 15 parts of crushed straws, 20 parts of bran and 4 parts of lime;
the culture raw materials of the needle mushroom waste mushroom dregs comprise corncobs, rice bran, beet pulp and cottonseed hulls, and the fruiting frequency is 1 time.
2. The method for preparing a culture medium according to claim 1, wherein the water content is adjusted to 70% after mixing the main material, the ground straw, the bran and the lime; the pH value is 10, and the culture medium is prepared by autoclaving and cooling;
the autoclaving step is vacuum pumping for 2 times at 121 deg.C for 90 min;
and cooling to 28-36 ℃.
3. Use of a culture substrate according to claim 1 for the cultivation of volvariella volvacea.
4. A method for culturing straw mushrooms is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: inoculating a volvariella volvacea cultivar to the culture medium of claim 1, wherein the culture medium is prepared from volvariella volvacea cultivar at a temperature of 30-35 ℃, a humidity of 70-80%, and CO2The concentration is 6000ppm to 9000ppm, and the culture lasts for 11 days to 12 days;
step 2: streaking on a culture substrate with a knife, followed by stimulation with lime water;
and step 3: 28-32 ℃, humidity of 85-95 percent and CO2The concentration is 2000 ppm-2500 ppm, the illumination intensity is 150Lux, and the culture is carried out for 1-2 days;
and 4, step 4: temperature is 30-32 ℃, humidity is 85-95%, and CO is2 The concentration is 1500ppm to 2000ppm, the wind speed is 5m/s, and the intermittent illumination culture is carried out for 2 to 3 days;
and 5: temperature is 30-32 ℃, humidity is 85-95%, and CO is2 The concentration is 1000 ppm-1500 ppm, the illumination intensity is 50 Lux-100 Lux, the mushrooms are cultured until the length is 3-8cm and the diameter is 1.5-5cm, and the mushrooms are harvested.
5. The culture method according to claim 4, wherein the density of the culture substrate in step 1 is 0.55g/cm3~0.65g/cm3。
6. The culture method according to claim 4, wherein the depth of the streaked line in step 2 is 0.2cm to 0.3 cm.
7. The culture method according to claim 4, wherein the intermittent illumination in step 4 is:
illumination is carried out for 8-10 h;
dark for 14-16 h.
8. The culture method according to claim 7, wherein the intensity of the light irradiation is 150 Lux.
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